who was freuds mentor

What did Breuer contribute to psychoanalysis?

Breuer is best known for his collaboration with Sigmund Freud and for introducing Freud to the case of Anna O. (whose real name was Bertha Pappenheim ). The ideas emerging from that case so fascinated Freud that he devoted the rest of his career to developing them, in the form of psychoanalysis.

What did Sigmund Freud do?

Sigmund Freud was an Austrian neurologist who is perhaps most known as the founder of psychoanalysis.

What is Breuer's relationship with Freud?

Breuer was then a mentor to the young Sigmund Freud, and had helped set him up in medical practice.

Why did Sigmund Freud hate Breuer?

Freud also promoted the idea that Breuer was too cautious and conservative to recognize the true importance of sexuality. To support this view, Freud claimed Breuer had abruptly terminated his work with Anna O., and resolved never to work with hysterical patients again, because she developed strong sexual feelings towards him.

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Did Sigmund Freud have a mentor?

Josef Breuer, Austrian physician and physiologist, was Sigmund Freud's mentor for many years. He contributed to the development of talk therapy and is considered the founder of psychoanalysis.

Who was Freud's teacher?

Freud had greatly admired his philosophy tutor, Brentano, who was known for his theories of perception and introspection.

How did Josef Breuer influence Freud?

He discovered that neuroses could arise from unconscious processes and, furthermore, that the neurotic symptoms could disappear when these underlying causes became part of the conscious mind. He communicated these findings to Sigmund Freud and the two men entered into a collaboration. Breuer emphasized hypnosis.

What is Josef Breuer known for?

The Viennese physician Josef Breuer (1842-1925) has a unique and prominent place in the history of psychotherapy. From 1880-82, while treating a patient known as Anna O., Breuer developed the cathartic method, or talking cure, for treating nervous disorders.

Who influenced Sigmund Freud?

Carl JungAnna FreudErik EriksonAlfred AdlerMichel FoucaultErich FrommSigmund Freud/Influenced

Who was the first therapist ever?

Austrian physician Franz Anton Mesmer (1734-1815) received some of the earliest recognition as a founder of psychotherapy. Known for his process of “mesmerism,” he focused on treating patients by using hypnosis.

Who is the father of psychology?

Wilhelm WundtWilhelm Wundt is the man most commonly identified as the father of psychology.

Who spurred Freud's interest in the unconscious mind?

Dr. Breuer found that her symptoms abated when he helped her recover memories of traumatic experiences that she had repressed, or hidden from her conscious mind. This case sparked Freud's interest in the unconscious mind and spurred the development of some of his most influential ideas.

Who is father of Counselling?

History. The term "counselling" is of American origin, coined by Carl Rogers, who, lacking a medical qualification was prevented from calling his work psychotherapy.

How did Josef Breuer treat Anna O?

Noticing the benefit that the release of anxious thoughts had on Anna, Breuer began treatment with what would eventually be described as “talking therapy” (referred to Anna as “chimney sweeping”) - engaging in conversations with his patient on a daily basis, talking to her about her problems in search of a ...

What is Freud talking cure?

The “talking cure,” then, is a process in which the patient's “talking” removes the blockage of a pathogenic affect, resulting in its transportation from the “inside” to the “outside” and, eventually, a cathartic purgation—and this is what “cures” the patient from hysteric symptoms.

When did Sigmund Freud meet Josef Breuer?

Simultaneously with his clinical practice, Breuer carried out research tasks at the Institute of Physiology, directed by Ernst von Brüke. It is in this context that, in 1880, he met Freud, his fourteen years junior.

How is Freud's theory used in education?

In this regard, Freud is unequivocal, stating that education is tasked with teaching children (and, I would argue, adults) to conform to a normative set of socially approved behaviours. Thus, 'the first task of education,' Freud states, is to teach the child 'to control his instincts.

How is Freud's theory useful to teachers?

Because it sets the highest standards, people can do their best and achieve best. If the teachers teach with the awareness of functioning of id, ego and superego, they will understand the functioning of their psyche and see and understand, to some extent, why students behave the way they do.

How old was Sigmund Freud when he died?

83 years (1856–1939)Sigmund Freud / Age at deathEventually, in the small hours of the morning of 23rd September, 1939, the 83-year-old Sigmund Freud, died on his invalid couch, only a few feet away from the more famous carpeted and cushioned psychoanalytical couch.

What is Sigmund Freud's id also known as?

According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the id is the primitive and instinctual part of the mind that contains sexual and aggressive drives and hidden memories, the super-ego operates as a moral conscience, and the ego is the realistic part that mediates between the desires of the id and the super-ego.

Why did Freud have Fliess perform surgery on his nose?

