Where did the Creek War take place?
The Creek War (1813–1814), also known as the Red Stick War and the Creek Civil War, was a regional war between opposing Creek factions, European empires and the United States, taking place largely in today's Alabama and along the Gulf Coast. The major conflicts of the war took place between state militia units and the "Red Stick" Creeks.
What was the first major Civil War battle fought in the west?
As the first major Civil War battle fought in the Western Theater, the Battle of Wilson's Creek is often referred to as the "Bull Run of the West." What Caused Ancient Egypt’s Decline? What Role Did Women Play in Ancient Rome?
Who fought in the Battle of Wilson’s Creek?
Battle of Wilson’s Creek. On August 10, 1861, Union Brigadier General Nathaniel Lyon (1818-61) attacked Confederate forces commanded by General Sterling Price (1809-67) and General Benjamin McCulloch (1811-62). The battle raged on for more than five hours, resulting in approximately 2,300 total casualties, including Lyon.
What was the first major offensive of the American Civil War?
The first major offensive of the civil war was the Red Stick attack on the Upper Creek town, and seat of the council, at Tuckabatchee on July 22, 1813. [7]
Which side won the Creek War?
The war effectively ended with the Treaty of Fort Jackson (August 1814), when General Andrew Jackson forced the Creek confederacy to surrender more than 21 million acres in what is now southern Georgia and central Alabama....Creek War.Date22 July 1813 – 9 August 1814 (1 year, 2 weeks and 4 days)ResultU.S. and allied victory1 more row
Where was the first battle of the Creek Indian war?
The first battle of the war was fought at Burnt Corn Creek. Stirred up by the powerful Tecumseh, Red Sticks led by Peter McQueen – many of the Creek used European as well as native names – had raided white settlements. A small militia force led by Colonel Caller pursued and surrounded the raiders at Burnt Corn Creek.
How did Andrew Jackson defeat the Creek?
By November 3, Jackson secured the first American victory in the war when Coffee's cavalry routed Creeks at the town of Tullusahatchee, killing 200 Red Stick warriors as well as a number of women and children. A few days later, a large Red Stick force laid siege to the Creek town of Talladega.
What happened as a result of the Creek War?
The Creek War was a part of the larger War of 1812 fought between a faction of the Creek tribe and US forces in 1813–14. It resulted in the defeat of the Creek nation and paved the way for the division of the Mississippi Territory into the states of Mississippi and Alabama.
Who won the Creek War of 1836?
Creek War, (1813–14), war that resulted in U.S. victory over Creek Indians, who were British allies during the War of 1812, resulting in vast cession of their lands in Alabama and Georgia.
Who started the Creek War?
Jackson met with the militant chiefs to negotiate a treaty at Fort Jackson, Alabama Territory, in early August. For igniting the war, Jackson demanded 23 million acres of Creek land. The chiefs acquiesced and signed the terms on August 9.
Who was the leader of the Creek War?
Tecumseh (1768-1813) - In 1811, the Shawnee chief, Tecumseh, electrified Creek country by urging Creeks to join his Great Confederacy, reject white ways, and forcibly take their lands back. Davy Crockett (1786-1836).
What was Jackson's role in the Creek War?
Andrew Jackson. On August 9, 1814, Major General Andrew Jackson, “Old Hickory,” signed the Treaty of Fort Jackson ending the Creek War. The agreement provided for the surrender of twenty-three million acres of Creek land to the United States.
Who Won the War of 1812?
BritainBritain effectively won the War of 1812 by successfully defending its North American colonies. But for the British, the war with America had been a mere sideshow compared to its life-or-death struggle with Napoleon in Europe.
What ended the Creek War?
1813 – 1814Creek War / Period
What ended the War of 1812?
June 18, 1812 – February 18, 1815War of 1812 / Period
Where was the Creek War fought?
AlabamaSouthern United StatesCreek War/Locations
Where did the Creek Indian War take place?
AlabamaSouthern United StatesCreek War/Locations
When did the Creek War start?
