What is sand replacement method in soil mechanics?
Sand Replacement Method. The sand replacement method is used to determine field density of soils and the sand replacement method of determination of in situ density uses a sand-pouring cylinder, tray with a central circular hole, chisel, and cylindrical calibrating container. To measure the in-situ volume of the hole from which ...
What is the sand replacement method of determining in situ density?
The sand replacement method of determination of in situ density uses a sand-pouring cylinder, cylindrical calibrating container, tray with a central circular hole, and a chisel. Determination of field density using the sand replacement method involves three steps.
How to perform sand replacement test?
Another stage of sand replacement test is the measurement of field density and in this, the site where the field density test is to be conducted is cleaned and leveled using a scraper for about 450 mm square area and on the prepared surface, the metal tray central hole is placed.
Why do we need to replace sand with aggregates?
Lately the need for replacing sand with alternative materials have picked governing serious environmental impact of dredging sand from river bed, also there is huge demand and supply gap in major cities. Aggregate is a granular material, such as sand, gravel, crushed stone used with a cement to produce either concrete or mortar.
How to determine the volume of sand needed to fill a pit?
How to calibrate a sand pouring cylinder?
What is shrinkage of concrete?
What is mortar used for?
What tools are used to cut soil?
Can sand run out of a pouring cylinder?
Does 100% PWA sand replace sand?
See 4 more
About this website
Why sand is used in sand replacement method?
The sand replacement method is used to determine in-place density. The sand replacement method of determination of in situ density uses a sand-pouring cylinder, cylindrical calibrating container, tray with a central circular hole, and a chisel.
What is the objective of sand replacement method?
✔ The primary objective of the sand replacement method is to determine the dry density of soil. ✔ It is used as a control test to check if the soil has acquired the designated dry density after compaction.
Where is sand replacement method used?
The sand replacement test method is used to determine in situ dry density of soil. The procedures, materials, equipment, and specifications of this test is based on the Indian Standard (IS 2720 part 28). This test is of significant importance and it has been widely used in various construction project sites.
What type of sand is used for the sand cone method?
It is made from cast aluminum alloy. Size 12 x 12 in (30.5 x 30.5 cm). Ottawa Density Sand is used with the Sand Cone Density Apparatus to determine the volume of the excavated test hole.
What is sand displacement method?
Sand Replacement Method is also known as Sand Cone Method. The apparatus used in this field density test consists of a sand pouring cylinder, with pouring cone at its base. There is a shutter between the cylinder and the cone. The cylinder is first calibrated to determine the unit Weight of sand.
How do you find the density of sand for sand replacement?
10:4513:45Determination of Dry Density of Soil by Sand Replacement MethodYouTubeStart of suggested clipEnd of suggested clipFor weight of sand in Hall that is w B is the difference of W 1 minus W. 4 minus W 2 that is theMoreFor weight of sand in Hall that is w B is the difference of W 1 minus W. 4 minus W 2 that is the weight in corn of the calibrating. Cylinder. Volume of the Hall is the ratio of weight per unit density
What is the density of sand?
between 1520-1680 kg/m3The approximate bulk density of sand that is commonly used in normal-weight concrete is between 1520-1680 kg/m3 (95-105 lb/ft3)
Why is the sand cone test important?
The sand cone test is a cost-effective alternative to nuclear gauge testing used to determine if the density of soil in place at a construction site meets the specifications of your project, or if corrective measures will need to be taken before construction can begin.
What is the sand cone test used for?
in-place densityWhat is the sand cone test used for? The Sand Cone Apparatus is used to determine the in-place density of any soil excavated to a stable condition with hand tools.
What is ASTM sand?
CHARACTERISTICS. Graded sand is made of local (French Source) natural silica sand (silica content higher than 98%), having a water content lower than 0.1 %. The constituent grains of this sand are uncrushed and of rounded form. It is packaged in bags of 25 kg.
Why Ottawa sand is used?
The Ottawa sand was chosen by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) as the standard sand to be used in testing cement and the strength of concrete. Because the sand is typically regarded as a standard often detailed mineralogical analyses would not be required prior to experiments.
What is difference between bulk density and dry density?
Bulk density (aka total density) is the total mass of the soil (ie mass of soil solids, water and air) per unit volume, while a dry density is mass of soil solids only per unit volume of the soil.
What is the sand cone test used for?
in-place densityWhat is the sand cone test used for? The Sand Cone Apparatus is used to determine the in-place density of any soil excavated to a stable condition with hand tools.
What is soil replacement method?
Replacement involves removing liquefiable material from the site and replacing it with a non-liquefiable material. Well compacted and well graded gravel or soil mixed with cement or other additives is commonly used as the replacement material. Replacement techniques can be used to treat both sands and silts.
What is the use of field density test?
Determine the in situ density of natural or compacted soils using sand pouring cylinders.
What is the use of core cutter method?
Core cutter method is used for finding field density of cohesive/clayey soils placed as fill. It is rapid method conducted on field. It cannot be applied to coarse grained soil as the penetration of core cutter becomes difficult due to increased resistance at the tip of core cutter leading to damage to core cutter.
CE281 Geo I Sand Replacement method - Academia.edu
GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, SLIIT B.SC ENGINEERING – YEAR 02 SEMESTER 02 CE 281 – GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING I – LABORATORY ASSIGNMENT Experiment: DETERMINATION OF DRY DENSITY OF SOIL BY SAND REPLACEMENT METHOD Introduction: To experimentally determine the soil density in the field.
What is sand replacement?
The sand replacement method is used to determine field density of soils and the sand replacement method of determination of in situ density uses a sand-pouring cylinder, tray with a central circular hole, chisel, and cylindrical calibrating container.