Freud had Fliess repeatedly operate on his nose and sinuses to treat "nasal reflex neurosis", and subsequently referred his patient Emma Eckstein to him. According to Freud, her history of symptoms included severe leg pains with consequent restricted mobility, as well as stomach and menstrual pains. These pains were, according to Fliess's theories, caused by habitual masturbation which, as the tissue of the nose and genitalia were linked, was curable by removal of part of the middle turbinate. Fliess's surgery proved disastrous, resulting in profuse, recurrent nasal bleeding; he had left a half-metre of gauze in Eckstein's nasal cavity whose subsequent removal left her permanently disfigured. At first, though aware of Fliess's culpability and regarding the remedial surgery in horror, Freud could bring himself only to intimate delicately in his correspondence with Fliess the nature of his disastrous role, and in subsequent letters maintained a tactful silence on the matter or else returned to the face-saving topic of Eckstein's hysteria. Freud ultimately, in light of Eckstein's history of adolescent self-cutting and irregular nasal (and menstrual) bleeding, concluded that Fliess was "completely without blame", as Eckstein's post-operative haemorrhages were hysterical "wish-bleedings" linked to "an old wish to be loved in her illness" and triggered as a means of "rearousing [Freud's] affection". Eckstein nonetheless continued her analysis with Freud. She was restored to full mobility and went on to practice psychoanalysis herself.

How did Freud use hypnosis?

Once he had set up in private practice back in Vienna in 1886, Freud began using hypnosis in his clinical work. He adopted the approach of his friend and collaborator, Josef Breuer, in a type of hypnosis that was different from the French methods he had studied, in that it did not use suggestion. The treatment of one particular patient of Breuer's proved to be transformative for Freud's clinical practice. Described as Anna O., she was invited to talk about her symptoms while under hypnosis (she would coin the phrase " talking cure " for her treatment). In the course of talking in this way, her symptoms became reduced in severity as she retrieved memories of traumatic incidents associated with their onset.

What was Freud's diagnosis of cancer?

In February 1923, Freud detected a leukoplakia, a benign growth associated with heavy smoking, on his mouth. He initially kept this secret, but in April 1923 he informed Ernest Jones, telling him that the growth had been removed. Freud consulted the dermatologist Maximilian Steiner, who advised him to quit smoking but lied about the growth's seriousness, minimizing its importance. Freud later saw Felix Deutsch, who saw that the growth was cancerous; he identified it to Freud using the euphemism "a bad leukoplakia" instead of the technical diagnosis epithelioma. Deutsch advised Freud to stop smoking and have the growth excised. Freud was treated by Marcus Hajek, a rhinologist whose competence he had previously questioned. Hajek performed an unnecessary cosmetic surgery in his clinic's outpatient department. Freud bled during and after the operation, and may narrowly have escaped death. Freud subsequently saw Deutsch again. Deutsch saw that further surgery would be required, but did not tell Freud he had cancer because he was worried that Freud might wish to commit suicide.

How many children did Jakob Freud have?

Jakob Freud took his wife and two children (Freud's sister, Anna, was born in 1858; a brother, Julius born in 1857, had died in infancy) firstly to Leipzig and then in 1860 to Vienna where four sisters and a brother were born: Rosa (b. 1860), Marie (b. 1861), Adolfine (b. 1862), Paula (b. 1864), Alexander (b. 1866).

What is Freud's theory of libido?

Freud postulated the existence of libido, sexualised energy with which mental processes and structures are invested and which generates erotic attachments, and a death drive, the source of compulsive repetition, hate, aggression, and neurotic guilt.

When did Freud publish his interpretation of dreams?

In 1899 he published The Interpretation of Dreams in which, following a critical review of existing theory, Freud gives detailed interpretations of his own and his patients' dreams in terms of wish-fulfillments made subject to the repression and censorship of the "dream-work".

Where was Freud born?

Freud was born to Galician Jewish parents in the Moravian town of Freiberg, in the Austrian Empire. He qualified as a doctor of medicine in 1881 at the University of Vienna. Upon completing his habilitation in 1885, he was appointed a docent in neuropathology and became an affiliated professor in 1902.

What was the method used by Breuer to treat Anna O?

Breuer named the successful treatment he used with Anna O. the cathartic method. Based on his treatment of her case, he concluded symptoms such as anxiousness, depression, vulnerability to stress, and irritability were often the result of unconscious processes and could only be treated if they were brought into consciousness. In 1882, Breuer discussed the case of Anna O. with Sigmund Freud, who was intrigued by the method and began using it with those he treated in his practice. Breuer and Freud collaborated to publish a preliminary report on the cathartic method, “On the Psychic Mechanisms of Hysterical Phenomena.” Two years later, Breuer and Freud collaborated on the book Studies on Hysteria, which would become a foundation of the practice of psychoanalysis.

Why did Breuer abandon psychoanalysis?

