Did Germany actually beat Russia in WWI?
The simplest - and therefore incomplete - answer is that Germany didn't defeat Russia in WWI. Russia gave up. The Russian military was suffering from mass desertion and sporadic mutiny, the economy was on the verge of collapse and the Russian people blamed the tsar for the war's failure.
Who would win in a war between Russia and the US?
Here, Russia only has 7 of 3 different classes, the slava class, the kirsov class and the kuznetsov class while the US has 22 ticondegora-class cruisers, Clearly, the US would take the win here here too. Conclusion:- The US navy would win against the Russian navy.
What happened to Russia after World War 1?
What happened after ww1 Russia? After the revolution, Russia exited World War I by signing a peace treaty with Germany called the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. The new government took control of all industry and moved the Russian economy from a rural one to an industrial one.
What impact did World War 1 have on Russia?
World War I also had an impact on Russia's economy. Industry suffered great damage from military action and from shortages of materials and labor. When the war ended, these problems had not been solved. Another effect was that Russia lost many of its best citizens when they were killed or injured.
Influence of agriculture
Revolution and counterrevolution, 1905–1907
Stolypin and Kokovtsov governments
How was Russia ruled before the 1917 revolution?
Before the revolution, Russia was ruled by a powerful monarch called the Tsar. The Tsar had total power in Russia. He commanded the army, owned much of the land, and even controlled the church.
What was Russia called before 1917?
The United Socialist Soviet Republic, or U.S.S.R.
What countries were originally part of Russia?
In the decades after it was established, the Russian-dominated Soviet Union grew into one of the world's most powerful and influential states and eventually encompassed 15 republics—Russia, Ukraine, Georgia, Belorussia, Uzbekistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Latvia, ...
When was Poland part of Russia?
Lithuanian state and Galicia by Poland. After the Polish-Lithuanian union of 1569, Volhynia was ceded to Poland. It remained a Polish territory until the second partition of Poland (1793) transferred most of it to Russia. After World War I it was divided between Russia and Poland; and after World War…
What was Russia formerly known as?
Russia, country that stretches over a vast expanse of eastern Europe and northern Asia. Once the preeminent republic of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.; commonly known as the Soviet Union), Russia became an independent country after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in December 1991.
What was Russia called in medieval times?
The first forerunner of a state, which was in the territories of East Slavs, was named, “Rus,” and was established by the Viking clan called the, “Rus,” in the 9th century. Rich culture, and prosperous trade with the Byzantine Empire, made it the dominant ruler of, what is today, Western Russia.
What was Russia called in the 1700s?
Tsardom of RussiaTsardom of Russia Русское царство Russkoye tsarstvoTerritory of Russia in 1500 1600 and 1689CapitalMoscow (1547–1712) Saint Petersburg (1712–1721)Common languagesRussian (official)ReligionRussian Orthodox (official)30 more rows
Was Ukraine ever part of Russia?
The western part of present-day Ukraine was subsequently split between Russia and Habsburg-ruled Austria after the fall of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1795.
Why was the Russian government obsessed with rank and status?
Russian bureaucrats were obsessed with rank and status. Indeed, because salaries were quite meagre, this was the only incentive that the government could give.
Who was the Tsar's chief adviser?
In the period from 1807 to 1812, he had as his chief adviser the liberal Mikhail Speransky.
What did Alexander I want to reform?
