who was mary whiton calkins teacher

What did Mary Whiton Calkins teach at Wellesley?

After graduating from Smith College, Mary Whiton Calkins was hired to teach Greek at Wellesley College. She had been teaching for three years when she was offered she was offered a position teaching in the new area of psychology. In order to teach in psychology, she needed to study the subject for at least one year.

Was Mary Whiton Calkins a self-psychologist?

Calkins considered herself a self-psychologist throughout her career. Her work in this field influenced much of modern-day psychotherapy, and some of her early ideas still inform psychotherapy practices today. The psychologist Mary Whiton Calkins wrote, taught, and conducted research in psychology in the early 1900s.

When did Mary Whiton Calkins start Smith College?

Mary Whiton Calkins began Smith College in 1882 as a sophomore. The 1883 death of her sister led to a year-long break from school, although she continued to study through private lessons.

Who taught Mary Whiton Calkins?

She found herself drawn to the nascent field of psychology, and in the late 1880's Calkins was granted special permission to attend seminars at Harvard (then an all-male institution), including those offered by William James and Josiah Royce.

Who did Mary Calkins work with?

This, despite the praise of all who worked with her, including the German-American psychologist Hugo Münsterberg who wrote that she was the strongest student in his laboratory since he had arrived at Harvard. Now, Calkins is considered as one the most important first-generation American psychologists.

What is Mary Whiton Calkins best known for?

Mary Whiton Calkins (1863-1930) Mary Whiton Calkins was a late 19th and early 20th century psychologist and philosopher who introduced the field of self psychology. She was the first woman to become president of the American Psychological Association.

What did Calkins study?

In 1891 she established at Wellesley one of the earliest laboratories for experimental psychology in the country and the first in a women's college. Her own work in the field dealt primarily with such topics as space and time consciousness, emotion, association, colour theory, and dreams.

Who was the first woman to study psychology?

Margaret Floy Washburn (July 25, 1871 – October 29, 1939), leading American psychologist in the early 20th century, was best known for her experimental work in animal behavior and motor theory development....Margaret Floy WashburnDoctoral advisorEdward B. Titchener7 more rows

Who invented the paired association technique?

Mary Whiton Calkinspaired associate learning TASK. Unreviewed. was invented by Mary Whiton Calkins in 1894 and involves the pairing of two items (usually words)—a stimulus and a response.

What was Mary Calkins importance in the history of psychology quizlet?

Mary Calkins studied under William James, founded one of the first dozen psychology laboratories in America at Wellesley College in 1891, invented a widely used technique for studying memory, and became the first woman to serve as president of the American Psychological Association in 1905.

What was the major accomplishment of Mary Whiton Calkin?

Scholarly accomplishments include inventing the paired-associates technique for studying learning and memory, founding one of the first laboratories in psychology, and writing four books and over 100 articles on topics related to memory, dream analysis, self-psychology, consciousness, and philosophy.

What experiment did Mary Whiton Calkins do?

While working under Edmund C. Sanford, Calkins worked on a research project that involved studying the contents of dreams recorded in a seven-week period in the spring of 1891 (Furumoto, 1980). The research involved recording each night, immediately after waking from a dream, every remembered feature of it.

Who influenced Mary Whiton Calkins?

Mary Whiton CalkinsThesisAssociation. An essay analytic and experimental. (1896)Doctoral advisorHugo MünsterbergOther advisorsJosiah Royce William James Edmund SanfordAcademic work15 more rows

Where did Mary Whiton Calkins study?

Harvard UniversitySmith CollegeMary Whiton Calkins/Education

What was Mary Calkins famous for?

Calkins also served as President of the American Philosophical Association in 1918. Scholarly accomplishments include inventing the paired-associates technique ...

Why did Wellesley want Calkins to teach?

Wellesley wanted Calkins to learn more about the topic to teach a course in the new psychology. With the support of Harvard's psychology faculty, Harvard's president allowed Calkins to audit courses as a favor to Wellesley College and to her father, a prominent Presbyterian minister.

