If a sponge is cut into small pieces and squeezed through a fine silken mesh to separate cells, the separated amoebocytes will reunite and in a few days will develop canals, flagellated chambers and skeleton and grow up into a new sponge. This power of regeneration helps the sponges to repair the damage caused in the harsh environment.
Does sponges have high regeneration power?
Solution : All sponges have high regenerative power. Their skeleton may consist of calcareous or siliceous spicules. Some sponges live in freshwater e.g. Spongilla. Most of the spnges are asymmetrical, some are radially symmetrical.
Why can sponges regenerate?
Sponges are the only animals that if broken down to the level of their cells, can reassemble themselves. A sponge is passed through a sieve to break apart its cells. The cells recognize each other and reform into small new sponges.
Which cell is responsible for regeneration in sponges?
Amoebocyte cells are locomotory cells and they are called so because they show locomotion like an amoeba. Sclerocyte cells are responsible for forming the skeleton of the Porifera. Thus, based on the above information we can conclude that the power of regeneration in sponges is due to Archaeocytes.
How could the ability of sponges to regenerate be of value commercially?
What is regeneration? How could the ability of sponges to regenerate be of value commercially? The same as human tissue regenerating which is the treatment of almost all injuries (the repair of human tissue).
Do sponges have the ability to regenerate damaged parts of their bodies?
The extraordinary capacity of sponges to regenerate is manifested not only by restoration of damaged or lost parts but also by complete regeneration of an adult from fragments or even single cells.
Why are sponge cells unique?
Specialised Cells: Sponges have special collar cells (or choanocytes) that are unique in the animal kingdom. They have flagella, whip-like structures that work to set up water currents so the sponge can sieve food particles from the water.
How do sponges reproduce?
Sponges reproduce by both asexual and sexual means. Most poriferans that reproduce by sexual means are hermaphroditic and produce eggs and sperm at different times. Sperm are frequently "broadcast" into the water column.
How do sponges reform?
Sponges are the only animals that if broken down to the level of their cells, can reassemble themselves. A sponge is passed through a sieve to break apart its cells. The cells recognize each other and reform into small new sponges.
Which of the following cells is totipotent and is responsible for regenerative capacity in sponges?
archaeocytesHence, totipotent cells of sponges are archaeocytes. So, the correct answer is 'Archaeocytes'.
Why are sponges so important?
Sponge grounds add structural complexity to those areas in the deep-sea where they occur, providing habitat and refugia to commercially important species, supporting food webs, and maintaining deep-sea biodiversity.
Why are sponges economically important?
The economic strength of sponges is very high because they are used as a regular diet, medicine, and several other purposes – bathing, decor, craft making, household cleaning. They are regarded as water-based animals and works effectively due to no presence of harmful toxins.
What are the sponges which are commercially importance?
Three of these, sheepswool sponge, yellow sponge, and the grass sponge are the primary marketed sponges. Sheepswool is the most important species because it is the softest and most durable (Figure 2 ).
How do sponges reproduce?
Sponges reproduce by both asexual and sexual means. Most poriferans that reproduce by sexual means are hermaphroditic and produce eggs and sperm at different times. Sperm are frequently "broadcast" into the water column.
Can a porifera regenerate?
Porifera (Sponges) is basal metazoans characterized by a wide variety of different regenerative processes, including whole-body regeneration (WBR).
What adaptation may allow sponges to survive in a wide range of habitats?
What adaptation may allow sponges to survive in a wide range of habitats? Sponges may be able to live better in more environments if they were not filter feeders and could move to get food for themselves, instead of just relying on water to bring them their nutrients.
What happens if you blend a sponge?
If a sponge is broken up into tiny pieces the pieces will grow into clones of the parent sponge with exactly the same DNA as its parent's DNA. If you were to put a "live" sponge in a blender and blend it up and put the blended up sponge back in the sea, they would come together to form a new sponge.
How many species of sponges have regeneration?
Patterns of regeneration were strikingly different among sponges of different species. For these 13 species, which represent four demosponge orders, the hypothesis that rate of regeneration is primarily influenced by phylogenetic position is readily rejected, at least at the taxonomic level of Order. For example, the order Poecilosclerida was represented by Mycale magnirhaphidifera, which patched up wounds so rapidly that most could not be seen after 6 days and by Lissodendoryx isodictyalis, which failed to regenerate any wounds that exposed bare substratum within 18 days.
How long do sponges recover from hurricanes?
