What happened in the July Revolution?
The July Revolution was a monument to the ineptitude of Charles X and his advisers. At the outset, few of the king’s critics imagined it possible to overthrow the regime; they hoped merely to get rid of Polignac.
What caused the July Revolution of 1830?
(Show more) July Revolution, French Révolution de Juillet, also called July Days, (1830), insurrection that brought Louis-Philippe to the throne of France. The revolution was precipitated by Charles X ’s publication (July 26) of restrictive ordinances contrary to the spirit of the Charter of 1814.
Why did the July Days Uprising fail?
Starved of organisation and leadership, the July Days uprising dwindled and failed. Rightly or not, the Bolsheviks were held responsible for the uprising. Their leaders were targeted, arrested and vilified by hostile government propaganda. Vladimir Lenin was himself forced to flee Russia to Finland
What was the significance of the July Days?
The July Days was a spontaneous uprising of workers and soldiers in Petrograd in the first week of July 1917. 2. It was sparked by continued opposition to the war, a major offensive in Galicia and the collapse of the government. 3. At least 100,000 gathered in the streets of Petrograd, calling for the Soviets or Bolsheviks to seize power.
What was the goal of the July Revolution?
The July Revolution marked the shift from one constitutional monarchy, the Bourbon Restoration, to another, the July Monarchy; the transition of power from the House of Bourbon to its cadet branch, the House of Orléans; and the replacement of the principle of hereditary right by popular sovereignty.
What were the causes and effects of the revolutions of 1830?
Despite some defeats, the revolutions of 1830 did have significant outcomes. They partly blocked the emerging swing back to reactionary politics. Absolute monarchy was ultimately overthrown in Portugal and undermined in Spain. Liberal constitutional monarchy was established in France and the new state of Belgium.
What caused the July Monarchy?
Charles was forced to flee and Louis-Philippe d'Orléans, a member of the Orléans branch of the family and son of Philippe Égalité who had voted the death of his cousin Louis XVI, ascended the throne, marking the beginning of the July Monarchy, so named for the Revolution.
What event sparked the July Revolution in Paris?
The protests began in Paris,2 when King Charles X (1757–1836) of the restored Bourbon dynasty issued a number of ordinances on 25 July 1830 restricting the freedoms that had been laid down in the constitution which had been forced upon the restored monarchy in 1814.
What were the causes of the July Revolution of 1830 in France?
July Revolution, French Révolution de Juillet, also called July Days, (1830), insurrection that brought Louis-Philippe to the throne of France. The revolution was precipitated by Charles X's publication (July 26) of restrictive ordinances contrary to the spirit of the Charter of 1814.
What were the reasons for revolution in 1830?
The movement started in France, prompted by Charles X's publication on July 26 of four ordinances dissolving the Chamber of Deputies, suspending freedom of the press, modifying the electoral laws so that three-fourths of the electorate lost their votes, and calling for new elections to the Chamber in September.
Which revolution led to the fall of the July Monarchy?
In foreign affairs, the regime maintained friendly relations with Britain and supported Belgian independence. However, in 1848 general unrest led to the February Revolution and the end of the July monarchy.
Who caused the French Revolution?
The upheaval was caused by widespread discontent with the French monarchy and the poor economic policies of King Louis XVI, who met his death by guillotine, as did his wife Marie Antoinette.
What caused the June Days?
The June Days uprising (French: les journées de Juin) was an uprising staged by French workers from 22 to 26 June 1848. It was in response to plans to close the National Workshops, created by the Second Republic in order to provide work and a minimal source of income for the unemployed.
What were the 3 main causes of the French Revolution?
Although scholarly debate continues about the exact causes of the Revolution, the following reasons are commonly adduced: (1) the bourgeoisie resented its exclusion from political power and positions of honour; (2) the peasants were acutely aware of their situation and were less and less willing to support the ...
What are the main causes of revolution?
There are five elements that create an unstable social equilibrium: economic or fiscal strain, alienation and opposition among the elites, widespread popular anger at injustice, a persuasive shared narrative of resistance, and favorable international relations.
What is the most likely reason the revolt against Louis?
What is the most likely reason the revolt against Louis Philippe led to other revolts across Europe? People in other parts of Europe were opposed to Louis Philippe. People in other parts of Europe wanted more power for the monarchy. People in other parts of Europe wanted more say in their government.
What is the July Column?
The July Column, located on Place de la Bastille, commemorates the events of the Three Glorious Days. This renewed French Revolution sparked an August uprising in Brussels and the Southern Provinces of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, leading to separation and the establishment of the Kingdom of Belgium.
What happened after Napoleonic France surrendered?
