who were the hacendados

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Where did the owners of Hacienda live?

Carl Nebel, 1836. In Spanish America, the owner of an hacienda was called the hacendado or patrón. Most owners of large and profitable haciendas preferred to live in Spanish cities, often near the hacienda, but in Mexico, the richest owners lived in Mexico City, visiting their haciendas at intervals. [8]

What is a hacendado?

Hacendados constituted a squirarchy, in whose hands were the reins of local government. In Bolivia until 1952, hacendados had retained many of the privileges inherited from colonial times, and the same was true in 20th-century Ecuador. In Mexico many of the great estates were broken up as a result of the Mexican Revolution of 1911.

How did the traditional hacienda function?

It functioned by keeping the people the land that they were working. In this way the hacendado, or the owner of the hacienda, was able to make huge profits off of their land worked by others. The traditional hacienda was a

Who worked on a hacienda in Mexico?

With the exception of cattle ranches and haciendas located in the marginal areas of Mexico it seems that permanent resident peons generally constituted a minority of the work force on most Mexican haciendas. The main work on haciendas was carried out by temporary workers.

What did hacendados do?

The Hacendado and his lady had various responsibilities as community leaders. He might be called on to act as judge, and she was the ministering angel to the sick. Chief among her simple remedies was Mescal, which was used internally to treat every ailment and externally for injuries.

What does hacienda mean in history?

hacienda, in Spanish America, a large landed estate, one of the traditional institutions of rural life. Originating in the colonial period, the hacienda survived in many places late into the 20th century.

What are called haciendas?

Definition of hacienda 1 : a large estate especially in a Spanish-speaking country : plantation. 2 : the main dwelling of a hacienda.

Who were haciendas owned by?

In Spanish America, the owner of an hacienda was called the hacendado or patrón. Most owners of large and profitable haciendas preferred to live in Spanish cities, often near the hacienda, but in Mexico, the richest owners lived in Mexico City, visiting their haciendas at intervals.

What happened to the haciendas?

Revolution shook Mexico in 1910, and angry protests against the feudal hacienda system hastened its demise. Across the country, the once thriving haciendas were ransacked and razed; others were abandoned and left to decay. Most would remain untouched for decades.

What is hacienda known for?

Best-known for their white stucco walls, red clay roof tiles, and use of heavy, rustic wood accents, hacienda-style homes have been extremely popular across the southwestern United States—as well as California and Florida—for decades.

Did haciendas use slaves?

In haciendas, the workers were not classified as slaves, yet their employment would certainly be called 'forced labour' in today's terms. Along with land grants, patrons would be allotted a certain number of 'natives', who would learn Spanish and be converted to Catholicism in return for their labour on the land.

How large is a hacienda?

To illustrate the farming situation associated with various size haciendas, typical example of a small hacienda (less than 13 hectares), an average hacienda ( 25-64 hectares), and a large hacienda (greater than 125 hectares) are analyzed cartographically on Figure 2.

What is a hacienda style?

Hacienda style homes feature a courtyard that adds grandeur and outdoor privacy to a residence. Traditionally, the courtyard was placed in the center of the home to allow owners to cook indoors or outdoors.

What is hacienda culture?

Hacienda culture refers to lingering cultural and traditional social dynamics developed during the Charro community's initiation. In particular, hacienda culture has a distinct effect on the gendered dynamics and practices of the Charro community.

Does hacienda mean house in Spanish?

A Spanish word for a large ranch or ranch-house.

What is the difference between hacienda and farm?

The hacienda is not a farm but rather an area of land on which several different forms of labour organization and land utilization exist simultaneously, e.g. , plantations and sharecropping. The intensity of the cultivation is very different on different parts of the hacienda, although low all in all.

What is hacienda system in Philippines history?

The hacienda system refers to the sharing of resources and the decision-making process involved in the sharing process. It also includes the relationship between and among the key players within the hacienda-sacada work system, and the work and living conditions of the sacada workers.

Where were haciendas used?

A lot of haciendas were used as mines, factories, or plantations, and some combined all of these activities. The hacienda system was widespread in Mexico, Chile, Bolivia, Argentina, Colombia, Guatemala, Peru, El Salvador, and New Granada, but it also existed in Puerto Rico and the Philippines.

How were haciendas organized?

Haciendas were traditionally organized in a clear hierarchy that was inspired by paternalistic societies. In this social organization, the landlords were sitting at the top of the system while the workers were at the bottom.

Why did the haciendas become the place of class conflict?

However, once the Revolution happened in the early 20th century, for obvious reasons, the haciendas became the place of class conflict. The workers revolted against the landlords and started defending their rights. They lost their identities when the hacienda system was put in place, and they started demanding it back.

Why did the hacienda system prosper?

