In the wake of China's military defeat, with British warships poised to attack Nanjing, British and Chinese officials negotiated on board HMS Cornwallis
HMS Cornwallis
HMS Cornwallis was a 74-gun third rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy, launched on 12 May 1813 at Bombay. She was built of teak. The capture of Java by USS Constitution delayed the completion of Cornwallis as Java had been bringing her copper sheathing from England.
Qing dynasty
The Qing dynasty, officially the Great Qing, was the last imperial dynasty of China. It was established in 1636, and ruled China proper from 1644 to 1912. It was preceded by the Ming dynasty and succeeded by the Republic of China. The Qing multi-cultural empire lasted for almost three cent…
How was the Treaty of Nanking signed?
It was signed after China's military defeat in the war with representatives from the British and Qing Empires negotiating aboard HMS Cornwallis anchored at Nanjing and consisted of thirteen articles. “The Signing and Sealing of the Treaty of Nanking in the State Cabin of H. M. S. Cornwallis, 29th August, 1842” (detail).
What was the Treaty of Nanjing Quizlet?
The Treaty of Nanjing. The Treaty of Nanjing was signed on August 29, 1842 to mark the end of the First Opium War (1839–42) between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the Qing Dynasty of China. It was the first of the "unequal treaties" against the Chinese, labeled as such because Britain had no obligations in return.
How did the Treaty of Nanjing end the Opium War?
Treaty of Nanjing, (August 29, 1842) treaty that ended the first Opium War, the first of the unequal treaties between China and foreign imperialist powers. China paid the British an indemnity, ceded the territory of Hong Kong, and agreed to establish a “fair and reasonable” tariff.
Why was the Treaty of Tientsin considered an unequal treaty?
It was the first of the "unequal treaties" against the Chinese, labeled as such because Britain had no obligations in return. It was signed after China's military defeat in the war with representatives from the British and Qing Empires negotiating aboard HMS Cornwallis anchored at Nanjing and consisted of thirteen articles.
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Where was the Nanjing Treaty signed?
Following China's defeat by the British in the Opium War of 1839-1842, the following conditions were imposed on the Chinese government by the British in a treaty signed in the city of Nanjing (Nanking).
What did China agree to in the Treaty of Nanjing?
Under the Treaty of Nanking, signed on August 29, 1842, China agreed to open the five ports requested (Canton, Amoy, Foochow, Ningpo, and Shanghai), pay an indemnity of 20 million silver dollars, abolish the Cohong monopoly that hitherto had controlled trade in and through Canton, and adhere to a fixed schedule of ...
Who won the Treaty of Nanking?
the BritishChina paid the British an indemnity, ceded the territory of Hong Kong, and agreed to establish a “fair and reasonable” tariff. British merchants, who had previously been allowed to trade only at Guangzhou (Canton), were now permitted to trade at five “treaty ports” and with whomever they pleased (see Canton system).
Why did the Chinese call the Treaty of Nanjing the unequal Treaty?
The agreements reached between the Western powers and China following the Opium Wars came to be known as the “unequal treaties” because in practice they gave foreigners privileged status and extracted concessions from the Chinese.
What was the agreement between China and Britain about Hong Kong?
In September 1984, after years of negotiations, the British and the Chinese signed a formal agreement approving the 1997 turnover of the island in exchange for a Chinese pledge to preserve Hong Kong's capitalist system.
How did China react to imperialism?
The nativist group launched a series of attacks against foreigners, Chinese Christians and complicit government officials. The high point of the rebellion occurred in mid-1900, when Beijing was occupied by 140,000 Boxers. They laid siege to the British legation, which harbored most of the international community.
What was the significance of the Treaty of Nanjing in 1842 China got what it wanted because it showed strength during negotiation?
What was the significance of the Treaty of Nanjing in 1842? China got what it wanted because it showed strength during negotiation. Europeans forced the Chinese to sign it, ending the first Opium War. It prevented further wars between China and the Europeans.