Alexander I as a young man had longed to reform his empire and benefit his subjects. His hopes were disappointed, partly by the sheer inertia, backwardness, and vastness of his domains, partly perhaps because of defects of his own character, but also because Napoleon’s aggressive enterprises diverted Alexander’s attention to diplomacy and defense. Russia’s abundant manpower and scanty financial resources were both consumed in war. The early years of his reign saw two short periods of attempted reform. During the first, from 1801 to 1803, the tsar took counsel with four intimate friends, who formed his so-called Unofficial Committee, with the intention of drafting ambitious reforms. In the period from 1807 to 1812, he had as his chief adviser the liberal Mikhail Speransky. Both periods produced some valuable administrative innovations, but neither initiated any basic reform. After 1815 Alexander was mainly concerned with grandiose plans for international peace; his motivation was not merely political but also religious—not to say mystical—for the years of war and national danger had aroused in him an interest in matters of faith to which, as a pupil of the 18th-century Enlightenment, he had previously been indifferent. While he was thus preoccupied with diplomacy and religion, Russia was ruled by conservatives and reactionaries, among whom the brutal but honest Gen. Aleksey Arakcheyev was outstanding. Victory in war had strengthened those who upheld the established order, serfdom and all. The mood was one of intense national pride: Orthodox Russia had defeated Napoleon, and therefore it was not only foolish but also impious to copy foreign models. Educated young Russians, who had served in the army and seen Europe, who read and spoke French and German and knew contemporary European literature, felt otherwise. Masonic lodges and secret societies flourished in the early 1820s. From their deliberations emerged a conspiracy to overthrow the government, inspired by a variety of ideas: some looked to the United States for a model, others to Jacobin France. The conspirators, known as the Decembrists because they tried to act in December 1825 when the news of Alexander I’s death became known and there was uncertainty about his successor, were defeated and arrested; five were executed, and many more sentenced to various terms of imprisonment in Siberia. Nicholas I, who succeeded after his elder brother Constantine had finally refused the throne, was deeply affected by these events and set himself against any major political change, though he did not reject the idea of administrative reform. After the Revolutions of 1848 in Europe, his opposition to all change, his suspicion of even mildly liberal ideas, and his insistence on an obscurantist censorship reached their climax.
What happened in 1848?
When Europe was convulsed by revolution in 1848 ( see Revolutions of 1848 ), Russia and Great Britain alone among the great powers were unaffected, and in the summer of 1849 the tsar sent troops to crush the Hungarians in Transylvania. Russia was not loved, but it was admired and feared.
What was Russia's only ally?
When Alexander I came to the throne in March 1801, Russia was in a state of hostility with most of Europe, though its armies were not actually fighting; its only ally was its traditional enemy, Turkey. The new emperor quickly made peace with both France and Britain and restored normal relations with Austria. His hope that he would then be able to concentrate on internal reform was frustrated by the reopening of war with Napoleon in 1805. Defeated at Austerlitz in December 1805, the Russian armies fought Napoleon in Poland in 1806 and 1807, with Prussia as an ineffective ally. After the Treaty of Tilsit (1807), there were five years of peace, ended by Napoleon’s invasion of Russia in 1812. From the westward advance of its arms in the next two years of heavy fighting, Russia emerged as Europe ’s greatest land power and the first among the continental victors over Napoleon. The immense prestige achieved in these campaigns was maintained until mid-century. During this period, Russian armies fought only against weaker enemies: Persia in 1826, Turkey in 1828–29, Poland in 1830–31, and the mountaineers of the Caucasus during the 1830s and ’40s. When Europe was convulsed by revolution in 1848 ( see Revolutions of 1848 ), Russia and Great Britain alone among the great powers were unaffected, and in the summer of 1849 the tsar sent troops to crush the Hungarians in Transylvania. Russia was not loved, but it was admired and feared. To the upper classes in central Europe, Nicholas I was the stern defender of monarchical legitimacy; to democrats all over the world, he was “the gendarme of Europe” and the chief enemy of liberty. But the Crimean War (1853–56) showed that this giant had feet of clay. The vast empire was unable to mobilize, equip, and transport enough troops to defeat the medium-size French and English forces under very mediocre command. Nicholas died in the bitter knowledge of general failure.
What war did Russia fight Napoleon in?
Defeated at Austerlitz in December 1805, the Russian armies fought Napoleon in Poland in 1806 and 1807, with Prussia as an ineffective ally. After the Treaty of Tilsit (1807), there were five years of peace, ended by Napoleon’s invasion of Russia in 1812.
Who elected the ispravnik?
The ispravnik was elected by the local nobility.
Who was the first Russian representative?
Nevertheless, Ivan is often seen as a farsighted statesman who reformed Russia as he promulgated a new code of laws ( Sudebnik of 1550 ), established the first Russian feudal representative body ( Zemsky Sobor ), curbed the influence of the clergy, and introduced local self-management in rural regions.
When did Russia become a Soviet Union?
Between 1922 and 1991 the history of Russia became essentially the history of the Soviet Union, effectively an ideologically-based state roughly conterminous with the Russian Empire before the 1918 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
What happened to Russia in 2014?
Russia's 2014 annexation of the Crimean peninsula has led to economic sanctions imposed by the United States and the European Union. Under Putin's leadership, corruption in Russia is rated the worst in Europe, and Russia's human rights situation has been increasingly criticized by international observers.
