What is the difference between Callicrates and Ictinus?
For other uses, see Callicrates (disambiguation). Callicrates or Kallikrates ( / kəˈlɪkrəˌtiːz /; Greek: Καλλικράτης [Kaliˈkratis]) was an ancient Greek architect active in the middle of the fifth century BC. He and Ictinus were architects of the Parthenon ( Plutarch, Pericles, 13).
Who was Callicrates in ancient Greece?
Callicrates ( / kəˈlɪkrəˌtiːz /; Greek: Καλλικράτης, Callicrátēs) was an ancient Greek architect active in the middle of the fifth century BC. He and Ictinus were architects of the Parthenon ( Plutarch, Pericles, 13).
Who is Ictinus in Greek architecture?
Ictinus (/ɪkˈtaɪnəs/; Greek: Ἰκτῖνος, Iktinos) was an architect active in the mid 5th century BC. Ancient sources identify Ictinus and Callicrates as co-architects of the Parthenon. Pausanias identifies Ictinus as architect of the Temple of Apollo at Bassae.
What does Callicrates stand for?
Callicrates. Callicrates, also spelled Kallikrates, (flourished 5th century bc ), Athenian architect who designed the Temple of Athena Nike on the Athenian Acropolis and, with Ictinus, the Parthenon. It is known from an inscription of 449 bc (the year of the signing of peace with Persia) that the Senate commissioned Callicrates...
What was Ictinus known for?
Ictinus, also spelled Iktinos, (flourished 5th century bc), Greek architect, one of the most celebrated of Athens, known for his work on the Parthenon on the Acropolis, the Temple of the Mysteries at Eleusis, and the Temple of Apollo Epicurius at Bassae.
What was Erechtheion used for?
The Erechtheion was named after the demi-god Erechtheus (Cartwright). The primary function for the Erechtheion was to to house the ancient wooden cult statue of Athena, but also served other purposes as discussed below (Cartwright).
Who were some famous Greek architects?
Other famous Greek architects include Phaeax of Agrigentum, an orator who designed several important public works including underground ditches to drain the city. Parmenion,who Alexander the Great hired to assist in the building of Alexandria, over saw sculptural works, particularly at the Temple of Serapis.
Who built the Parthenon?
Construction of the Parthenon began in 447 B.C. Its design is credited to two architects, Ictinus and Callicrates, as well as the sculptor Phidias.
Who lived in the Erechtheion?
ErechtheionErechtheumTypeAncient Temple (Ancient Greek and Roman Period) Church (Byzantine Period) Palace (Frankish Period) Residence of the Turkish commander's harem (Ottoman Period)Architectural styleIonicLocationAthens, GreeceCurrent tenantsMuseum9 more rows
What is the story behind the Erechtheion?
The Erechtheion (or Erechtheum) is an ancient Greek temple constructed on the acropolis of Athens between 421 and 406 BCE in the Golden Age of the city in order to house the ancient wooden cult statue of Athena and generally glorify the great city at the height of its power and influence.
Who started architecture in ancient Greece?
Ancient Greek architecture came from the Greek-speaking people (Hellenic people) whose culture flourished on the Greek mainland, the Peloponnese, the Aegean Islands, and in colonies in Anatolia and Italy for a period from about 900 BC until the 1st century AD, with the earliest remaining architectural works dating from ...
Who invented Greek architecture?
When the Dorians migrated into Greece (before 1000 BC) true Hellenic culture began, and the architecture that eventually developed seems to have borrowed little from the preceding civilizations. In Greece the Dorians developed their building forms with such rapidity that between the 10th and the 6th cent.
Who is the Greek god of architecture?
Hephaestus was known as the ancient Greek god of: building. masonry.
Did slaves build the Parthenon?
Slaves and foreigners worked together with the Athenian citizens in the building of the Parthenon, doing the same jobs for the same pay.
Who built the Parthenon and why?
Who Built the Parthenon? The celebrated Greek statesman Pericles is credited with ordering the design and construction of the Parthenon as a temple for Athena—the goddess of wisdom, arts and literature and war—but it may not have been the first attempt to house the deity.
What does Parthenon mean in Greek?
The name Parthenon derives from one of Athena's many epithets: Athena Parthenos, meaning Virgin. Parthenon means 'house of Parthenos' which was the name given in the 5th century BCE to the chamber inside the temple which housed the cult statue.
What is unusual about the Erechtheion?
What is so unusual about the Erechtheion compared to most Greek temples? The Erechtheion has an unusual floor plan because it was built to accommodate many sacred sites. These sites include the tomb of Cecrops, the tomb of Erechtheus, the Erechtheion Sea, and the sacred olive tree of Athena.
What was the Temple of Athena Nike used for?
