The war is named after Odawa
Odawa
The Odawa, said to mean "traders", are an Indigenous American ethnic group who primarily inhabit land in the northern United States and southern Canada. They have long had territory that crosses the current border between the two countries, and they are federally recognized as N…
Pontiac
Pontiac was a car brand owned, made, and sold by General Motors. Introduced as a companion make for GM's more expensive line of Oakland automobiles, Pontiac overtook Oakland in popularity and supplanted its parent brand entirely by 1933.
How did the French instigate the Indian uprising?
Early historians believed French colonists had secretly instigated the war by stirring up the Indians to make trouble for the British. This belief was held by British officials at the time, but subsequent historians found no evidence of official French involvement in the uprising. According to Dowd (2002), "Indians sought French intervention and not the other way around." Indian leaders frequently spoke of the imminent return of French power and the revival of the Franco-Indian alliance; Pontiac even flew a French flag in his village. Indian leaders apparently hoped to inspire the French to rejoin the struggle against the British. Although some French colonists and traders supported the uprising, the war was launched by American Indians for their own objectives.
What was the name of the war in the Odawa?
The conflict is named after its most well-known participant, the Odawa leader named Pontiac. An early name for the war was the "Kiyasuta and Pontiac War," "Kiaysuta" being an alternate spelling for Guyasuta, an influential Seneca / Mingo leader.
What was the war on the North American frontier?
Warfare on the North American frontier was brutal, and the killing of prisoners, the targeting of civilians, and other atrocities were widespread. The ruthlessness of the conflict was a reflection of a growing racial divide between British colonists and American Indians.
What was the name of the battle between the Indians and the British in 1763?
Bloody Run. Bushy Run. Devil's Hole. Pontiac's War (also known as Pontiac's Conspiracy or Pontiac's Rebellion) was launched in 1763 by a loose confederation of American Indians dissatisfied with British rule in the Great Lakes region following the French and Indian War (1754–1763).
Why did Amherst restrict the amount of ammunition and gunpowder that traders could sell to Indians?
The Cherokee war effort had failed due to a shortage of gunpowder; Amherst hoped future uprisings could be prevented by limiting its distribution. This created resentment and hardship because gunpowder and ammunition helped Indians provide food for their families and skins for the fur trade. Many Indians believed the British were disarming them as a prelude to war. Sir William Johnson, the Superintendent of the Indian Department, warned Amherst of the danger of cutting back on presents and gunpowder, to no avail.
How did the American Indians start the war?
The war began in May 1763 when American Indians , alarmed by policies imposed by British General Jeffrey Amherst, attacked a number of British forts and settlements. Eight forts were destroyed, and hundreds of colonists were killed or captured, with many more fleeing the region.
What was the name of the war between the British and the Indians?
Pontiac's War. Pontiac's War (also known as Pontiac's Conspiracy or Pontiac's Rebellion) was launched in 1763 by a loose confederation of American Indians dissatisfied with British rule in the Great Lakes region following the French and Indian War (1754–1763). Warriors from numerous tribes joined in an effort to drive British soldiers ...
What was the Proclamation Line?
Whatever the justification for the restrictions, they were a new exercise of royal power and limited the authority of both governors and colonial assemblies.
What was the impact of the Stamp Act?
imposition of Stamp Act. The devastating effect of Pontiac’s War (1763–64) on colonial frontier settlements added to the enormous new defense burdens resulting from Great Britain’s victory (1763) in the French and Indian War.
What is Dauphin County?
Dauphin county. …the Indian uprising known as Pontiac’s War. The county was created in 1785; its name was derived from the title of the eldest son of the king of France. Harrisburg, the county seat (1785) and state capital (1812), became a major transportation hub with the advent of canal and rail….
What was the name of the conflict that became known as Pontiac's War?
…conflict that became known as Pontiac’s War (1763–64), the native coalition captured several English forts near the Great Lakes. These and other demonstrations of military skill and numerical strength prompted King George III’s ministers to issue the Proclamation of 1763, one of the most important documents in Native American legal…
Why did Amherst put the Indians to death?
By putting them publicly to death, Amherst meant to demonstrate that the Indians had become colonial subjects answerable to British law. Earlier in the year, the French provincial authorities had surrendered their forts around the Great Lakes to the British under the Treaty of Paris that ended the Seven Years’ War.
What did the British do to the Great Lakes Indians?