What reforms did the Emperor of Russia do?
In the following decades, reform efforts such as the Stolypin reforms of 1906–1914, the constitution of 1906, and the State Duma (1906–1917) attempted to open and liberalize the economy and political system, but the Emperor refused to relinquish autocratic rule and resisted sharing his power.
What was the name of the city that unified Russia?
Moscow has become a center for the unification of Russian lands. By the end of the 15th century, Moscow united the northeastern and northwestern Russian principalities, in 1480 finally overthrew the Mongol yoke. The territories of the Grand Duchy of Moscow became the Tsardom of Russia in 1547.
Why was Russia part of the Holy Alliance?
Since the war against Napoleon, Russia had become deeply involved in the affairs of Europe, as part of the "Holy Alliance." The Holy Alliance was formed to serve as the "policeman of Europe." However, to maintain the alliance required large armies. Prussia, Austria, Britain and France (the other members of the alliance) lacked large armies and needed Russia to supply the required numbers, which fit the philosophy of Nicholas I. When the Revolutions of 1848 swept Europe, however, Russia was quiet. The Tsar sent his army into Hungary in 1849 at the request of the Austrian Empire and broke the revolt there, while preventing its spread to Russian Poland. The Tsar cracked down on any signs of internal unrest.
When was the first human settlement in Russia?
The first human settlement on the territory of Russia dates back to the Oldowan period in the early Lower Paleolithic. About 2 million years ago, representatives of Homo erectus migrated from Western Asia to the North Caucasus (archaeological site of Kermek [ ru] on the Taman Peninsula ).
Grand Princes of Vladimir
The state of Vladimir-Suzdal (formally the Grand Duchy of Vladimir) became dominant among the various petty principalities to form from the dissolution of the Kievan Rus' state; the title of Grand Prince of Vladimir became one of the three titles (along with Kiev and Novgorod) possessed by the most important rulers among the Russian nobility.
Grand Princes of Moscow
Alexander Nevsky, Grand Prince of Vladimir, placed his youngest son Daniel in charge of the territory around Moscow, and establishing the state of Muscovy, originally a vassal state to Vladimir-Suzdal. Daniel's son Ivan I assumed the title of Vladimir himself, establishing Muscovy as the premier principality among the various Russian states.
Time of Troubles
Following the death of the Feodor I, the son of Ivan the Terrible and the last of the Rurik dynasty, Russia fell into a succession crisis known as the Time of Troubles. As Feodor left no male heirs, the Russian Zemsky Sobor (feudal parliament) elected his brother-in-law Boris Godunov to be Tsar.
House of Romanov
The Time of Troubles came to a close with the election of Michael Romanov as Tsar in 1613. Michael officially reigned as Tsar, though his father, the Patriarch Philaret (died 1633) initially held the real power. However, Michael's descendents would rule Russia, first as Tsars and later as Emperors, until the Russian Revolution of 1917.
Who was the first tsar of Russia?
Ivan IV (1530-1584) was the first to be crowned and anointed to Tsardom as the Tsar of All Russia in 1547. He revisited the Russian legislation in his Code of Laws of 1550, established diplomatic relations with England and doubled Russia’s territory.
When did Russia have no leader?
Between the fall of the Russian Empire in 1917 and the foundation of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic in 1918 , Russia had no formal leader.
What was Alexander III's domestic policy?
His domestic policy, meanwhile, was strictly conservative. But still, the state police and organs of intelligence couldn’t suppress the revolutionary activities already in effect in the Russian society.
What reforms did Nicholas I's son initiate?
Nicholas I’s son, Alexander II (1818-1881) started major reforms in Russia that included the peasant emancipation of 1861, an all-encompassing military reform, introduction of new types of self-governing village societies and more.
What was Alexander the Great's reign marked by?
Alexander’s reign was marked by development of culture and arts, on one hand, and on the other, by the Patriotic War of 1812. Russia defeated the Great Army of France, led by Napoleon Bonaparte, that invaded its borders and went as far as conquering Moscow.
When did Vladimir Putin become President?
On March 26, 2000, Vladimir Putin was elected President of Russia. He was re-elected to the presidency in 2004, serving four more years in his second term.
Who was the first war commander in Russia?