The Temple of Athena Nike, on the southwest bastion of the Acropolis, is smaller than the other buildings behind it but no less impressive. It was completed in 420 BCE during the restoration of Athens after the Persian invasion of 480 BCE and was designed to greet those visiting Athena's complex.
What was the Propylaea used for?
Definition. Propylaea is the name given to monumental gates or entranceways to a specific space, usually to a temple or religious complex and as such they acted as a symbolic partition between the secular and religious parts of a city. Less complex examples with a single entrance are known as a propylon.
What was the old temple of Athena used for?
The temple of Athena Nike, as with all Greek temples, was considered a home of the deity, represented in its statue, and was not a place where regular people would enter.
What year was the temple built in Athena Nike?
It is known from an inscription of 449 bc (the year of the signing of peace with Persia) that the Senate commissioned Callicrates to construct a temple to Athena Nike (also known as the Wingless Victory) on the Athenian Acropolis. Callicrates designed the temple to be of pentelic marble, small in size, and Ionic in order;
When was the Ictinus and Callicrates building completed?
Ictinus and Callicrates with the supervision of the sculptor Phidias. The building was completed by 438, and that same year a great gold and ivory statue of Athena, made by Phidias for the interior, was dedicated. Work on the exterior decoration of the building continued until 432…
When was the Temple of the Acropolis built?
Construction finally began in 427 bc, and the temple was completed in 424 bc .
Who is Kallikrates?
Alternative Title: Kallikrates. Callicrates, also spelled Kallikrates, (flourished 5th century bc ), Athenian architect who designed the Temple of Athena Nike on the Athenian Acropolis and, with Ictinus, the Parthenon. It is known from an inscription of 449 bc (the year of the signing of peace with Persia) that the Senate commissioned Callicrates ...
Where was the Ionic Temple built?
On the basis of stylistic similarities a small Ionic temple (destroyed 1778) on the bank of the Ilissos River, in Athens, was attributed to Callicrates, and a Doric temple to Apollo, built by the Athenians on the island of Delos, may be his work.
Who was responsible for the Hephaesteum?
The Architects of the Parthenon, by Rhys Carpenter, suggests that Callicrates was also responsible for the Hephaesteum, the temple of Poseidon at Sunion, the temple of Ares at Acharnae, and the temple at Rhamnous. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Subscribe Now.
Who is Callicrates in Greek?
Callicrates, also spelled Kallikrates, (flourished 5th century bc ), Athenian architect who designed the Temple ...
What was Ictinus involved in?
Ictinus was also involved in the rebuilding and enlargement of the Telestrion hall at the temple to Demeter and Persephone at Eleusis in collaboration with Coroebus, Metagenes, and Xenocles. The Telestrion hall, where the Eleusinian Mysteries were performed, was a square hall with rock-cut seats.
Where is the Temple of Apollo?
The Temple of Apollo Epicurius at Bassae (in Arcadia, near Phigalia) was said to be modeled after the Temple of Athena Alea (by Scopas) at Tegea, the most beautiful temple in the Peloponnese, which incorporated the Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian orders in novel ways. Most of the columns from the temple still stand.
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Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. ...
Who designed the Parthenon?
According to Vitruvius(Ten Books on Architecture, preface to Book VII), Ictinus designed the Parthenonwith Callicrates, although there is some speculation that they were not collaborators but actually rivals—that Ictinus continued the work begun by Callicrates. Ictinus was also involved in the rebuilding and enlargement of the Telestrionhall at the temple to Demeterand Persephoneat Eleusis in collaboration with Coroebus, Metagenes, and Xenocles. The Telestrion hall, where the Eleusinian Mysterieswere performed, was a square hall with rock-cut seats. Ictinus probably worked at Eleusis about 430 bc, sometime after he had completed his work on the Parthenon.
Which Greek gods fought for the right to rule Attica?
The western pediment depicted Athena and Poseidon battling for the right to rule Attica, flanked by an audience of the other Greek gods; likewise, the metopes along the architrave below depicted men, gods, and mythical creatures locked in eternal combat with one another.
How many columns are there in the Parthenon?
Before the Persian Wars, the precursor to the Parthenon had been a standard Doric temple with six columns supporting its front façade, essentially indistinguishable from any of its contemporaries (including a neighboring structure on the Acropolis itself).
What was the Acropolis in Athens?
The Acropolis, the plateau on which the Parthenon stands, served as a fortified citadel in Athens’ Mycenaean past. ImageCourtesy of Flickr user Konstantinos Dafalias (licensed under CC BY 2.0) It is unsurprising that Athens, the city widely considered to be the cradle of Western civilization, would have made as celebrated a contribution ...
What is the cradle of Western civilization?