The British rebuilt their forts but had to adopt a new, more generous policy, treating the Indians as allies rather than foes. In 1766 Pontiac assured Johnson that “if you expect to keep these Posts, we will expect to have proper returns from you.” Johnson and Gage covertly agreed to exempt the Great Lakes Indians from British law. During the next decade, an Indian who murdered a colonist could settle the matter by customary tribal procedure—by giving presents to the victim’s kin. And the British crown laid out comparable goods to cover the Indians whom the settlers had killed.
Why did the Crown mandate a new boundary line along the crest of the Appalachian Mountains?
To further mollify the Indians, the crown mandated a new boundary line along the crest of the Appalachian Mountains, in the hope that holding settlers to the east would avert conflict. The policy failed. It proved unenforceable because the British lacked the troops to patrol thousands of square miles of forest; it also angered the colonists, already less bound to the empire by the elimination of the French threat. While drawing the British and the Indians closer together, the resolution of Pontiac’s Rebellion deepened the clash between the Indians and the colonists. In 1775–76, when the colonists launched their own rebellion, most of the tribes defended the British forts that they had tried to destroy under Pontiac’s leadership a mere half-generation before.
What happened in 1763?
During the spring of 1763, the tribes surprised and captured most of the British forts around the Great Lakes and in the Ohio Valley. In June a band of Ojibwa playing lacrosse outside of Fort Michilimackinac pursued the ball into the surprised fort and slaughtered most of the garrison. Through the summer and fall, the rebels raided the Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia frontiers, killing or capturing about two thousand colonists, but failing to take the three strongest British forts: Detroit, Niagara, and Fort Pitt.
How did the British seek peace?
Embarrassed by the expensive war, the British sought peace by making concessions. Blaming Amherst for the crisis, the crown recalled him in disgrace. The new commander, Thomas Gage, followed the conciliatory advice of the crown’s northern superintendent for Indian affairs, Sir William Johnson, who understood that diplomacy was cheaper than war. By lavishing presents and deference upon the Indians, Johnson enticed them to sign several peace treaties between 1764 and 1766.
What changed the balance forever between Indian and colonists?
A Great Lakes Indian rebellion against the British changed the balance forever between Indian and colonist
Who ordered the Pani to be executed?
The outraged British commander in North America, Baron Jeffery Amherst, ordered them executed “with the utmost rigor and in the most publick manner.”.
What happened to Pontiac in 1766?
Failing to persuade tribes in the West to join his rebellion, and lacking the hoped-for support from the French, Pontiac finally signed a treaty with the British in 1766 . In 1769, he was murdered by a Peoria tribesman while visiting Illinois.
Why did Pontiac and his warriors gain access to the British fort at Detroit?
It was decided that Pontiac and his warriors would gain access to the British fort at Detroit under the pretense of negotiating a peace treaty, giving them an opportunity to seize forcibly the arsenal there.
What was the name of the volcano that wiped out the city of Saint Pierre?
On May 7, 1902, Martinique’s Mount Pelée begins the deadliest volcanic eruption of the 20th century. The following day, the city of Saint Pierre, which some called the Paris of the Caribbean, was virtually wiped off the map. Mount Pelée, the name meaning bald in French, was a ...read more
What was the name of the French stronghold that Ho Chi Minh defeated?
In northwest Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh’s Viet Minh forces decisively defeat the French at Dien Bien Phu, a French stronghold besieged by the Vietnamese communists for 57 days. The Viet Minh victory at Dien Bien Phu signaled the end of French colonial influence in Indochina and cleared ...read more
How many people died in the Lusitania?
On the afternoon of May 7, 1915, the British ocean liner Lusitania is torpedoed without warning by a German submarine off the south coast of Ireland. Within 20 minutes, the vessel sank into the Celtic Sea. Of 1,959 passengers and crew, 1,198 people were drowned, including 128 ...read more
What fort did the Indians use to hold out against the Indians?
Nevertheless, they had succeeded in providing the fort at Detroit with reinforcements and supplies, which allowed it to hold out against the Indians into the fall. The major forts at Pitt and Niagara likewise held on, but the united tribes captured eight other fortified posts.
What were the names of the tribes that attacked Pontiac's camp?
At the same time, his allies in Pennsylvania began a siege of Fort Pitt, while other sympathetic tribes, such as the Delaware, the Shawnees, and the Seneca, prepared to move against various British forts and outposts in Michigan, New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland and Virginia. On July 31, a British relief expedition attacked Pontiac’s camp ...
What were the effects of Pontiac's war?