They had more available workers because they destabilized villages, and they managed to beat the competition that was offering lower prices. Hacienda landlords also managed to gain some political power as well.

What is a hacienda?

A hacienda is most easily defined as an estate, mostly seen in the colonies of the Spanish Empire. A lot of haciendas were used as mines, factories, or plantations, and some combined all of these activities. Haciendas were actually small business enterprises that were built for the sole goal of making money. It is not easy to exactly define the ...

Why were haciendas important during the Mexican Revolution?

Haciendas were major factors during the Mexican Revolution because everything that was happening during the Revolution left a mark on them and the people living there. The evolution of haciendas happened gradually, and they did not just appear suddenly. Haciendas faced significant problems in the 18th century, which were preventing them from becoming the major institutions that they were during the Mexican Revolution. They needed to find a cheaper workforce and also find a way to deal with the prices of their products, which were being held down by other peasants in the area.

What is a hacienda system?

What Is The Hacienda System? A hacienda is most easily defined as an estate, mostly seen in the colonies of the Spanish Empire.

What is a hacienda?

A hacienda ( UK: / ˌhæsiˈɛndə / or US: / ˌhɑːsiˈɛndə /; Spanish: [aˈθjenda] or [aˈsjenda] ), in Spain and the colonies of the Spanish Empire, is an estate (or finca ), similar to a Roman latifundium. Some haciendas were plantations, mines or factories. Many haciendas combined these activities.

How were haciendas developed?

Haciendas were developed as profit-making, economic enterprises linked to regional or international markets. Although the hacienda is not directly linked to the early grants of indigenous American labor, the encomienda, many Spanish holders of encomiendas did acquire land or develop enterprises where they had access to that forced labor. Even though the private landed estates that constituted most haciendas did not have a direct tie to the encomienda, they are nonetheless linked. Encomenderos were in a position to retain their prominence economically via the hacienda. Since the encomienda was a grant from the crown, holders were dependent on the crown for its continuation. As the crown moved to eliminate the encomienda with its labor supply, Spaniards consolidated private landholdings and recruited free labor on a permanent or casual basis. The long term trend then was the creation of the hacienda as secure private property, which survived the colonial period and into the 20th century. Estates were integrated into a market-based economy aimed at the Hispanic sector and cultivated crops such as sugar, wheat, fruits and vegetables and produced animal products such as meat, wool, leather, and tallow.

What is a hacienda in Argentina?

The term hacienda is imprecise, but usually refers to landed estates of significant size. Smaller holdings were termed estancias or ranchos that were owned almost exclusively by Spaniards and criollos and in rare cases by mixed-race individuals. In Argentina, the term estancia is used for large estates that in Mexico would be termed haciendas. In recent decades, the term has been used in the United States to refer to an architectural style associated with the earlier estate manor houses.

What are the haciendas in the Philippines?

In Puerto Rico, haciendas were larger than estancias, ordinarily grew either sugar cane, coffee, or cotton, and exported their crops outside Puerto Rico.

How did the work force on a hacienda work?

Labor could be recruited from nearby indigenous communities on an as-needed basis, such as planting and harvest time. The permanent and temporary hacienda employees worked land that belonged to the patrón and under the supervision of local labor bosses. In some places small scale cultivators or campesinos worked small holdings belonging to the hacendado, and owed a portion of their crops to him.

Where did the Hacienda Atequiza originate?

Wheat mill and theatre of Vicente Gallardo; Hacienda Atequiza, Jalisco, Mexico, 1886. Haciendas originated in the Spanish colonization of the Americas as conquests followed a similar pattern in many places. As the Spanish established cities in the middle of conquered territories smaller plots of land were distributed in nearby while far-away areas ...

Where did the Jesuit hacienda include working mines?

Where the hacienda included working mines, as in Mexico, the patrón might gain immense wealth. The unusually large and profitable Jesuit hacienda Santa Lucía, near Mexico City, established in 1576 and lasting to the expulsion in 1767, has been reconstructed by Herman Konrad from archival sources.

What is a traditional hacienda?

The traditional hacienda was a. hierarchical and paternalistic social organization and community with the. landlords at the top and the peones. at the bottom. Throughout the evolution of the hacienda system the work. conditions of the peasants became increasingly harsh in many areas of the. country. Even though hacendados.

How did the hacienda system work in Mexico?

similar to the feudal system in Europe. It functioned by keeping the people. working on the land in debt in some way or another so that they could not leave. the land that they were working. In this way the hacendado, or the owner of the hacienda, was able to make huge. profits off of their land worked by others.

What were the problems of the Hacienda in the 18th century?

In the 18th century the hacienda. faced two large problems that had to be rectified in order to become the. influencing institutions that they were at the dawn of the revolution: the. haciendas had a hard time finding labor to work the land and the maize prices.