Recovery of sponges after the larger-scale and uncontrolled damage meted out by natural disturbances, such as hurricanes, simultaneously exhibits variation due to differences in type and size of wounds and also to species’ characteristics. After a major hurricane hit reefs on the north coast of Jamaica, 576 sponges representing 67 species were monitored for 5 weeks for regeneration or continued deterioration ( Wulff 2006a ). An inverse relationship between resistance to damage by physical disturbance and ability to recover was revealed by dividing the data into categories defined by amount of damage, type of damage, and sponge growth form and skeletal composition. High-profile sponges of erect branching growth forms were particularly badly damaged during the storm, but were also best at recovery. At the opposite extreme, sponges that resist breakage or surface wounds, such as the tough Ircinia spp., were disproportionately often crushed instead, a type of injury from which they appeared to be unable to recover. Ultimate losses (i.e. after 5 weeks of recovery or continued deterioration) of nearly the same proportion of individuals in each of the growth form/skeletal composition categories (erect branching, vase or tube, massive breakable, massive tough, encrusting) suggest trade-offs between sets of traits that promote regeneration and traits that prevent the need for regeneration.
Which species regenerate wounds surrounded by tissue at intermediate rates?
Massive species that regenerate wounds surrounded by tissue at intermediate rates are those most vulnerable to predation ( Halichondria magniconulosa, Tedania ignis, T. klausi ). Of these species, wounds exposing substratum could only be made in T. ignis, and these filled in rapidly.
How deep are wounds in sponges?
For sponges >5 mm thick, wounds were made 3 mm deep, and were therefore surrounded on all sides and bottom by live sponge tissue.
What is the survival rate of a sponge hummingbird?
Data on survivorship, taken from repeated yearly censuses at both Hidden Creek and Sponge Haven, yield clusters of species with annual survival rates of: (1) 50–70% for T. ignis, H. implexiformis, S. obscura, T. klausi, and L. isodictyalis; (2) 50% at Hidden Creek and 20% at Sponge Haven for H. magniconulosa; (3) 20–35 % for B. caribea, H. curacaoensis, and M. microsigmatosa; and (4) 0–10% for H. manglaris and C. campecheae ( Wulff 2009 ). Data on survival are lacking for two species that were not found on censused roots: C. venosa often recruits onto, and covers, bivalve shells on the roots or short root segments embedded in peat banks, and M. magnirhaphidifera is disproportionately frequently found on new roots.
How long does it take for a wound to heal after being surrounded by live tissue?
Percent of wounds that were surrounded by live tissue that (A) regained normal surface texture and color, (B) filled wound depressions by 1/3, and (C) completely filled wound depressions by 6, 10, 14, or 18 days.
Do mangroves have sponges?
Spongivory does not appear to be as pervasive in mangroves as it is on coral reefs, where a variety of vertebrate spongivores have been demonstrated to consume, to varying degrees, a majority of the species present (reviewed by Wulff 2006b ). The only piscine predators that normally have access to mangrove sponges in Twin Cays are trunkfish, which consumed Mycale magnirhaphidifera and Haliclona curacaoensis more than they consumed other species of sponges (J. Wulff, manuscript in preparation). Occasionally, as during this study, a reef fish fetches up among the mangroves briefly. When species of sponges typical of mangroves were made available to reef-dwelling fishes by transplanting them to the reef, angelfish fed most eagerly on Tedania ignis and Biemna caribea, but also consumed T. klausi, Halichondria magniconulosa and a blue color morph of Lissodendoryx isodictyalis ( Wulff 2005, 2006c ). Reef-dwelling parrotfish feed on Halichondria magniconulosa, and a small mangrove-dwelling nudibranch consumes this species as well (J. Wulff, manuscript in preparation). The large starfish Oreaster reticulatis can occasionally make its way up prop roots that reach the substratum, and is able to consume many of the species of sponges in mangroves (J. Wulff, manuscript in preparation). Tedania klausi, one species that is rejected by Oreaster ( Wulff 2006c ), differs from the other mangrove-inhabiting species in that it also inhabits the seagrass meadows that are the normal haunt of this starfish.
Abstract
The ability to regenerate is widespread in the animal kingdom, but the regenerative capacities and mechanisms vary widely. Sponges are known to possess remarkable reconstitutive and regenerative abilities ranging from wound healing or body part regeneration to the impressive re-building of a functional body from dissociated cells.
References (4)
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any citations for this publication.
Who wrote about coalescence and regeneration in sponges?
Wilson, H.V. ( 1907) On some phenomena of coalescence and regeneration in sponges. Journal of Experimental Zoology 5, 246 – 258. CrossRef Google Scholar
What is the name of the sponge that developed from a small area of the body wall?
Korotkova, G.P. ( 1969) Peculiarities of morphogenesis and development of the calcareous sponge Leucosolenia complicata Mont. from a small area of the body wall. Leningrad University Herald 15, 15 – 22 (in Russian). Google Scholar
How long does it take for a sponge to heal after a choanosome injury?