Coinciding with the end of the Seven Year’s War, the effects of Pontiac’s War were substantial and widespread. The war proved that coercion was not an effective strategy for imperial control, though the British government would continue to employ this strategy to consolidate their power in North America, most notably through the various Acts imposed on their colonies. Additionally, the prohibition of Anglo-American settlement in Indian country, especially the Ohio River Valley, sparked discontent. The French immigrant Michel-Guillaume Jean de Crèvecoeur articulated this discontent most clearly in his 1782 Letters from an American Farmer when he asked, “What then is the American, this new man?” In other words, why did colonists start thinking of themselves as Americans, not Britons? Crèvecoeur suggested that America was a melting pot of self-reliant individual landholders, fiercely independent in pursuit of their own interests, and free from the burdens of European class systems. It was an answer many wanted to hear and fit with self-conceptions of the new nation, albeit one that imagined itself as white, male, and generally Protestant. The Seven Years’ War pushed the thirteen American colonies closer together politically and culturally than ever before. In 1754, Benjamin Franklin suggested a plan of union to coordinate colonial defenses on a continental scale. Tens of thousands of colonials fought during the war. Of the 11,000 British soldiers present for the French surrender of Montreal in 1760, 6,500 were colonials from every colony north of Pennsylvania. At home, many heard or read sermons that portrayed the war as a struggle between civilizations with liberty-loving Britons arrayed against tyrannical Frenchmen and savage Indians. American colonists rejoiced in their collective victory as a millennial moment of newfound peace and prosperity. After nearly seven decades of warfare they looked to the newly acquired lands west of the Appalachian Mountains as their reward.
What was Neolin's vision of the Native Americans?
In 1761, Neolin, a prophet, received a vision from his religion’s main deity, known as the Master of Life. The Master of Life told Neolin that the only way to enter Heaven would be to cast off the corrupting influence of Europeans, by expelling the British from Indian country: “This land where ye dwell I have made for you and not for others. Whence comes it that ye permit the Whites upon your lands…Drive them out, make war upon them.” Neolin preached the avoidance of alcohol, a return to traditional rituals, and pan-Indian unity to his disciples, including Pontiac, an Ottawa leader.
Problems on the American Frontier
With the end of the French and Indian War, Great Britain claimed a vast new expanse of territory, at least on paper. Under the terms of the Treaty of Paris, the French territory known as New France had ceased to exist.
Peace Settlement
Pontiac’s War lasted until 1766. Native American tribes attacked British forts and frontier settlements, killing as many as 400 soldiers and 2,000 settlers.
Aftermath of the War
Coinciding with the end of the Seven Year’s War, the effects of Pontiac’s War were substantial and widespread.
What was the message of Neolin?
In addition, alcohol corrupted Indigenous societies, missionaries threatened Native ways of life, and colonists trespassed on their lands. Neolin’s message also represented a fusion of Delaware and Christian traditions, driven by a millenarian faith that the world was on the brink of disaster unless they acted against the European threat. After which Neolin promised their old ways – and previous lives – would return and flourish. It did not take much to convince leaders like the Ottawa headman, Pontiac, “it is important for us, my brothers, that we exterminate from our lands this nation [British] which seeks to destroy us.” 2
What was the cause of Pontiac's Rebellion?
The origins of “Pontiac’s Rebellion” can be traced to the political fallout of the Seven Years’ War. Following the British victory in 1763, the empire sought to integrate former French and Spanish territories – Canada, Florida, and the Great Lakes – into its American dominion.
What was the Ohio Valley?
For much of George Washington's life, the Ohio Valley was a driving force of politics and the politics of expansion. Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763-1765) was an armed conflict between the British Empire and Algonquian, Iroquoian, Muskogean, and Siouan-speaking Native Americans following the Seven Years’ War.
Who wrote the conspiracy of Pontiac?
Conspiracy of Pontiac, by Gari Melchers, 1921. Courtesy the Library of Congress [LC-D416-872].
Is the Washington Library open to scholars?
Washington Library. The Library of the First President. The Washington Library is open to all researchers and scholars, by appointment only. About the Library Research Fellowships The Papers of George Washington Library Events & Programs Leadership Institute Center for Digital History George Washington Prize.
Is Mount Vernon in Washington DC open?
Open 365 days a year, Mount Vernon is located just 15 miles south of Washington DC.
Who was the leader of the American Revolution during the Pontiac's Rebellion?
Washington's World Colonial Music Institute Quotes. Famed soldier of the French and Indian War and the American Revolution, Israel Putnam also served during Pontiac's Rebellion. For much of George Washington's life, the Ohio Valley was a driving force of politics and the politics of expansion. Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763-1765) was an armed conflict ...
What happened to Pontiac during the Great Depression?