Where did Mary Calkins get her B.A.?

Calkins was from Massachusetts, where she earned her B.A. from Smith College in 1885, majoring in the classics and philosophy. In 1887 she was hired to teach philosophy at Wellesley College. Psychology was historically part of "mental philosophy" but in the 1880s an empirically-based experimental psychology was growing.

Who tutored Calkins?

Notably, the male students dropped out, leaving William James to tutor Calkins individually. The Harvard psychology faculty held an unofficial dissertation defense for Calkins in 1895. Afterward, they recommended her for a doctorate but Harvard refused to award the degree.

What degree did Calkins get?

Despite her record of achievements, Calkins is best known today for something she never received--a doctoral degree from Harvard University. The story has become a legend in academic psychology circles.

Who was Mary Whiton Calkins?

Full Article. Mary Whiton Calkins, (born March 30, 1863, Hartford, Conn., U.S.—died Feb. 26, 1930, Newton, Mass.), philosopher, psychologist, and educator, the first American woman to attain distinction in these fields of study.

How many books did Calkins write?

Calkins’s writings encompass more than a hundred papers in professional journals of psychology and philosophy and several books, including An Introduction to Psychology (1901), The Persistent Problems of Philosophy (1907), which went through five editions, and The Good Man and the Good (1918).

Who is Hugo Münsterberg?

Hugo Münsterberg, German-American psychologist and philosopher who was interested in the applications of psychology to law, business, industry, medicine, teaching, and sociology. Münsterberg took his Ph.D. in 1885 and his M.D. at the University of Heidelberg….

What did Mary Whiton Calkins do after she graduated from Smith College?

Calkins' Pursuit of Psychology. After graduating from Smith College, Mary Whiton Calkins was hired to teach Greek at Wellesley College. She had been teaching for three years when she was offered a position teaching in the new area of psychology. 2 . In order to teach in psychology, she needed to study the subject for at least one year.

What did Mary Whiton Calkins believe?

Calkins believed that the conscious self was the primary focus of psychology. Despite Mary Whiton Calkins' contributions, Harvard maintains its refusal to grant the degree she earned and her influence on psychology is often overlooked by both scholars and students.

What did Mary Calkins do?

Calkins' Contributions to Psychology . Over the course of her career, Calkins wrote over a hundred professional papers of topics in psychology and philosophy. In addition to being the first woman president of the American Psychological Association, Calkins also served as president of the American Philosophical Association in 1918. 1 .

Who was the committee that approved the Calkins thesis?

In 1895, she presented her thesis, An experimental research on the association of ideas, to a graduate committee that included William James, Josiah Royce, and Hugo Munsterberg. Despite unanimous approval from the thesis committee, Harvard still refused to grant Calkins the degree she had earned. 1 .

When was Miss Calkins' request approved?

The request was approved in 1890, although university records noted that "by accepting this privilege Miss Calkins does not become a student of the University entitled to registration" (Furumoto, 1980).

Who invented the paired-associate task?

At Harvard, Calkins invented the paired-associate task which involved showing study participants a series of paired colors and numerals, then testing recollections of which number had been paired with which color.

Who taught Greek at Wellesley College?

1887 - Began teaching Greek at Wellesley College. 1890 - Began attending lectures at Harvard taught by William James and Josiah Royce. 1892 - Admitted to Harvard as a "guest". 1895 - Presented thesis to Harvard faculty, but was denied a degree. 1927 - Retired from Wellesley College. Died on February 26, 1930 of cancer.

About the Author

Naomi Scherer is a third year double major in Psychology and Theater and Performance Studies at the University of Chicago. Next year (2022) she will be completing a Master’s degree in Social Sciences with a concentration in Psychology, studying the influence of sensory input on early cognitive development.