Some claim Anna O. expressed feelings of sexual attraction towards Breuer, which made him uncomfortable and hesitant to practice psychoanalysis. This position has not held up to historical research, however, and it is believed to be likely Breuer abandoned the practice of psychoanalysis due to his disagreements with Freud about the reconstruction of memories of child sexual abuse. While Freud believed memories of child sexual abuse recovered by those in therapy were memories of actual events, Breuer believed these memories were inspired by childhood fantasies.

What led to the end of the relationship between Freud and Breuer?

Although not all details about Breuer and Freud’s relationship are known, it is clear that, by 1895, disagreements between the two physicians led to the ending of their working relationship. Like Breuer, later critics of Freud have also concluded Freud’s therapeutic methods likely led some of the people he treated to recall false memories of child sexual abuse.

Where was Josef Breuer born?

Josef Breuer was born in Vienna, Austria in 1842. His mother died when he was four, and he was raised by his grandmother and father. His father, who taught Jewish religion to members of their community, also taught Breuer until he entered school at age 8.

How did Breuer's daughter die?

Most of Breuer’s children and grandchildren eventually left Austria during Nazi persecution; however, his daughter Dora died by suicide rather than face deportation by the Nazis, and his granddaughter Hanna was killed by the Nazis.

What was Breuer's main interest?

Breuer’s fields of interest included philosophy, politics, and theology , and he maintained active correspondence with artists, writers, philosophers, psychologists, and other academics on a variety of topics, including art, literature and music.

Who was Sigmund Freud's mentor?

Josef Breuer (1842-1925) Josef Breuer , Austrian physician and physiologist, was Sigmund Freud’s mentor for many years. He contributed to the development of talk therapy and is considered the founder of psychoanalysis .

Who is the best known psychologist for his work with Sigmund Freud?

Breuer is best known for his collaboration with Sigmund Freud and for introducing Freud to the case of Anna O. (whose real name was Bertha Pappenheim ). The ideas emerging from that case so fascinated Freud that he devoted the rest of his career to developing them, in the form of psychoanalysis.

Who wrote "Freud is a man given to absolute and exclusive formulations"?

In a letter to the Swiss psychiatrist Auguste Forel in 1907, Breuer wrote, “this immersion in the sexual in theory and practice is not to my taste.”. He went on to write, “Freud is a man given to absolute and exclusive formulations: this is a psychical need, which in my opinion, leads to excessive generalization.”.

What did Freud believe about hysteria?

The publication of Studies on Hysteria marked the end of the Breuer-Freud collaboration. Freud increasingly grew to believe that conflicts related to sexuality played an essential role in all cases of hysteria. Breuer acknowledged the importance of sexuality but considered it only one of many factors. Instead, Breuer asserted the phenomenon of dissociation due to trauma, which was implicit in his theory of hypnoid states, was more fundamental.

Why did Freud say that Breuer was too cautious and conservative to recognize the true importance of sexuality?

To support this view, Freud claimed Breuer had abruptly terminated his work with Anna O., and resolved never to work with hysterical patients again, because she developed strong sexual feelings towards him. This view was asserted as fact by Freud’s biographer, Ernest Jones, and came to define the conventional view of the matter.

How did Breuer help Anna O?

When Breuer developed the cathartic method to treat Anna O., he initiated several radical changes. First, he shifted the focus of therapy from suggestion by the therapist to self-discovery by the patient. Second, he expanded the scope of therapy from a narrow focus on treating symptoms to considering all aspects of the patient’s life and personality, thereby founding psychotherapy as a distinct discipline in its own right. Finally, he was the first person to treat mental illness through the long-term exploration of unconscious conflicts, and invented the talking cure, the treatment approach central to all forms of psychotherapy. While conventional wisdom assigns Freud credit for these achievements, the fact is they were all present in Breuer's treatment of Anna O. before his collaboration with Freud began.

What are the differences between Freud's theory and Breuer's theory?

If we compare Breuer’s theory with Freud’s formulation of psychoanalysis, there are three main differences: psychic trauma (Breuer) vs. sexual conflict (Freud) as the primary cause of psychopathology, hypnoid states (dissociation) vs. repression (defense) as the primary mechanism, and emotional expression (catharsis) vs. interpretation (analysis) as the primary means of recovery. Ironically, in each of those points, the modern view of psychotherapy has increasingly come to favor Breuer.

What did Breuer do?

From 1880-82, while treating a patient known as Anna O., Breuer developed the cathartic method, or talking cure, for treating nervous disorders. As a result of that treatment, he formulated many of the key concepts that laid the foundation for modern psychotherapy. This month marked the 90th anniversary of Breuer’s death, ...

Where did Freud settle?

1860 – After the failure of his father's business due to economic woes, the Freud family moved to Vienna, Austria, and settled in the Jewish neighborhood of Leopoldstadt. 1865 – Began attending the Gymnasium. 1873 – Graduated summa cum laude from secondary school and began studying medicine at the University of Vienna.