It is unsurprising that Athens, the city widely considered to be the cradle of Western civilization, would have made as celebrated a contribution to architecture as it has to countless other human pursuits. Built on a hilltop above the contemporary city, the weathered marble complex known as the Acropolis stands as a faded remnant from ...
What was the name of the group that led the Delian League to victory?
Rising from the ashes of a destructive sacking in 480 BC, Athens led what later became known as the Delian League to victory against its greatest enemy.
How long did it take to build the Temple of Pericles?
With the political power of Pericles and the misappropriated funds of the entire Delian League, the enormous temple was constructed in only sixteen years, between 448 and 432 BC.
Was the Parthenon indestructible?
Although the marble stonework of the Parthenon had proven its durability against the ravages of time, it was not indestructible . In 1687, Venetian forces laying siege to Athens shelled the ancient city, igniting a powder magazine stored inside the Parthenon.
Who was the architect of the Temple of Nike?
Callicrates or Kallikrates (; Greek: Καλλικράτης [Kaliˈkratis]) was an ancient Greek architect active in the middle of the fifth century BC. He and Ictinus were architects of the Parthenon (Plutarch, Pericles, 13). An inscription identifies him as the architect of "the Temple of Nike" in the Sanctuary of Athena Nike on the Acropolis (IG I3 35). The temple in question is either the amphiprostyle Temple of Athena Nike now visible on the site or a small-scale predecessor (naiskos) whose remains were found in the later temple's foundations. Read more on Wikipedia
Who were the architects born in Greece?
Among architects born in Greece, Callicrates ranks 2 . Before him are Ictinus (-500). After him are Dinocrates (-400), Aristobulus of Cassandreia (-375), and Callimachus (-500).
Who were the architects before Callicrates?
Among architects, Callicrates ranks 43 out of 424 . Before him are Hippodamus of Miletus, Ictinus, Arne Jacobsen, Marcel Breuer, Christopher Wren, and Suger. After him are Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola, Santiago Calatrava, Buckminster Fuller, Carlo Maderno, Michelozzo, and Rem Koolhaas.
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What columns did Mnesikles use for the interior of the Propylaea?
Like the architects of the Parthenon, Mnesikles chose to use Ionic columns for the interior of the Propylaea, suggesting that this synthesis was the prevailing trend in Athenian architecture at the time; however, different orders would not be mixed in the same façades until the Hellenistic period. [4]
What was the name of the temple where Athena and Poseidon competed for power?
According to legend, the Erechtheion stood on the ground where Athena and Poseidon had competed for rule over Attica. Poseidon struck the ground with his trident, bringing forth a stream of saltwater; the temple’s northern porch, projecting from one end of an otherwise smooth marble wall, sheltered the trident mark left in the rocks. In response to Poseidon’s display of power, Athena struck the ground with her spear, bringing forth an olive tree from the rock. (Since the construction of the Erechtheion, an olive tree has always been present on this spot.) The western façade bridged the significant ground elevation difference between the tall northern porch and the smaller—yet no less impressive—southern porch. Here, the roof was supported not by Ionic columns as on the other façades, but by serene sculptures of women balancing the architrave atop their heads, or caryatids. The eastern porch, standing on the same level as the Parthenon, was the most conventional, with six Ionic columns supporting a symmetrical pediment. [8]
What is the irregular layout of the Erechtheion?
The irregular layout of the Erechtheion was a response to both complicated topography and the multifaceted religious significance of the ground on which it stands. Original etching by Ernst Wallis, 1875. ImageCourtesy of Wikimedia user HerrAdams (Public Domain)
What is the most famous example of classical Greek architecture?
The Parthenon, perhaps the most celebrated example of Classical Greek architecture, was only the first of a series of remarkable buildings to be constructed atop the Athenian Acropolis in the wake of the Persian Wars. Led by the renowned statesman Pericles, the city-state embarked on an ambitious rebuilding program which replaced all ...
What was the roof of the Parthenon supported by?
Here, the roof was supported not by Ionic columns as on the other façades, but by serene sculptures of women balancing the architrave atop their heads, or caryatids. The eastern porch, standing on the same level as the Parthenon, was the most conventional, with six Ionic columns supporting a symmetrical pediment. [8]
What was the name of the gateway to the Acropolis?
Once the structure of the Parthenon was in place, Pericles commissioned the next great project: the Propylaea. Situated at the western end of the complex, the monumental gateway was the sole entrance to the Acropolis.
Why did the temple of Athena Nike have ionic capitals?
The exaggerated Ionic capitals in the Temple of Athena Nike purportedly direct one’s gaze to the sea, a reference to the victory over Persia that allowed Athens to take its place as the premier city-state in Ancient Greece. ImageCourtesy of Flickr user Aleksandr Zykov (licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0)