After Napoleonic France's defeat and surrender in May 1814, Continental Europe, and France in particular, was in a state of disarray. The Congress of Vienna met to redraw the continent's political map. Many European countries attended the Congress, but decision-making was controlled by four major powers: the United Kingdom, represented by its Foreign Secretary Viscount Castlereagh; the Austrian Empire, represented by the Chief Minister Prince Metternich; Russia, represented by Emperor Alexander I; and Prussia, represented by King Frederick William III .
What happened on 12 April?
On 12 April, propelled by both genuine conviction and the spirit of independence, the Chamber of Deputies roundly rejected the government's proposal to change the inheritance laws. The popular newspaper Le Constitutionnel pronounced this refusal "a victory over the forces of counter-revolutionaries and reactionism.".
Which country was spared large annexations and returned to its 1791 borders?
France was spared large annexations and returned to its 1791 borders. The House of Bourbon, deposed by the Revolution, was restored to the throne in the person of Louis XVIII. The Congress, however, forced Louis to grant a constitution, La Charte constitutionnelle .
What time did the Garde Royale order to concentrate their troops on the Place du Carrousel?
Throughout the day, Paris grew quiet as the milling crowds grew larger. At 4:30 pm commanders of the troops of the First Military division of Paris and the Garde Royale were ordered to concentrate their troops, and guns, on the Place du Carrousel facing the Tuileries, the Place Vendôme, and the Place de la Bastille.
What was the July Revolution?
In 1830 Charles X’s attempt to enforce repressive ordinances touched off a rebellion (July 27–30) that gave Louis-Philippe his long-awaited opportunity to gain power. During the days of crisis, he kept away both from the court at St. Cloud and from the revolutionaries in Paris, waiting first at his château at Neuilly ...
What was the July Monarchy?
The July Monarchy was really an anachronism. To the French people—for whom, whether or not they favoured the institution, monarchy meant the splendours and absolutism of the ancien régime —the spectacle of a sovereign who walked unattended in the streets, clad in a sober bourgeois suit and carrying a furled umbrella, and who shook hands with his subjects, aroused contempt. Louis-Philippe’s determination to amass estates and wealth could also be lampooned as a bourgeois quality, and few who criticized it knew of his private generosity to individuals and charitable causes. He faced with great courage the frequent attempts made upon his life, showing the same steadfastness that had brought him through many vicissitudes to the throne. In power Louis-Philippe strove to implement his desire to rule as well as to reign. The political difficulties with which he was faced revealed in him the weaknesses of an obstinate man; increasingly, his only response to crises was words and theories, and ultimately inaction lost him his crown.
What was the revolution that brought Louis Philippe to power?
The revolution that brought Louis-Philippe to power constituted a victory for the upper bourgeoisie over the aristocracy. The new ruler was titled Louis-Philippe, king of the French, instead of Philip VII, king of France. He consolidated his power by steering a middle course between the right-wing extreme monarchists (the Legitimists) ...
What was Louis Philippe's only response to crises?
The political difficulties with which he was faced revealed in him the weaknesses of an obstinate man; increasingly, his only response to crises was words and theories, and ultimately inaction lost him his crown.
What was the effect of Louis Philippe's refusal to reform the electoral system?
The industrial and agricultural depression of 1846 aroused widespread popular discontent, and Louis-Philippe’s constant refusal of any electoral reform meant that many members of the lower middle class—from whom he might still have drawn support—remained without the vote.
Where did Orléans go on July 30?
Late on July 30 he went to Paris. The next morning, wrapped in the tricolour flag beloved by both Republicans and Bonapartists, Orléans went to the Hôtel de Ville (City Hall), where he was embraced by the marquis de Lafayette, commander of the national guard and the veteran hero of the liberal opposition. Meanwhile, the deputies of the existing ...
When did Louis Philippe abdicate?
Faced with insurrection, Louis-Philippe abdicated on February 24, 1848, in favour of his grandson the comte de Paris. With Queen Marie-Amélie he escaped to Honfleur and thence to England. Incognito as the comte and comtesse de Neuilly, they settled at Claremont, an estate in Surrey placed at their disposal by Queen Victoria.
What happened on July 14th 1958?
The 14 July Revolution, also known as the 1958 Iraqi coup d'état, took place on 14 July 1958 in Iraq, and resulted in the overthrow of the Hashemite monarchy in Iraq that had been established by King Faisal I in 1921 under the auspices of the British.
How long did the Wathbah Rebellion last?
This treaty was to last until 1973—a 25- year period that Arab nationalists in the Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq could not accept. As a strong reaction to the Anglo-Iraqi Treaty of 1948, Arab nationalists led the Wathbah Rebellion a year later in protest of the continued British presence in Iraq.
What happened in Iraq in 1958?