Where did the rebellion leadership come from?

animosity, a large number of the rebellion leadership came from the hacendado community. There are several

Did the Hacienda develop?

economic consideration before, during and after the Mexican Revolution. The hacienda did not just develop. overnight, it had been around for centuries gradually developing into the. system that one thinks of today. In the 18th century the hacienda.

What is a hacienda in Latin America?

The hacienda, or large estate in Latin America, is traced back to the sixteenth century. The Spaniards who risked life and limb in the invasion, conquest, and exploration of the "New World" expected rewards for their efforts. Those early on the scene received a share of the plunder and encomiendas. But the accumulated gold and silver of the native societies did not last long and there were never enough encomiendas to meet the demand of people who, sincerely or not, claimed that they had served the crown and deserved one.

Why did the wealthy buy haciendas?

But it was susceptible to more general economic fluctuations. Though profits from these landed estates were usually lower than those from mining and commerce, the wealthy continued to buy because yields tended to be more predictable and stable than those of other investments and landowning brought social prestige that added lasting luster to family names and houses. In sum, the hacienda, or great estate, became the American counterpart of the Spanish estate, established to meet European and American conditions and the need for creating and holding wealth and power.

Who translated the book Land and Society in Colonial Mexico?

Chevalier, Francois. Land and Society in Colonial Mexico; the Great Hacienda. Translated by Alvin Eustis. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1963.

What were the first estates?

By the seventeenth century, three types of large estates existed. The first was a ranch. Cattle raising required relatively little capital for equipment and minimal labor. In many areas, native shepherds cared for large flocks of sheep or herds of cattle, which grazed on pastures, officially considered common and open to all, as they were in Spain. In the eighteenth century, these common pasture lands were divided and sold to users by a Spanish government intent on increasing the flow of revenue to the peninsula. It was then that many ranches, like those of Northern Mexico, officially became estates measured in leagues rather than the more common and smaller land units.

Why were the Hacendados so successful?

The hacendados were, then, the epitome of success and as such were imitated. Mine owners, merchants, and professionals who achieved wealth bought land. Miners might acquire a hacienda to raise foodstuffs or mules needed in mining and thus vertically integrate their enterprises. But the prestige of owning vast tracks of land was also an incentive. Given the early prejudices against commerce, merchants too were attracted to landowner-ship as a means of shedding their tainted image and validating their status. One reason nineteenth-century urban professionals were often politically liberal, and thus anticlerical, was their hope of wresting control of the church's vast landholdings. When the church lost hold of its properties, they were often sold, giving professionals and other monied segments of society the opportunity to acquire the one item that marked their ascension into, or established their permanent standing in, the elite.

How did haciendas develop?

Most haciendas developed independently of the encomienda. Early encomenderos, using positions on the municipal councils in nearby Spanish towns, sometimes granted themselves one or more plots of land from among the parcels that had been used by their Indian charges. As more and more of the Indians died or moved away, however, their abandoned parcels were granted to other later-arriving Spanish immigrants in an effort to further colonization and settlement of the land, increase the quantity of needed foodstuffs and draft animals and reward individuals who had served the king. These mercedes far outnumbered those granted to encomenderos. Nevertheless, mercedes of both the encomendero and non- encomendero types became the nuclei of individual farms and stock-raising enterprises that later grew into the large estates that dominated both countryside and city.

What does "hacienada" mean?

ha·ci·en·da / ˌhäsēˈendə / • n. (in Spanish-speaking regions) a large estate or plantation with a dwelling house. ∎ the main house on such an estate.

What does "estate" mean in Latin America?

In its most general sense, this word means "estate" or "all worldly possessions of an individual." In Latin America the word is used most commonly as a generic term for all types of large rural properties ranging in size from a few hundred hectares (1 hectare equals 2.47 acres) to hundreds of square kilometers (1 square kilometer equals 0.4 square miles). Large rural estates and the individuals and institutions who control them have dominated the peoples, politics, and economies of Latin America since the sixteenth century and still do in many places in the late twentieth century.

When did Bolivian peasants start invading the haciendas?

Bolivian peasants did not wait for governmental action. They began invading haciendas soon after the Bolivian Revolution of 1952. The Movimiento Nacionalista Revolucionario (Nationalist Revolutionary Movement), or MNR, subsequently issued a land reform law to legalize their seizures, thereby securing the peasants' allegiance and making this party of middle-class origins look more "revolutionary" than it in fact was.

Who wrote "Remembering the Hacienda"?

Lyons, Barry J. Remembering the Hacienda: Religion, Authority, and Social Change in Highland Ecuador. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2006.

Who wrote the book "Haciendas and Plantations in Middle America and the Antilles"?

Eric R. Wolf and Sidney W. Mintz, "Haciendas and Plantations in Middle America and the Antilles," in Social and Economic Studies 6, no. 3 (1957): 380-412.