The Rurikid dynasty, which ruled the Russian lands from circa 9th century, was most likely founded by Rurik. He is considered the first war commander who had the power of a knyaz (prince) – i.e. a political leader.
Who was the ruler of Russia in 1480-1505?
1480-1505: Ivan III —known as Ivan the Great—rules, freeing Russia from the Mongols, and consolidating Muscovite rule.
Who was the leader of Russia in 1924?
Lenin rules until his death in 1924. 1929-1953: Joseph Stalin becomes dictator, taking Russia from a peasant society to a military and industrial power. His totalitarian rule includes his Great Purge, beginning in 1934, in which at least 750,000 people were killed to eliminate opposition.
What was Alexander II's major reform?
His other notable reforms include universal military service, strengthening Russia’s borders and promoting self government. In 1867, he sells Alaska and the Aleutian Islands to the United States, gilding the St. Isaac Cathedral domes in St. Petersburg with the proceeds. He is assassinated in 1881.
What war did the Ottoman Empire fight?
1853-1856: Stemming from Russian pressure on Turkey and religious tensions, the Ottoman Empire, along with British and French forces, fights Russia and Czar Nicholas I in the Crimean War. Russia is crippled in its defeat.
Why did Russia invade Chechnya?
Dec. 1994: Russian troops enter the breakaway republic of Chechnya to stop an independence movement. Up to 100,000 people are estimated killed in the 20-month war that that ends with a compromise agreement. Chechen rebels continue a campaign for independence, sometimes through terrorist acts in Russia.
What happened to Stalin in 1929?
1929-1953: Joseph Stalin becomes dictator, taking Russia from a peasant society to a military and industrial power. His totalitarian rule includes his Great Purge, beginning in 1934, in which at least 750,000 people were killed to eliminate opposition. He dies in 1953, following a stroke.
What is Russia known for?
From early Mongol invasions to tsarist regimes to ages of enlightenment and industrialization to revolutions and wars, Russia is known not just for its political rises of world power and upheaval, but for its cultural contributions (think ballet, Tolstoy, Tchaikovsky, caviar and vodka).
Who was the leader of the Soviet Union after the Russian Revolution?
Ever since the Bolsheviks' inception, Lenin had served as their de facto leader. After the Russian Revolution, Lenin became leader of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) from 1917 and leader of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) from 1922 until his death. Chairman of Sovnarkom. Leninism.
Who was the leader of the Soviet Union after Lenin's death?
Following the death of Lenin, Stalin initially ruled as part of a troika alongside Grigory Zinoviev and Lev Kamenev. However, by April 1925, this arrangement broke down as Stalin consolidated power to become the Soviet Union's absolute dictator.
What was Stalin's role in the Great Purge?
As leader of the Politburo, Stalin consolidated near-absolute power by 1938 after the Great Purge, a series of campaigns of political murder, repression and persecution. Nazi German troops invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941, but by December the Soviet Army managed to stop the attack just shy of Moscow.
What was Stalin's most important post?
The post of General Secretary of the party , which was held by Stalin, became the most important post in the Soviet hierarchy. Stalin's early policies pushed for rapid industrialisation, nationalisation of private industry and the collectivisation of private plots created under Lenin's New Economic Policy.
When did Gorbachev start reforming?
In May 1985 , Gorbachev publicly admitted the slowing down of the economic development and inadequate living standards, being the first Soviet leader to do so while also beginning a series of fundamental reforms.
When did the Soviet Union break up?
The dismantling of the principal defining features of Soviet Communism in 1988 and 1989 in the Soviet Union led to the unintended consequence of the Soviet Union breaking up after the failed August 1991 coup led by Gennady Yanayev.
When did Vladimir Lenin die?
At the age of 53, his health declined from effects of two bullet wounds, later aggravated by three strokes which culminated with his death in 1924.
Overview
Russia at war, 1914–1916
At the outbreak of the war, Tsar Nicholas yielded to pressure and appointed Grand Duke Nicholas as commander in chief of the Russian armies. The Grand Duke, a cousin of the tsar, was competent but had no part in formulating the strategy or appointing commanders.