1813 – 1814Creek War / Period
Where did the last battle of the Creek War take place?
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Where were the Creek ordered to move to?
Most Creeks were forced to move to Oklahoma in the 1800's, like other southern Indian tribes. There are 20,000 Muskogee Creeks in Oklahoma today. Other Creek people are living in southern Florida as part of the Seminole tribe, in the Poarch Creek band in Alabama, or scattered throughout the original Muskogee homelands.
Who won the Creek War?
Creek War, (1813–14), war that resulted in U.S. victory over Creek Indians, who were British allies during the War of 1812, resulting in vast cession of their lands in Alabama and Georgia. The Shawnee leader Tecumseh, who expected British help in recovering hunting grounds lost to settlers,
What was the result of the Creek War?
Creek War, (1813–14), war that resulted in U.S. victory over Creek Indians, who were British allies during the War of 1812, resulting in vast cession of their lands in Alabama and Georgia.
What battle did Jackson win?
In a campaign of about five months, in 1813–14, Jackson crushed the Creeks, the final victory coming in the Battle of Tohopeka (or Horseshoe Bend) in Alabama. The victory was so decisive that the Creeks never again menaced the frontier, and Jackson was established as the hero…
What happened in March 1814?
On March 27, 1814, at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend(Tohopeka, Ala.), Jackson’s superior numbers (3,000 to 1,000) and armaments (including cannon) demolished the Creekdefenses, slaughtering more than 800 warriors and imprisoning 500 women and children. The power of the Indians of the Old Southwest was broken.
How many people were killed in the Battle of Horseshoe Bend?
On March 27, 1814, at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend (Tohopeka, Ala.), Jackson’s superior numbers (3,000 to 1,000) and armaments (including cannon) demolished the Creek defenses, slaughtering more than 800 warriors and imprisoning 500 women and children.
When did the Red Sticks attack?
On August 30, 1813, when the Red Sticks swept down upon 553 surprised frontiersmen at a crude fortification at Lake Tensaw, north of Mobile, the resulting Ft. Mims Massacre stirred the Southern states into a vigorous response.
What was the power of the Indians of the Old Southwest?
The power of the Indians of the Old Southwest was broken . At the Treaty of Ft. Jackson (August 9) the Creeks were required to cede 23,000,000 acres of land, comprising more than half of Alabama and part of southern Georgia. Much of that territory belonged to Indians who had earlier been Jackson’s allies.
What happened to the Creeks in 1813?
On August 30, 1813, about 1,000 Red Sticks attacked Fort Mims, northeast of Mobile and killed all the inhabitants. The event sent shockwaves through the Alabama and Mississippi Territories along with Georgia and Tennessee. Tennessee governor Willie Blount directed the commander of the state militia, Maj. Gen. Andrew Jackson to mobilize a force to suppress the Creeks. Authorities in Georgia and Mississippi also planned offensives, but the main effort would be led by Jackson.
Who was the Shawnee Chief who visited the Creek towns in the spring of 1811?
Tensions rose when the Shawnee chief Tecumseh visited the Creek towns in the spring of 1811. Tecumseh brought a message of Indian unification and resistance to further American settlement. His words further split the Creeks as the militant sect, known as Red Sticks, asserted their control and a small civil war exploded within the tribe.
Where did Jackson's troops leave Fort Strother?
Jackson’s command left Fort Strother on January 17, 1814. His destination was the main Red Stick town of Tohopeka. Situated on land between a major curve of the Tallapoosa River, it was known to whites as Horseshoe Bend. Rather than await Jackson’s movement, the Red Sticks sallied out of their town and struck the Americans on January 22 in their camp along Emuckfau Creek. Jackson’s men fought well and managed to repulse the assault. Still, Jackson decided to withdraw due to a lack of supplies and returned to Fort Strother.
Where did Jackson negotiate the Treaty of Fort Jackson?
Jackson met with the militant chiefs to negotiate a treaty at Fort Jackson, Alabama Territory, in early August. For igniting the war, Jackson demanded 23 million acres of Creek land. The chiefs acquiesced and signed the terms on August 9. Many Creeks continued to reside in the Old Southwest for the next two decades until forcibly removed to the Indian Territory in the fall of 1836.