What is a hacienda?

Hacienda, in Spanish America, a large landed estate, one of the traditional institutions of rural life. Originating in the colonial period, the hacienda survived in many places late into the 20th century.

What is a hacienda in Spanish America?

Hacienda, in Spanish America, a large landed estate, one of the traditional institutions of rural life. Originating in the colonial period, the hacienda survived in many places late into the 20th century. Labourers, ordinarily American Indians, who worked for hacendados (landowners) were.

How did the Northern Hacendados attract laborers?

If the northern hacendados wished to attract and keep laborers they had to offer them a number of incentives. One of the most important incentives offered was a rising wage level, which increased agricultural wages in parts of the North to a level higher than anywhere else in Mexico. 94 Sharecropping arrangements were also generally more favorable to the sharecropper than in the South and Center of the country. While in these two regions sharecroppers often paid nearly two-thirds of their crops to the hacendado, in the North the hacendado’s share was usually between a third and a half of the harvest. In the cottonfields of the Laguna region, sharecroppers paid one-third of the cotton crop if they provided their own seed, animals and agricultural implements. If they had to borrow them from the hacienda, they either paid a rental fee of one peso per day or had to deliver half of their crop to the hacendado. The hacienda managed to increase somewhat its income from sharecroppers by forcing the tercieros (sharecroppers paying only one-third of their crops to the hacienda) to sell their own share of the cotton to the hacendado at prices cheaper than those of the market. In addition, the share-croppers were required to work hacienda lands when asked to do so for three reales a day, far less than half what non-sharecroppers were paid. 95

What were the workers on the haciendas?

The main work on haciendas was carried out by temporary workers . These temporary workers formed a complex group much more difficult to describe and assess than the resident peons. Temporary laborers could be inhabitants of free landowning Indian villages, or they could be small landowners looking for supplementary income. Some came from villages close to the hacienda and lived in their own village while laboring on the hacienda by day. Others came from villages further removed from the hacienda and thus had to five on the hacienda for an extended period of time. Sometimes they were paid in cash, while at other times the hacienda put land at their disposal. 10 Temporary workers could be given access to grazing lands, or payment could consist of access to maguey plants, as in the case of the Hacienda de San Nicolás de Ulapa. 11

What happened in the Mexican countryside between 1876 and 1910?

Of the many profound transformations which took place in the Mexican countryside in the period between 1876 and 1910, two have been emphasized: the expropriation of the lands of communal villages, and the decrease in real wages paid to laborers on haciendas. By the end of the Porfiriato over 95 percent of the communal villages had lost their lands, according to available data. 1 The buying power of wages paid to agricultural laborers on haciendas sharply declined between 1876 and 1910. 2

What type of laborer were the Indians in Mexico?

While this kind of temporary labor predominated in central Mexico with its large concentrations of Indian villages, in the Bajío, Brading has found an entirely different type of laborer: Indians known as indios vagos. 12 They were not permanent residents of free Indian villages but migratory laborers working part of the year on the hacienda and then drifting either to other haciendas or to mines and cities to find other kinds of work during the rest of the year.

How did the Porfirian period affect Mexico?

During the Porfirian period, profound changes affected the Mexican North and especially the regions nearest the United States border. The development of the American Southwest and the establishment of railroad links between northern Mexico and the United States created a large new market for northern Mexican cotton, cattle, and industrial metals. As in the South, these developments created a severe shortage of labor. Unlike the South, though, with the conspicuous exception of the Yaqui Indians in Sonora, there were few Indian villages which could be expropriated and whose inhabitants could be forced to work on the haciendas. Creating a new slavery as in the South with convict or contract labor was also much more difficult. Peons could flee across the border to the United States which did not return debt peons to their Mexican owners. The mines competed with hacendados for labor; desperately in need of laborers for many years, mineowners proved willing to employ fugitive peons.

How many privileged servants were there in Bocas?

On the Hacienda de Bocas there were fifty-five such privileged servants called peones acomodados. In contrast to the other resident peons, simply called peones acasillados, the acomodados received a regular ration from the hacienda in addition to plots of land. The other 265 permanent workers of the hacienda received no such rations. 8 On some haciendas all permanent workers were required to work for a certain time without receiving any payment. 9

What was the situation of the haciendas in Central Mexico?

The situation of the haciendas in central Mexico was in many respects radically different from that which existed in the tropical South. While the South mainly produced cash crops for export, the Center relied mainly on the domestic market. And while there was a shortage of labor in the South, there was a labor surplus in the Center. The population had always been denser here and the massive expropriations of Indian villages in the Porfirian period created a large class of landless peasants. Only a minority of these could be absorbed by the very limited industrial development taking place in central Mexico between 1876 and 1910.

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South American haciendas

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List of haciendas

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