Fortuitously for Pontiac, if not for Oakland itself (and the rest of the world) the Great Depression saw buyers' sights being lowered right across the auto market. From 1929 onwards Pontiac outsold Oakland, being purchased not by the Chevvy drivers it had originally been aimed at, but by Oakland drivers who couldn't afford them anymore. In 1931 Oakland was quietly put to sleep, but buoyed by war production, Pontiac carried on. As a brand that offered adequate refinement and ample power, at a price point that was comfortable for conservative realists, Pontiac became the only 'Companion' marque to survive the turbulent period from the Depression through to the end of WWII.
What happened to Pontiac in the 80s?
Through the 1980s and 90s the gloves came off as well, with GM brands fighting one another as well as the outside competition; and through it all, Pontiac struggled to succeed at being all sorts of things it had never been. There were rebadged offerings in niches that GM's other emblems had always owned, front-drive models that simply didn't fit the history, little engines pretending to be big ones, and experimental technology upgrades. In many regards Pontiac got the rough end of the pineapple, becoming the guinea pig for nasty-tasting medicines that the rest of her family didn't want a bar of.
What was the name of the car that paid the ultimate price?
Sadly, and through no real fault of its own, Pontiac was one brand that paid the ultimate price, along with Oldsmobile, Saturn, Saab, and Hummer.
What happened in the 1970s?
By the end of the 1970s, however, the world and motoring were changing again. Oil was no longer as cheap as water, and a growing environmental movement all around the globe had begun to influence Governments, bringing about new restrictions and requirements for car makers in terms of emissions. Pontiac by then was synonymous with power, and lots of grunt made by burning lots of gas was suddenly no longer de rigeur.
What was the boom years for Pontiac?
The 50s and 60s were boom years for the US automotive industry, and Pontiac built on its earlier successes, inevitably evolving into the very same type of high prestige name to which it had been an apprentice as a newbie.
When was Pontiac founded?
Pontiac never seemed to gain a strong foothold with the American public since it was founded in 1926 by General Motors.
Overview
Pontiac's War (also known as Pontiac's Conspiracy or Pontiac's Rebellion) was launched in 1763 by a loose confederation of Native Americans dissatisfied with British rule in the Great Lakes region following the French and Indian War (1754–1763). Warriors from numerous nations joined in an effort to drive British soldiers and settlers out of the region. The war is named after Odawa leader Po…
Naming the war
The conflict is named after its most well-known participant, the Odawa leader named Pontiac. An early name for the war was the "Kiyasuta and Pontiac War," "Kiyasuta" being an alternate spelling for Guyasuta, an influential Seneca/Mingo leader. The war became widely known as "Pontiac's Conspiracy" after the 1851 publication of Francis Parkman's The Conspiracy of Pontiac. Parkman's book was the definitive account of the war for nearly a century and is still in print.
Origins
In the decades before Pontiac's War, France and Great Britain participated in a series of wars in Europe that involved the French and Indian Wars in North America. The largest of these wars was the worldwide Seven Years' War, in which France lost New France in North America to Great Britain. Most fighting in the North American theater of the war, generally called the French and Indian …
Outbreak of war, 1763
Although fighting in Pontiac's War began in 1763, rumors reached British officials as early as 1761 that discontented American Indians were planning an attack. Senecas of the Ohio Country (Mingos) circulated messages ("war belts" made of wampum) calling for the tribes to form a confederacy and drive away the British. The Mingos, led by Guyasuta and Tahaiadoris, were concerned abou…
Paxton Boys
The violence and terror of Pontiac's War convinced many western Pennsylvanians that their government was not doing enough to protect them. This discontentment was manifested most seriously in an uprising led by a vigilante group known as the Paxton Boys, so-called because they were primarily from the area around the Pennsylvania village of Paxton (or Paxtang). The Pax…
British response, 1764–1766
Indian raids on frontier settlements escalated in the spring and summer of 1764. The hardest hit colony was Virginia, where more than 100 settlers were killed. On May 26 in Maryland, 15 colonists working in a field near Fort Cumberland were killed. On June 14, about 13 settlers near Fort Loudoun in Pennsylvania were killed and their homes burned. The most notorious raid occu…
Aftermath
The total loss of life resulting from Pontiac's War is unknown. About 400 British soldiers were killed in action and perhaps 50 were captured and tortured to death. George Croghan estimated that 2,000 settlers had been killed or captured, a figure sometimes repeated as 2,000 settlers killed. The violence compelled approximately 4,000 settlers from Pennsylvania and Virginia to flee …