Coup d'etat in Iraq in 1958 resulting in the overthrow of the Hashemite monarchy. 14 July Revolution. Part of the Arab Cold War. Abdul Salam Arif and Abd al-Karim Qasim, the leaders of the revolution. Date.
What was the role of Arab nationalists in the Second World War?
During the Second World War, Iraq was home to a growing number of Arab nationalists. They aimed, in part, to remove British imperial influence in Iraq. This sentiment grew from a politicised educational system in Iraq and an increasingly assertive and educated middle class. Schools served as instruments to internalise Pan-Arab nationalist identity as the leaders and the designers of the Iraqi educational system in the 1920s and 1930s were Pan-Arab nationalists who made a significant contribution to the expansion of that ideology in Iraq as well as the rest of the Arab world. The two directors of the educational system in Iraq, Sami Shawkat and Fadhil al-Jamal, employed teachers who were political refugees from Palestine and Syria. These exiles fled to Iraq because of their roles in anti-British and anti-French protests, and subsequently fostered Arab nationalist consciousness in their Iraqi students. The growing general awareness of Arab identity led to anti-imperialism .
What was the official religion of Iraq after the Revolution?
According to the document, Iraq was a republic and a part of the Arab nation and the official state religion was listed as Islam .
When did Arif take control of Baghdad?
In the early hours of 14 July, Arif seized control of Baghdad's broadcasting station, which was soon to become the coup's headquarters, and broadcast the first announcement of the revolution.
Why did Al-Said hire Lord Salter?
Despite anti-Western sentiments toward oil and development, al-Said hired Lord Salter, a British economist and former politician, to investigate the prospects for development in Iraq because al-Said's oil revenue reallocation seemed to be ineffective.
What was the cause of the July days?
This uprising was caused by several factors, including the Provisional Government ‘s escalation of the war effort, a collapse in the government ministry and Bolshevik propaganda calling for power to be transferred to the Soviets.
What happened in Petrograd in July?
On the evening of July 3rd, street demonstrations and riots involving thousands of factory workers broke out in the capital.
What happened after Lenin finished speaking?
After Lenin finished speaking and withdrew, the deflated mob soon broke up and scattered across the city. Their political ambitions apparently thwarted, many resorted to heavy drinking, looting and vandalism.
What was Lenin's tactic?
Lenin’s tactic was to attack the Provisional Government, praise the Soviets and wait patiently. Events in mid-1917 fuelled revolutionary sentiment faster than even Lenin would have preferred. The Provisional Government’s adherence to the war radicalised thousands of soldiers and heightened calls for a Soviet revolution.
Where did Vladimir Lenin flee?
Vladimir Lenin was himself forced to flee Russia to Finland. By late July 1917, it looked like the ‘July Days’ had been a fatal error and that the Bolshevik movement had been quashed.
Did Lenin gamble?
Lenin refuses to gamble. Lenin disguised as a fisherman in the wake of the July Days. The Bolshevik hierarchy gave the July demonstrators verbal support but refused to back their advance on Provisional Government. This seems to have been decided by Lenin, who was acutely aware that spontaneous and unplanned revolutions usually failed.
Overview
The French Revolution of 1830, also known as the July Revolution (révolution de Juillet), Second French Revolution or Trois Glorieuses in French ("Three Glorious [Days]"), was a second French Revolution after the First, that of 1789. It led to the overthrow of King Charles X, the French Bourbon monarch, and the ascent of his cousin Louis Philippe, Duke of Orléans, who himself, after 18 precarious years …
Background
After Napoleonic France's defeat and surrender in May 1814, Continental Europe, and France in particular, was in a state of disarray. The Congress of Vienna met to redraw the continent's political map. Many European countries attended the Congress, but decision-making was controlled by four major powers: the Austrian Empire, represented by the Chief Minister Prince Metternich; the Unite…
The Three Glorious Days
It was a hot, dry summer, pushing those who could afford it to leave Paris for the country. Most businessmen could not, and so were among the first to learn of the Saint-Cloud "Ordinances", which banned them from running as candidates for the Chamber of Deputies, membership of which was indispensable to those who sought the ultimate in social prestige. In protest, members of the Bourse r…
Result
The revolution of July 1830 created a constitutional monarchy. On 2 August, Charles X and his son the Dauphin abdicated their rights to the throne and departed for Great Britain. Although Charles had intended that his grandson, the Duke of Bordeaux, would take the throne as Henry V, the politicians who composed the provisional government instead placed on the throne a distant …
Further reading
• Berenson, Edward. Populist religion and left-wing politics in France, 1830–1852 (Princeton University Press, 2014).
• Collingham, Hugh AC, and Robert S. Alexander. The July monarchy: a political history of France, 1830–1848. Longman Publishing Group, 1988.
• Fortescue, William. France and 1848: The end of monarchy (Routledge, 2004).