References

Calkins, Mary Whiton. “Autobiography” in History of Psychology in Autobiography. Edited by Murchison, Carl. 1930. Vol. 1, 31-61.

Who was Mary Whiton Calkins?

Her work in this field influenced much modern day psychotherapy, and some of her early ideas still inform psychotherapy practices today. The psychologist Mary Whiton Calkins wrote, taught and conducted research in psychology in the early 1900s.

What field of study did Mary Calkins work in?

This is now a major field in the study of learning. Self-Psychology. Though she contributed greatly to studies of memory and dreams, Calkins is best known for developing a system of self-psychology, which she worked on in conjunction with others at Harvard.

What did Calkins do to study memory?

Memory Research. Calkins also studied memory. She conducted a series of experiments in order to discern how well people are able to recall items. She devised a series of experiments in which she paired numerals with colors.

Why did Calkins wake up with an alarm clock?

The point of this research was to study the relationship between a state of dreaming and a state of consciousness.

What did Calkins believe about the self?

Calkins argued that the self is comprised of a number of different characteristics, including uniqueness and consciousness. She felt that it was important for psychologists to study the self's relationship to its environment.

What is Emily Cummins' degree?

Emily Cummins received a Bachelor of Arts in Psychology and French Literature and an M.A. and Ph.D. in Sociology. She has instructor experience at Northeastern University and New Mexico State University, teaching courses on Sociology, Anthropology, Social Research Methods, Social Inequality, and Statistics for Social Research.

Where was Mary Calkins born?

Biography. Calkins was born in Connecticut in 1863. At an early age, she became interested in obtaining an education and studied a variety of subjects at a number of universities, including Wellesley University and Smith College. Upon graduation, Calkins began teaching Greek at Wellesley. Other instructors took notice of Calkins' teaching ability ...

What is the impact of Margaret Floy Washburn in psychology?

Contribution to Psychology As one of the earliest women to enter the field of psychology, Washburn served as evidence that women could effectively contribute to the field. She extensively studied animal behavior and argued that animals' mental states should be studied alongside their behavior.

Who is Mary Whiton Calkins and why is she noteworthy?

Mary Whiton Calkins was a late 19th and early 20th century psychologist and philosopher who introduced the field of self psychology. She was the first woman to become president of the American Psychological Association.

Who was Mary Whiton Calkins teacher?

Royce influenced Calkins to take regular classes through Harvard, taught by William James, with males as her peers. Harvard president Charles William Eliot was opposed to this idea of a woman learning in the same room as a man.

What does the APA do?

What is the mission of the APA? Our mission is to advance the creation, communication and application of psychological knowledge to benefit society and improve people's lives. We do this by: Encouraging the development and application of psychology in the broadest manner.

Was Mary Whiton Calkins married?

Born Mary Whiton Calkins in Hartford, Connecticut, on March 30, 1863; died in Newton, Massachusetts, on February 26, 1930; daughter of Wolcott (a Presbyterian minister) and Charlotte Grosvenor (Whiton) Calkins; graduated from Smith College, 1885; never married; no children.

What are the three main levels of analysis in psychology?

The Levels of Analysis, often abbreviated to LOA, are the various ways of observation in psychology. The three LOAs are biological, cognitive, and sociocultural. Biological is observing the physical aspects of the brain, such as physiology and chemicals.

Was denied a PhD because she was a woman?

In June 1894, she gave her oral presentation, and became the first woman to receive a PhD in psychology (as Mary Calkins had previously been denied her PhD because she was a woman). She was also elected to the newly established American Psychological Association.

Best Known Work

Timeline of Events

Early Years

Calkins' Pursuit of Psychology

• After graduating from Smith College, Mary Whiton Calkins was hired to teach Greek at Wellesley College. She had been teaching for three years when she was offered a position teaching in the new area of psychology.2 In order to teach in psychology, she needed to study the subject for at least one year. The difficulty with this was that there were f...

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Career

Calkins' Contributions to Psychology

Selected Works