Who burned the towns of Autosee and Tallassee?
At the end of the month, Georgia militia under Brig. Gen. John Floyd struck the towns of Autosee and Tallassee. Floyd burned the dwellings before withdrawing to the east. Two days before Christmas, Mississippians led by Brig. Gen. Ferdinand Claiborne and supported by friendly Choctaws led by Pushmataha attacked the village of Eccanachaca or the Holy Ground, near modern Montgomery. Claiborne inflicted a number of casualties and burned the town. Expiration of enlistments as well as supply problems compelled the Americans to suspend operations until early the following year.
Who led the rebels to Fort Mims?
The next battle was one of the most remarkable and most infamous of the war. Red Eagle, who would become the most famous rebel commander, led his men in an advance on Fort Mims. Through intelligence gathering and a careful approach they surprised the defenders and burst through the gate. Five hours of intense fighting followed in which the natives gained control of the fort. But Red Eagle then lost control of his troops, who massacred many of the inhabitants. The US mobilised troops in earnest to counter the Red Stick threat.
What happened on January 27th?
On the morning of the 27 th of January, Red Eagle led an assault on Americans under General Floyd at Calebee Creek. Attacking silently out of the swamps under cover of darkness, they caught the US soldiers by surprise, forcing them onto the defensive.
What was the Battle of Wilson's Creek?
Battle of Wilson’s Creek Begins. The Battle of Wilson’s Creek in Missouri was the first major battle west of the Mississippi River during the American Civil War (1861-65). On August 10, 1861, Union Brigadier General Nathaniel Lyon (1818-61) attacked Confederate forces commanded by General Sterling ...
What was the name of the battle that the Union commander planned to attack on August 10?
Did you know? As the first major Civil War battle fought in the Western Theater, the Battle of Wilson's Creek is often referred to as the "Bull Run of the West.". Recommended for you.
How many casualties did the Union have?
Losses were heavy, with the Union suffering approximately 1,200 casualties and the Confederates suffering some 1,100 casualties. The Yankees soon retreated to Springfield and then back to the railhead at Rolla, Missouri, 100 miles to the northeast. Southwestern Missouri was secured for the Confederates.
Who pushed Sigel back?
The Confederates pushed Sigel back, and the tide turned against Lyon’s force as well. In intense heat and humidity, the armies battled throughout the morning. Lyon was killed during one of the Confederate assaults, but the Union line managed to hold its ground.
Who was the General that Lyon sent to attack the Confederates?
Lyon sent General Franz Sigel (1824-1902) with 1,200 men to attack from the rear while Lyon struck the surprised Confederates just after dawn at their camp at Wilson’s Creek, 12 miles southwest of Springfield.
Who was the Union General at Wilson's Creek?
Prelude to the Battle of Wilson’s Creek. Union General Nathaniel Lyon, who commanded a force of some 5,400 soldiers at Springfield, Missouri, was up against two Rebel forces commanded by generals Sterling Price and Ben McCulloch.
How many people died in the Battle of Lyon?
The battle raged on for more than five hours, resulting in approximately 2,300 total casualties, including Lyon. Following Lyon’s death, his successor, Major Samuel Sturgis (1822-89), ordered a Union retreat.
Where was the first battle of Cabin Creek?
The First Battle of Cabin Creek took place on July 1 through July 2, 1863, in Mayes County, Oklahoma during the American Civil War. The Confederate forces under Colonel Stand Watie attempted to ambush a Union supply convoy led by Colonel James Monroe Williams. Williams was alerted to the attack and, despite the waters of the creek being swelled by rain, made a successful attack upon the entrenched Confederate position and forced them to flee. The raid by a Confederate Army detachment on a Union Army supply train bound for Fort Gibson in July 1863 failed to stop the Union detachment, which enabled the Union to succeed in winning the Battle of Honey Springs later that month. The battle was the first in which African American troops fought side-by-side with their white comrades.