However, 2 days after the injury, the sponges managed to heal it completely, closing the opened wound. As they only cicatrized the wound, no statistical analysis was done concerning choanosome regeneration.
How long does it take for an oscula to regenerate?
All the eight individuals studied fully regenerated their oscula after 8 days. Two days after the removal, a small growing osculum could be observed in all individuals ( Figure 1 ). During this period (first 2 days), the osculum reached a regeneration rate that varied from 26.6 to 100% (48.3% in average ±8.0 of standard error (SE)) of its original size, with a regeneration speed varying from 0.02 to 0.12 cm day −1 (0.05 cm day −1 in average ±0.01 SE) ( Figure 2 ). Between subsequent intervals (4, 6 and 8 days after being wounded), the regeneration rates slightly declined, reaching 44.2% (±14.3), 23.7% (±11.2) and 24% (±9.6) of average, respectively ( Figure 2A ). Nonetheless, differences in the regeneration rates among all intervals were not significant (ANOVA, P = 0.271). After the 8th day of the injury (and the end of the experiment), all individuals had regenerated their oscula on average 93.25% (±8.5 SE) compared with the original size (before the injury). The regeneration speed also declined after the first 2 days, reaching 0.01 (±0.007), 0.01 (±0.003) and 0.02 (±0.007) cm day −1 in the subsequent intervals respectively, and 0.02 cm day −1 (±0.002 SE) on average during the whole period. The average regeneration speed in the first 2 days after the wounding (0.05 cm day −1) was significantly higher when compared with the regeneration speed in the other intervals (ANOVA, P = 0.004; Tukey test, P < 0.05).
Who wrote some phenomena of regeneration in Sycon?
Huxley, J.S. ( 1912) Some phenomena of regeneration in Sycon; with a note on the structure of its collar cells. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 202, 165 – 189. CrossRef Google Scholar
Who wrote the book on restoration processes in sponges?
Korotkova, G.P. ( 1963 a) On the types of restoration processes in sponges. Acta Biologica Hungarica 13, 389 – 406. Google Scholar
Do calcareous sponges regenerate?
Since the beginning of the last century it was known that calcareous sponges are capable of regeneration after a wound and reaggregation after cellular dissociation (Maas,#N#Reference Maas#N#1910; Huxley,#N#Reference Huxley#N#1912 ), but it was especially between the 1950s and the 1970s that studies with the class Calcarea were published (Jones,#N#Reference Jones#N#1957,#N#Reference Jones#N#1958; Korotkova,#N#Reference Korotkova#N#1961a,#N#Reference Korotkova#N#b,#N#Reference Korotkova#N#1963a,#N#Reference Korotkova#N#b,#N#Reference Korotkova#N#1969,#N#Reference Korotkova#N#1970,#N#Reference Korotkova#N#1972; Tuzet & Connes,#N#Reference Tuzet and Connes#N#1962; Korotkova & Gelihovskaia,#N#Reference Korotkova and Gelihovskaia#N#1963; Tuzet & Paris,#N#Reference Tuzet and Paris#N#1963 ). Since then little attention was given to this topic.
Why do sponges need regeneration?
This power of regeneration also helps the sponges to repair the damage caused in various harsh environment.
How do sponges reproduce?
Sponges can reproduce both asexually and sexually. In asexual reproduction, they reproduce by forming buds, gemmules, reduction bodies, by regenerating themselves, and by fission. In sexual reproduction, they reproduce by the cross-fertilization ...
Why do sponges have gemmules?
They due to food scarcity and other unfavourable conditions start to die and disintegrate themselves, thus leaving behind a large number of gemmules. The internal buds of sponges that are are involved in asexual reproduction are called gemmules.
How do sponges release their sperm?
When the sponges produce their sperms, its concentration in the body increases and thus get released into the aquatic environment through the oscula.
What kingdom are sponges in?
Sponges are classified under Phylum Porifera of the Animal Kingdom. They have simple multicellular body organization without any tissues or organs. Majority of the sponges are marine in nature and, only a few are freshwater species. They show a very fast rate of reproduction and regeneration into new individuals.
Where do eggs stay in a sponge?
It is done in the same way how food is obtained by the choanocytes. The eggs remain inside the mesohyl chamber of the sponge. The mesohyl is actually the gelatinous matrix within a sponge that fills the space between the external pinacoderm and the internal choanoderm.
Where do amoebocytes grow in a sponge?
In budding, numerous amoebocytes (also called archaeocytes) collect at the surface of the body of the sponge. This results in a small outgrowth on the pinacoderm (dermal epithelium).