How many sets of tests for sand?
For at least three to four sets of tests clean and dry sand passing 1.0 mm sieve and retained 600-micron sieve is collected in sufficient quantity and the top cap of the sand-pouring cylinder is removed and the shutter is closed.
How to find W4 and WB in a sand cylinder?
Over the excavated hole the sand-pouring cylinder is placed centrally and till the sand fills the excavated hole the shutter is opened and in the cylinder, there is no further movement of sand and shutter is closed then and the cylinder is weighed as W4 and Wb can be found by the weight of sand filling the excavated hole alone.
What tools are used to level a surface?
There are many hand tools used for leveling the surface such as scraper with handle, elongated trowel or, a dibber for digging.
How to calibrate a sand cone?
1. Calibration of cone apparatus should be done firstly: 2. Weigh the sand cone apparatus full of known density sand. 3. Seat the density plate on leveled clean test ground. 4. Dig out soil 4” to 6″ deep with the same diameter as the density plate hole. Clean all loose soil out of the test hole with brush and spoon.
How does a sand shutter work?
The sand is allowed to run out of the cylinder, equal to the volume of the container and the shutter is closed. The cylinder is then placed over a plain surface, and the shutter is opened , the sand runs out of the of the cylinder and fills the cone. The shutter is closed when no further movement of sand takes place .
What is the best replacement for river sand in concrete?
Any material which are basically chemically inert and having particle size falling in BIS Zoning criteria, would be ideal replacement to river sand (partially or fully) in concrete mixes.
What is crushed sand?
Crushed Sand (Manufactured Sand) Crushed sand (Manufactured sand) is produced by crushing rock (as in the case of coarse aggregate) to give particle size and grading at par with river sand, the texture may differ using Vertical Shaft Impactor Machines.
What is aggregate used for in concrete?
Understanding Aggregate Role in Concrete Mix Proportioning. Aggregate is a granular material, such as sand, gravel, crushed stone used with a cement to produce either concrete or mortar. Aggregate is relatively inexpensive and does not enter into complex chemical reactions with water; it has been customary, therefore, ...
What is quarry dust?
Crushed Dust or Quarry Dust. Crusher dust (quarry waste) is by product of stone crushers while producing coarse aggregate. Instead of disposing them in landfills, it can be best utilized as partial replacement to sand.
Can you use crushed sand to replace river sand?
As per design and economics, crushed sand can be used to partially or fully replace river sand from a concrete mix. The Availability of crushed sand is not a concern as it can be manufactured from rocks in any season. 2.
How to determine the volume of sand needed to fill a pit?
The volume of the sand required to fill the pit is determined by dividing the weight of sand required to fill the excavated pit by the unit weight of sand determined, as follows:
How to calibrate a sand pouring cylinder?
The sand-pouring cylinder is calibrated using the following steps. The sand-pouring cylinder is filled with uniformly graded sand (passing 600 μ sieve and retained on 300 μ sieve) up to a height of 10 mm below the top. The mass of the sand-pouring cylinder filled with sand is recorded as M1. The sand-pouring cylinder is then placed over a plane surface and the shutter is opened to allow the sand to fill the cone. The weight of the sand remaining in the pouring cylinder is measured and noted as M2. The sand on the plane surface is collected and transferred back into the pouring cylinder to make the weight of the sand-pouring cylinder equal to M1. The sand-pouring cylinder is then placed over the cylindrical can concentrically and the sand is allowed to fall into the cylindrical can till it is full. After the sand flow has ceased the shutter is closed and the weight of the pouring cylinder is measured again and noted as M3. The unit weight of the sand is calculated using the following formula:
What is shrinkage of concrete?
The shrinkage of concrete is a generic term which implies volume reduction of concrete that may continue in different forms throughout its service life. Studies undertaken on drying shrinkage of concrete made with CS as sand replacement, together with that of the corresponding normal concrete, are summarized in Table 4.6. The results suggest that the use of CS as sand can considerably reduce the shrinkage of concrete. With reference to Section 4.3.1, which discusses the mix water reduction capability of CS, where mixes are designed with reduced water compared to the norm, a further reduction in the shrinkage characteristics of concrete can be achieved.
What is mortar used for?
Mortar plays an important role in the construction industry , commonly acting as a bonding element that holds together masonry units, bricks and stones in structures and buildings. Aside from the differences in how mortars are generally used, compared with concrete, the two materials share common constituents of cement, sand and water, though mortar does not contain the additional coarse aggregate fraction. Mortars tend to have a higher water cement ratio and thicker texture compared with concrete, to improve their adhesiveness and resultant effectiveness as a binding agent. Mortars are also generally weaker, are less durable and have a shorter life span than concrete products, though the less stringent requirements could make them a more accessible outlet for MIBA. In addition, it should be noted that researchers sometimes undertake testing on mortar mixes instead of concrete in the laboratory, simply to reduce the mix design testing costs.
What tools are used to cut soil?
Soil-cutting and excavating tools such as a scraper tool, bent spoon
Can sand run out of a pouring cylinder?
A volume of sand equivalent to that of the excavated hole in the soil (or equal to that of the calibrating container) should be allowed to run out of the cylinder under gravity. The shutter of the pouring cylinder should then be closed and the cylinder placed on a plain surface, such as a glass plate.
Does 100% PWA sand replace sand?
The results suggest that the incorporation of 100% PWA as sand replacement led to greater resistance to carbonation when compared with mixes containing both sand and PET . The authors explained that the use of both materials led to a slightly higher porosity, which may have prompted higher carbonation rate.