Where was the Cabin Creek Battle?
The battle was the first in which African American troops fought side-by-side with their white comrades. Two American Civil War military engagements were fought at the Cabin Creek battlefield in the Cherokee Nation within Indian Territory. The location was where the Texas Road crossed Cabin Creek, near the present-day town of Big Cabin, Oklahoma.
How many men were in wait at the Cabin Creek crossing?
Confederate Colonel Stand Watie had intended to ambush Williams' convoy and had 1,600 to 1,800 men lying in wait at the Cabin Creek crossing.
Why did the Confederate Army fight at Cabin Creek?
Both the First and Second Battles of Cabin Creek were launched by the Confederate Army to disrupt Union Army supply trains. The second engagement, in September, 1864, again a Confederate raid on a Union supply train, resulted in the Confederates capturing over a million dollars worth of mules, wagons and supplies.
How did the Ninth Kansas Cavalry fight the Confederates?
They failed to make it across the now waist-deep creek, pushed back by heavy Confederate fire, and so the Ninth Kansas Cavalry were ordered to charge under the covering fire of the 1st Kansas Colored Infantry. With the cavalry having gained a bridgehead across the creek, Williams led the men of his own regiment, the 1st Kansas Colored Infantry, in a headlong charge across the stream and into the brush. This forced the Confederates back and Williams pursued them for a quarter of a mile as they attempted to rally in a clearing. Williams then led his convoy to successfully resupply Fort Gibson. Confederate casualties amounted to 65 men killed with the Union Army suffering between 3 and 23 dead with 30 wounded.
What was the impact of the Battle of Honey Springs?
Impact. The action made possible the continuation of a Union force in the Indian territory, allowing the later victories at Honey Springs and Fort Smith. Soon after the battle the Union established defensive outposts along the Texas Road, including one at the Cabin Creek crossing.
How many men died in Fort Gibson?
Williams then led his convoy to successfully resupply Fort Gibson. Confederate casualties amounted to 65 men killed with the Union Army suffering between 3 and 23 dead with 30 wounded.
Which tribes fought on the side of the settlers?
Chickasaw, Cherokee, and White Stick Creek fought on the side of the settlers. Georgia sent 3,000 men, men from Tennessee also came to help
Where did the Red Sticks camp?
After the Red Sticks went to Pensacoloa to get the weapons and ammuntion from the English, they camped at Burnt Corn Creek. The next morning 180 settlers attacked the Redsticks. They ran into the swamp, but the next day they came back and surpised the settlers and attacked, The Indians won this first battle of the Creek Indian War.
Why was the Shwanee leader promised ammunition from England?
He was promised ammunition from England because they were about to go to war, and England wanted the Indians on their side.
Overview
Course of the war
Creeks who did not support the war became targets for the prophets and their followers, and began to be murdered in their sleep or burned alive. Warriors of the prophets' parties also began to attack the property of their enemies, burning plantations and destroying livestock. The first major offensive of the civil war was the Red Stick attack on the Upper Creek town, and seat of the council, at T…
Background
Creek militancy was a response to increasing United States cultural and territorial encroachment into their traditional lands. But the war's alternate designation as "the Creek Civil War" comes from the divisions within the tribe over cultural, political, economic, and geographic matters. At the time of the Creek War, the Upper Creeks controlled the Coosa, Tallapoosa, and Alabama Riv…
Results
On August 9, 1814, Andrew Jackson forced headmen of both the Upper and Lower towns of Creek to sign the Treaty of Fort Jackson. Despite protest of the Creek chiefs who had fought alongside Jackson, the Creek Nation ceded 21,086,793 acres (85,335 km²) of land—approximately half of present-day Alabama and part of southern Georgia—to the United States government. Even t…
See also
• Indian Campaign Medal
• List of Indian massacres
• George Mayfield, interpreter and spy for Andrew Jackson, later honored by the Creek for his integrity during treaty negotiations
Sources
• Braund, Kathryn E. Holland (2012). Tohopeka: Rethinking the Creek War & the War of 1812. Pebble Hill. ISBN 978-0-8173-5711-5.