What were the unequal treaties in China?
unequal treaty, in Chinese history, any of a series of treaties and agreements in which China was forced to concede many of its territorial and sovereignty rights.
When did the Treaty of Nanking get ratified?
The emperor ratified the treaty on 27 October and Queen Victoria added her written assent on 28 December. Ratification was exchanged in Hong Kong on 26 June 1843.
What was the Treaty of Nanking?
v. t. e. The Treaty of Nanking ( Nanjing) was a peace treaty which ended the First Opium War (1839–1842) between the United King dom and China on 29 August 1842. It was the first of what the Chinese later called the unequal treaties.
Why did the British and Chinese agree to a supplementary treaty?
Because of the brevity of the Treaty of Nanking and its terms being phrased only as general stipulations, the British and Chinese representatives agreed that a supplementary treaty should be concluded to establish more detailed regulations for relations.
What did the Qing government do?
The Qing government undertook to release all British prisoners of war (Article VIII), and to give a general amnesty to all Chinese subjects who had cooperated with the British during the war (Article IX).
Why did the Qing government make Hong Kong a colony?
The Qing government agreed to make Hong Kong Island a crown colony, ceding it to the British Queen, Queen Victoria, "in perpetuity" ( 常 遠, Cháng yuǎn, in the Chinese version of the treaty), to provide British traders with a harbour where they could "careen and refit their ships and keep stores for that purpose" (Article III).
Why did Britain import opium?
Britain was importing and selling large quantities of opium to China because it was very profitable and helped balance Britain's trade deficit resulting from its importation of Chinese goods, such as tea. Britain forced peasants in its colony, India, to grow opium poppies so it could sell the opium in China, although the importation and sale of opium was illegal under Chinese law. When a Chinese government official seized British opium cargo in 1841, Britain declared what became known as the first Opium War. Britain won the war and was in a position to impose on the vanquished Chinese a one-sided treaty with onerous treaty obligations.
What was the purpose of the Treaty of Canton?
The fundamental purpose of the treaty was to change the framework of foreign trade imposed by the Canton System , which had been in force since 1760. Under Article V, the treaty abolished the former monopoly of the Cohong and their Thirteen Factories in Canton. Four additional " treaty ports " opened for foreign trade alongside Canton ( Shameen Island from 1859 until 1943): Amoy ( Xiamen until 1930), Foochowfoo ( Fuzhou ), Ningpo ( Ningbo) and Shanghai (until 1943), where foreign merchants were to be allowed to trade with anyone they wished. Britain also gained the right to send consuls to the treaty ports, which were given the right to communicate directly with local Chinese officials (Article II). The treaty stipulated that trade in the treaty ports should be subject to fixed tariffs, which were to be agreed upon between the British and the Qing governments (Article X).
What was the Treaty of Nanjing?
Treaty of Nanjing (Nanking), 1842. Teaty of Nanjing singed after the the Opium War between Britain and China.
When was Nanking done?
Done at Nanking and Signed and Sealed by the Plenipotentiaries on board Her Britannic Majesty's ship Cornwallis, this twenty-ninth day of August, 1842, corresponding with the Chinese date, twenty-fourth day of the seventh month in the twenty-second Year of TAOU KWANG.
How many million dollars were there in 1844?
Five Millions in 1844. That is:NTwo Millions and a Half on or before the 30th of June, and Two Millions and a half on or before the 31St of December.
Where do British merchants reside in China?
His Majesty the Emperor of China agrees that British Subjects, with their families and establishments, shall be allowed to reside, for the purpose of carrying on their Mercantile pursuits, without molestation or restraint at the Cities and Towns of Canton, Amoy, Foochow-fu, Ningpo, and Shanghai, and Her Majesty the Queen of Great Britain, etc., will appoint Superintendents or Consular Officers, to reside at each of the above-named Cities or Towns, to be the medium of communication between the Chinese Authorities and the said Merchants, and to see that the just Duties and other Dues of the Chinese Government is hereafter provided for, are duly discharged by Her Britannic Majesty's Subjects.