When did Freud and Jung meet?

1907 – Freud and Jung met face-to-face. 1908 – The first International Congress of Psychoanalysis was held in Salzburg. 1909 – Freud made his first and only visit to the United States along with Carl Jung and Sandor Ferenczi.

How did Freud die?

1939 – Freud died on September 23 of cancer in London.

Why did the Nazis burn Freud's books?

1933 – Corresponded with Albert Einstein. 2  The Nazis publicly burned some of Freud's books because he was Jewish. 1938 – Youngest daughter Anna Freud was arrested and interrogated by the Gestapo, so Freud moved to London with his wife and Anna to escape the Nazis. 1939 – Freud died on September 23 of cancer in London.

What was the name of the book that introduced the death instinct?

1920 – Published Beyond the Pleasure Principle, which introduced his concept of the death instinct .

When was psychoanalysis first used?

1896 – First used the term psychoanalysis in Zur Ätiologie der Hysterie. His father, Jakob, died the same year.​

Where was Sigismund Freud born?

1856 – (May 6) Sigismund Freud was born in Freiberg, Moravia, now part of the Czech Republic, to parents Jakob and Amalia. At the age of 40, Jakob already had two children from a previous marriage, but Sigismund was the 21-year-old Amalia's firstborn. 1860 – After the failure of his father's business due to economic woes, ...

What did Freud and Breuer discuss in their book?

Freud and Breuer documented their discussions of Anna O. and other case studies in their 1895 book, Studies in Hysteria . These discussions of Breuer's treatment of Anna O. became "a formative basis of psychoanalytic practice, especially the importance of fantasies (in extreme cases, hallucinations), hysteria [...], and the concept and method of catharsis which were Breuer's major contributions." Louis Breger has observed that in the Studies, "Freud is looking for a grand theory that will make him famous and, because of this, he is always fastening on what he thinks will be a single cause of hysteria , such as sexual conflict...Breuer, on the other hand, writes about the many factors that produce symptoms, including traumas of a variety of kinds. He also gives others, such as Pierre Janet, credit and argues for “eclecticism”; he is open to many different ways of understanding and treating hysteria."

Where was Breuer born?

Born in Vienna, his father, Leopold Breuer, taught religion in Vienna 's Jewish community. Breuer's mother died when he was quite young, and he was raised by his maternal grandmother and educated by his father until the age of eight. He graduated from the Akademisches Gymnasium of Vienna in 1858 and then studied at the university for one year ...

Did Freud turn on Breuer?

Freud later turned on Breuer, no longer giving him credit and helping spread a rumour that Breuer had not been able to handle erotic attention from Anna O. and had abandoned her case, though research indicates this never happened and Breuer remained involved with her case for several years while she remained unwell.

Who was Sigmund Freud's mentor?

Breuer was then a mentor to the young Sigmund Freud, and had helped set him up in medical practice. Ernest Jones recalled, "Freud was greatly interested in hearing of the case of Anna O, which ... made a deep impression on him"; and in his 1909 Five Lectures on Psycho-Analysis, Freud generously pointed out, "I was a student and working for my final examinations at the time when ... Breuer, first (in 1880-2) made use of this procedure ... Never before had anyone removed a hysterical symptom by such a method."

Who was Breuer married to?

Breuer married Mathilde Altmann in 1868, and they had five children. His daughter Dora later committed suicide rather than be deported by the Nazis. Another one of his daughters, Margarete Schiff, perished in Theresienstadt on September 9, 1942. Breuer's granddaughter, Hanna Schiff, died while imprisoned by the Nazis.

Who discovered the sense of balance?

Independent of each other in 1873, Breuer and the physicist and mathematician Ernst Mach discovered how the sense of balance (i.e. the perception of the head's imbalance) functions: that it is managed by information the brain receives from the movement of a fluid in the semicircular canals of the inner ear. That the sense of balance depends on the three semicircular canals was discovered in 1870 by the physiologist Friedrich Goltz, but Goltz did not discover how the balance-sensing apparatus functions.

Who was Josef Breuer?

Josef Breuer ( German: [ˈbʁɔʏɐ]; 15 January 1842 – 20 June 1925) was a distinguished physician who made key discoveries in neurophysiology , and whose work in the 1880s with his patient Bertha Pappenheim, known as Anna O., developed the talking cure (cathartic method) and laid the foundation to psychoanalysis as developed by his protégé Sigmund Freud.

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• After studying medicine at the University of Vienna, Freud worked and gained respect as a physician. Through his work with respected French neurologist Jean-Martin Charcot, Freud became fascinated with the emotional disorder known as hysteria. Later, Freud and his friend and mentor Dr. Josef Breuer introduced him to the case study of a patient know...

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