In the initial phase of the war, Russia's offensives into East Prussia drew enough German troops from the western front to allow the French, Belgians, and British to stop the German advance. On…
Alliance with France, 1894–1914
The central development in Russian foreign policy was to move away from Germany and toward France. Russia had never been friendly with France, and remembered the wars in the Crimean and the Napoleonic invasion; it saw Paris as a dangerous front of subversion and ridiculed the weak governments there. France, which had been shut out of the entire alliance system by Bismarck, de…
Imperialism in Asia and the Russo-Japanese War
Russia gained room to maneuver in Asia because of its friendship with France and the growing rivalry between Britain and Germany. By 1895 Germany was competing with France for Russia's favour, and British statesmen hoped to negotiate with the Russians to demarcate spheres of influence in Asia. This situation enabled Russia to intervene in northeastern Asia after Japan's victory …
Influence of agriculture
Russia's systems for agricultural production influenced the attitudes of peasants and other social groups to reform against the government and promote social changes. “At the beginning of the twentieth century, agriculture constituted the single largest sector of the Russian economy, producing approximately one-half of the national income and employing two-thirds of Russia’s population”. This illustrates the tremendous role peasants played economically; thus making the…
Revolution and counterrevolution, 1905–1907
The Russo-Japanese War accelerated the rise of political movements among all classes and the major nationalities, including propertied Russians. By early 1904, Russian liberal activists from the zemstva and from the professions had formed an organization called the Union of Liberation. In the same year, they joined with Finns, Poles, Georgians, Armenians, and Russian members of the S…
Stolypin and Kokovtsov governments
In June 1907, The Tsar dissolved the Second Duma and promulgated a new electoral law, which vastly reduced the electoral weight of lower-class and non-Russian voters and increased the weight of the nobility. This political coup (Coup of June 1907) had the desired short-term result of restoring order. New elections in the autumn returned a more conservative Third Duma, which Octo…
Active Balkan policy, 1906–1913
Russia's earlier Far Eastern policy required holding Balkan issues in abeyance, a strategy Austria-Hungary also followed between 1897 and 1906. Japan's victory in 1905 had forced Russia to make deals with the British and the Japanese. In 1907 Russia's new foreign minister, Aleksandr Izvol'skiy, concluded agreements with both nations. To maintain its sphere of influence in northern Manchuria and northern Persia, Russia agreed to Japanese ascendancy in southern Manchuria a…
Princes of Ancient Rus'
- Princes of Novgorod
1. Rurik(862 — 879) 2. Oleg the Seer(879 — 882) - Grand Princes of Kiev
1. Oleg the Seer(882 — fall 912) 2. Igor I(912 — fall 945) 3. Olga of Kiev(fall 945 — after 959) 4. Sviatoslav I(after 959 — March 972) 5. Yaropolk I(972 — June 11, 978) 6. Vladimir the Great(June 11, 978 — July 15, 1015) 7. Sviatopolk the Cursed(July 1015 — Fall 1016) 8. Yaroslav the Wise(fa…
Tsars of Russia
- Rurikids
1. Ivan IV the Terrible (January 16, 1547 — March 18, 1584) 1.1. Simeon Bekbulatovich(no later than October 30, 1575 — no earlier than July 18, 1576) 1. Feodor I(March 19, 1584 — January 7, 1598) - Godunovs
1. Irina Godunova(January 7 — January 15, 1598) 2. Boris Godunov(February 17, 1598 — April 13, 1605) 3. Feodor II(April 13 — June 1, 1605)
Emperors of Russia
Chairmen of The Provisional Government
Leaders of Soviet Russia
Presidents of Russia
See Also
Literature
- Руководители России, СССР, РФ (862—2004) // Большая российская энциклопедия. Том «Россия». — М., 2004.
- История России. Т. 1. С древнейших времён до второй половины XIX века. Т. 2. История России. Вторая половина XIX—XX вв. Курс лекций / Под ред. проф. Б. В. Личмана. — Екатеринбург: Урал. гос. техн....
- Руководители России, СССР, РФ (862—2004) // Большая российская энциклопедия. Том «Россия». — М., 2004.
- История России. Т. 1. С древнейших времён до второй половины XIX века. Т. 2. История России. Вторая половина XIX—XX вв. Курс лекций / Под ред. проф. Б. В. Личмана. — Екатеринбург: Урал. гос. техн....
- Махновец Л. Е.Великi князi киівськi // Летопись Русский / Под Ипатским списком. — К., 1989.
- Князья крупнейших княжеств (сост. В. А. Кучкин) // Древняя Русь в средневековом мире. — М., 2014.
External Links