How do sponges regenerate?
If a sponge is cut into small pieces and squeezed through a fine silken mesh to separate cells , the separated amoebocytes will reunite and in a few days will develop canals, flagellated chambers and skeleton and grow up into a new sponge. This power of regeneration helps the sponges to repair the damage caused in the harsh environment.
How do sponges grow?
Stolon of the sponge grows by branching and secondary branching and many small vertical buds grow out of it.
What are the two types of sponges that produce gemmules?
Fresh water sponges such as Spongilla as well as some marine forms such as Ficulina, Suberites, and Tethya possess the remarkable ability to produce specialised bodies called gemmules, which survive during unfavourable conditions and germinate to produce new sponges. For gemmule formation, archaeocytes laden with food material in the form of glycoprotein or lipoprotein get aggregated into a mass. Amoebocytes surround the central mass of archaeocytes and secrete a thick hard chitinous inner layer and an outer membranous layer over it. Scleroblasts secrete amphidisc spicules between the inner and outer membranes. A fully formed gemmule is a small hard ball having a mass of food laden archaeocytes enclosed in a double layered tough envelope with amphidisc spicules in between. There is a small opening the micropyle through which the cells come out during development in favourable conditions.
What is the name of the sponge that feeds on nurse cells?
In syconoid sponges the larva produced is called stomoblastula, since it has a mouth and feeds on nurse cells within mesogloea and grows for a few days. Stomoblastula after growing changes into amphiblastula by inverting inside out bringing the flagellated cells on the outer surface so that the larva can swim in water. Amphiblastula leaves the sponge body and swims freely in water feeding on micro-organisms.
What is the name of the sponge that does not have a mouth?
In asconoid and leuconoid sponges, the blastula is called coeloblastula as it does not possess a mouth but has a blastocoel and flagella on the surface of the body. This larva escapes from the sponge body and swims about freely in water.
What happens to sponges in the fall?
In autumn fresh water sponges die and disintegrate, leaving behind a large number of gemmules, which remain viable throughout the winter. Same thing happens during summer when water available is low. In favourable conditions with abundance of water the gemmules begin to hatch and their living contents escape through micropyles and develop into new sponges by collecting themselves together.
Where do sperms go in a sponge?
Sperms from water enter the body of another sponge through canal system and reach the flagellate chambers, where choanocytes trap them. Acting as nurse cells, choanocytes transport the sperm body without tail to the mature ova that wait in the mesogloea. The sperm nucleus then fuses with the nucleus of ovum, ensuring internal fertilization.
Introduction
- Adept recovery after partial mortality can strongly influence the net effect of damage by physical disturbance, predation, and disease for sponges. Specific boosts to survival conferred by regeneration include enabling a damaged individual to maintain competitive superiority in space-limited systems (Jackson and Palumbi 1979), reattach if fragmente...
Methods
- Wound healing and regeneration were studied for 13 of the most common sponge species (Table 1 provides names of all species and their authors, and photographs of most of the species are in Wulff 2009) living on mangrove prop-roots at two sites, Sponge Haven and Hidden Creek, in Twin Cays, Belize (map in Wulff 2004). These species represent the full range of life history and morp…
Results
- For both types of wounds (i.e., with live tissue completely surrounding the wound versus with primary substratum exposed by the wound), differences among species in recovery rate and style were striking (Fig. 1includes photographs of some species at selected times). In contrast, individuals of the same species that were wounded in the same way tended to follow a similar ti…
Discussion
- Regeneration patterns are not well predicted by shared evolutionary heritage
Patterns of regeneration were strikingly different among sponges of different species. For these 13 species, which represent four demosponge orders, the hypothesis that rate of regeneration is primarily influenced by phylogenetic position is readily rejected, at least at the taxonomic level o… - Specific traits that might influence regeneration
Specific traits that are not necessarily influenced by phylogeny have been related to regeneration rates for some sponges (reviewed by Henry and Hart 2005). Curiously, growth rate is one species characteristic that does not reliably predict regeneration rate. Reiswig (1973) remarked on the ra…
Funding
- National Science Foundation (Grant number 0550599); the Marine Science Network of the Smithsonian Institution, supported in part by the Hunterdon Oceanographic Research Endowment; and the Caribbean Coral Reef Ecosystems Program (CCRE) of the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution.
Acknowledgments
- The author is deeply grateful to the Caribbean Coral Reef Ecosystems Program (CCRE) of the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution for the privilege of being able to do fieldwork at the Carrie Bow Cay field station in Belize, and to Mike Carpenter, Craig Sherwood, and Tom Campbell for making it possible and extremely enjoyable for me to accomplish my field wo…