When did China pay the opium?
The Emperor of China agrees to pay the sum of Six Millions of Dollars as the value of Opium which was delivered up at Canton in the month of March 1839, as a Ransom for the lives of Her Britannic Majesty's Superintendent and Subjects, who had been imprisoned and threatened with death by the Chinese High Officers.
Who did the Chinese government compel to trade with?
The Government of China having compelled the British Merchants trading at Canton to deal exclusively with certain Chinese Merchants called Hong Merchants (or Cohong) who had been licensed by the Chinese Government for that purpose, the Emperor of China agrees to abolish that practice in future at all Ports where British Merchants may reside, and to permit them to carry on their mercantile transactions with whatever persons they please, and His Imperial Majesty further agrees to pay to the British Government the sum of Three Millions of Dollars, on acoount of Debts due to British Subjects by some of the said Hong Merchants (or Cohong), who have become insolvent, and who owe very large sums of money to Subjects of Her Britannic Majesty.
Will the Britannic Majesty's Forces retire from Nanking?
On the assent of the Emperor of China to this Treaty being received and the discharge of the first instalment of money, Her Britannic Majesty's Forces will retire from Nanking and the Grand Canal, and will no longer molest or stop the Trade of China. The Military Post at Chinhai will also be withdrawn, but the Islands of Koolangsoo and that of Chusan will continue to be held by Her Majesty's Forces until the money payments, and the arrangements for opening the Ports to British Merchants be completed.
Why was the Treaty of Nanjing signed?
The Treaty of Nanjing was signed on August 29, 1842 to mark the end of the First Opium War (1839–42) between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the Qing Dynasty of China. It was the first of the "unequal treaties" against the Chinese, labeled as such because Britain had no obligations in return. It was signed after China's military defeat in the war with representatives from the British and Qing Empires negotiating aboard HMS Cornwallis anchored at Nanjing and consisted of thirteen articles.
What were the effects of the Treaty of Nanjing?
For the first time, China would be forced to give contol of portions of its land to a foreign power and leave its citizens subject to foreign rule. After the signing of the treaty, the British occupied Hong Kong for the next 155 years until handing control over to China on June 1, 1997.
Why was China not the most powerful country in the Opium Wars?
At the start of the Opium Wars China was not the most economically powerful country due to the opium trade run by the British. The weight of the payments to the British under Condition Two of the Treaty of Nanjing drastically drained the Chinese Treasury and left Dynasty financially unstable.
What was the effect of the Treaty of Nanking on the Western Powers?
When the conditions of the Treaty of Nanking were released, all the Western Powers were upset by it. All the Western Powers were trying to gain access to the vast Chinese market and granitng privledges to the British for trade created a negative reaction with the rest of the Western Powers.
What was the Ching Dynasty forced to do?
Overcome with debts to the British and an obviously inferior military, the Ching Dynasty was forced to give in. This beg an a series of treaties that would result in 'spheres-of-influence' being carved out of eastern China and eventually would undermine the Ching Dynasty's authority.
What was the Treaty of Nanjing?
Treaty of Nanjing (Nanking), 1842. Teaty of Nanjing singed after the the Opium War between Britain and China.
When was Nanking done?
Done at Nanking and Signed and Sealed by the Plenipotentiaries on board Her Britannic Majesty's ship Cornwallis, this twenty-ninth day of August, 1842, corresponding with the Chinese date, twenty-fourth day of the seventh month in the twenty-second Year of TAOU KWANG.
How many million dollars were there in 1844?
Five Millions in 1844. That is:NTwo Millions and a Half on or before the 30th of June, and Two Millions and a half on or before the 31St of December.
Where do British merchants reside in China?