• Adams, Henry, History of the United States of America During the Administrations of James Madison (1889)
• Andrew Burstein The Passions of Andrew Jackson (Alfred A. Kopf 2003), p. 106 ISBN 0-375-41428-2
Further reading
• Richard D. Blackmon. The Creek War, 1813-1814. Washington, D.C.: Center of Military History, United States Army, 2014.
• Mike Bunn and Clay Williams. Battle for the Southern Frontier: The Creek War and the War of 1812. The History Press, 2008.
• Kathryn E. Holland Braund. Deerskins and Duffels: The Creek Indian Trade with Anglo-America, 1685–1815. University of Nebraska Press, 2006.
External links
• "The Creek War 1813-1814", Horseshoe Bend National Military Park, National Park Service
The Battle of Burnt Corn
The Fort Mims Massacre
- The next battle was one of the most remarkable and most infamous of the war. Red Eagle, who would become the most famous rebel commander, led his men in an advance on Fort Mims. Through intelligence gathering and a careful approach they surprised the defenders and burst through the gate. Five hours of intense fighting followed in which the natives gained control of t…
The Battle of Tallushatchee
- Vengeance for Fort Mims came on the 3rdof November. Future President Andrew Jackson, leading the United States forces, ordered General Coffee to advance on enemy forces gathered at the town of Tallushatchee. Coffee surrounded the town, and when the Red Sticks advanced he forced them back in among their houses. The natives refused to surrender, and 168 were killed.
The Battle of Talladega
- Not all the Natives sided with the rebels. A few days after Tallushatchee, a messenger reached Jackson telling him that 150 friendly Natives were besieged at Tallushatchee by 1,000 Red Sticks. Jackson marched his force upon the town and defeated the besiegers, killing nearly 300. Jackson’s tactic of withdrawing in the centre might have been more effective had some of his m…
The Battle of The Canoes
- Captain Sam Dale, wounded at Burnt Corn Creek, was one of the most notable American soldiers of the war. On his return to action in November 1813, he led an expedition to look for Red Stick raiders. Dale’s small force was attacked while crossing a river. Dale and a dozen of his men were trapped alone on the bank they had been leaving. Red Stick warriors attacked his party from the …
The Battle of autosse
- On the 29thof November, General Floyd tried to imitate others’ successes by surrounding and destroying a native force in the town where it was based, this time at Autosse. Unlike Coffee, he failed to surround his target. Though American troops won by using artillery and cavalry, the remains of the native force were able to escape. Floyd, low on supplies, had to withdraw, harass…
The Battle of The Holy Ground
- The Holy Ground was a new Creek town on the eastern bank of the Alabama River. Though fortified, it was not able to stand against the forces under General Claiborne that attacked on the 23rdof December. The natives, led by Red Eagle, were well prepared and managed to evacuate in the face of the American threat. Uneven ground prevented an effective pursuit, and Red Eagle hi…
The Battle of Emuckfau
- After Christmas, Jackson began an advance whose results would be disputed by the opposing sides – he claimed successes, while natives claimed to have driven him off. The first encounter of this campaign took place on the 22ndof January, 1814, near the fortified native town of Emuckfau. Rebel troops fell upon Jackson’s column before it could reach and assault the town. Fierce fighti…
The Battle of Enotachopca
- After Emuckfau, Jackson began a retreat towards his base. The Red Sticks attacked him at Enotachopca and were again driven off, allowing him to complete his retreat. Jackson had held the field twice, with far fewer losses than his enemies. But he had been driven back, a dent to American confidence.
The Battle of Calebee Creek
- On the morning of the 27thof January, Red Eagle led an assault on Americans under General Floyd at Calebee Creek. Attacking silently out of the swamps under cover of darkness, they caught the US soldiers by surprise, forcing them onto the defensive. But when dawn came, Floyd was able to organise his troops and swing his flanks around. They nearly surrounded the attackers, and Red …