His Majesty the Emperor of China agrees that British Subjects, with their families and establishments, shall be allowed to reside, for the purpose of carrying on their Mercantile pursuits, without molestation or restraint at the Cities and Towns of Canton, Amoy, Foochow-fu, Ningpo, and Shanghai, and Her Majesty the Queen of Great Britain, etc., will appoint Superintendents or Consular Officers, to reside at each of the above-named Cities or Towns, to be the medium of communication between the Chinese Authorities and the said Merchants, and to see that the just Duties and other Dues of the Chinese Government is hereafter provided for, are duly discharged by Her Britannic Majesty's Subjects.
When did China pay the opium?
The Emperor of China agrees to pay the sum of Six Millions of Dollars as the value of Opium which was delivered up at Canton in the month of March 1839, as a Ransom for the lives of Her Britannic Majesty's Superintendent and Subjects, who had been imprisoned and threatened with death by the Chinese High Officers.
Who did the Chinese government compel to trade with?
The Government of China having compelled the British Merchants trading at Canton to deal exclusively with certain Chinese Merchants called Hong Merchants (or Cohong) who had been licensed by the Chinese Government for that purpose, the Emperor of China agrees to abolish that practice in future at all Ports where British Merchants may reside, and to permit them to carry on their mercantile transactions with whatever persons they please, and His Imperial Majesty further agrees to pay to the British Government the sum of Three Millions of Dollars, on acoount of Debts due to British Subjects by some of the said Hong Merchants (or Cohong), who have become insolvent, and who owe very large sums of money to Subjects of Her Britannic Majesty.
Will the Britannic Majesty's Forces retire from Nanking?
On the assent of the Emperor of China to this Treaty being received and the discharge of the first instalment of money, Her Britannic Majesty's Forces will retire from Nanking and the Grand Canal, and will no longer molest or stop the Trade of China. The Military Post at Chinhai will also be withdrawn, but the Islands of Koolangsoo and that of Chusan will continue to be held by Her Majesty's Forces until the money payments, and the arrangements for opening the Ports to British Merchants be completed.
Overview
The Treaty of Nanking (Nanjing) was the peace treaty which ended the First Opium War (1839–1842) between Great Britain and the Qing dynasty of China on 29 August 1842.
In the wake of China's military defeat, with British warships poised to attack Nanjing, British and Chinese officials negotiated on board HMS Cornwallis anc…
Background
In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, Britain faced a growing trade deficit with China. Britain could offer nothing to China to match the growing importation of Chinese goods to Britain, such as tea and porcelain. In British India, opium was grown on plantations and auctioned to merchants, who then sold it to Chinese who smuggled it into China, although Chinese law forbade the importation and sale of opium. When Lin Zexu seized this privately owned opium and ordered the destruction …
Terms
The fundamental purpose of the treaty was to change the framework of foreign trade imposed by the Canton System, which had been in force since 1760. Under Article V, the treaty abolished the former monopoly of the Cohong and their Thirteen Factories in Canton. Four additional "treaty ports" opened for foreign trade alongside Canton (Shameen Island from 1859 until 1943): Amoy (Xiamen until …
Aftermath
The treaty was sealed by interpreter John Robert Morrison for the British and Wang Tajin for the Chinese. Harry Parkes, who was a student of Chinese under Morrison, gave his account of the ceremony:
There were four copies of the Treaty signed and sealed. They were bound in worked yellow silk, one Treaty in English and the same in Chinese stitched an…
The treaty was sealed by interpreter John Robert Morrison for the British and Wang Tajin for the Chinese. Harry Parkes, who was a student of Chinese under Morrison, gave his account of the ceremony:
There were four copies of the Treaty signed and sealed. They were bound in worked yellow silk, one Treaty in English and the same in Chinese stitched an…
See also
• Western imperialism in Asia
• History of Hong Kong
• Anglo-Chinese relations
• Henry Collen (photographed the treaty)
External links
• Original Treaty of Nanking in English-Chinese Archived 14 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine from National Palace Museum, Taipei
• English Text in London Gazette (Differs in some respects from Chinese text)