Where did the Creek War take place?
The Creek War (1813–1814), also known as the Red Stick War and the Creek Civil War, was a regional war between opposing Creek factions, European empires and the United States, taking place largely in today's Alabama and along the Gulf Coast. The major conflicts of the war took place between state militia units and the "Red Stick" Creeks.
What was the significance of the Creek War of 1813-1814?
Creek War of 1813-1814. towns the nation. The famed Shawnee alliance of tribe. United, he said, the United States. figure in the movement. Its real leader in Prophet Tenskwatawa ("Open Door"). to catch fire in the nation. Under the Tenskwatawa's teachings. with the whites. Francis and his followers, Creek Nation. The latter individuals favored
Why did the creeks fight the US government?
Land speculators and squatters began to defraud Creeks out of their allotments, resulting in some violent backlash from these Creeks. U. S. officials described the violence as a "war" in order to argue that the Creeks were thereby forfeiting their prior treaty rights.
Why did the Shawnee go to war with the creeks?
Creek War. The Shawnee leader Tecumseh, who expected British help in recovering hunting grounds lost to settlers, travelled to the south to warn of dangers to native cultures posed by whites. Factions arose among the Creeks, and a group known as the Red Sticks preyed upon white settlements and fought with those Creeks who opposed them.
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What caused the Creek War of 1812?
The Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811 provoked retaliation from Indians against Americans. As Shawnees in the north launched a retaliatory campaign in the spring and summer of 1812 for the destruction of Prophet's Town, the Creek National Council moved against their own people who had attacked settlers on the frontier.
When did the Creek War start?
1813 – 1814Creek War / Period
Who led the Creek War?
Timpoochee Barnard, leading the allied Yuchi Creeks, was instrumental in saving a company of Georgians who had been nearly overwhelmed by Red Sticks. The Red Sticks lost 50 men, while the Georgians and their Creek allies lost 22 men, with 150 wounded. After the battle, Floyd's army retreated to Georgia.
Who was the Creek War Against?
During the War of 1812, he led militia forces in a war against Creek Indians. One faction of the Creek sided with the British and fought the United States along the western frontier.
Who attacked the Creeks in the War of 1812?
Creek War, (1813–14), war that resulted in U.S. victory over Creek Indians, who were British allies during the War of 1812, resulting in vast cession of their lands in Alabama and Georgia.
Why did the Cherokee fight the Creek?
The fear of encroaching violence coupled with a desire to separate themselves, in the eyes of the United States and its citizenry, from the actions of the Red Sticks led Cherokee leaders to accept the request for military assistance against the Upper Creeks issued by the United States.
Which side won the Creek War?
The war effectively ended with the Treaty of Fort Jackson (August 1814), when General Andrew Jackson forced the Creek confederacy to surrender more than 21 million acres in what is now southern Georgia and central Alabama....Creek War.Date22 July 1813 – 9 August 1814 (1 year, 2 weeks and 4 days)ResultU.S. and allied victory1 more row
What did the Creek tribe believe in?
Creek spirituality encompasses awareness of spiritual beings, both good and bad. Participants believed that spirits exist alongside people and can send and receive messages from people to guide and inform them. Creeks have ongoing, though not constant, relationships with loved ones and others who have died.
Where did the Creek War take place?
AlabamaSouthern United StatesCreek War/Locations
Who led the Red Sticks?
Red SticksLeaderWilliam Weatherford Menawa Peter McQueenFoundedMay 10, 1814IdeologyCreek Nationalism Traditionalism Communalism Anti-Americanism
What lasting effect did the Creek War have on Alabama?
The Creek War had far-reaching effects on both the region and the nation. Thousands of white settlers and their slaves soon moved onto former Creek lands. This rise in population led in part to Mississippi's 1817 statehood and to Alabama statehood two years later.
What led to the Creek uprising in 1836?
Neamathla By 1836, Lower Creek leaders had become outraged over the illegal influx of white settlers onto their lands and the unwillingness of the federal and state governments to help them. Some speculators began to spread tales of a planned Creek uprising.
Who Won the War of 1812?
BritainBritain effectively won the War of 1812 by successfully defending its North American colonies. But for the British, the war with America had been a mere sideshow compared to its life-or-death struggle with Napoleon in Europe.
What ended the War of 1812?
June 18, 1812 – February 18, 1815War of 1812 / Period
Where was the first battle of the Creek War fought?
The hard-fought Creek War of 1813 and 1814, also known as the First Creek War, actually began in the spring of 1812, when a party of Creek warriors returning from a visit to the British in Canada attacked a small white settlement at the mouth of the Duck River.
What was the result of the Creek War?
Creek War, (1813–14), war that resulted in U.S. victory over Creek Indians, who were British allies during the War of 1812, resulting in vast cession of their lands in Alabama and Georgia.
Who won the Creek War?
Creek War, (1813–14), war that resulted in U.S. victory over Creek Indians, who were British allies during the War of 1812, resulting in vast cession of their lands in Alabama and Georgia. The Shawnee leader Tecumseh, who expected British help in recovering hunting grounds lost to settlers,
What battle did Jackson win?
In a campaign of about five months, in 1813–14, Jackson crushed the Creeks, the final victory coming in the Battle of Tohopeka (or Horseshoe Bend) in Alabama. The victory was so decisive that the Creeks never again menaced the frontier, and Jackson was established as the hero…
What happened in March 1814?
On March 27, 1814, at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend(Tohopeka, Ala.), Jackson’s superior numbers (3,000 to 1,000) and armaments (including cannon) demolished the Creekdefenses, slaughtering more than 800 warriors and imprisoning 500 women and children. The power of the Indians of the Old Southwest was broken.
What was the power of the Indians of the Old Southwest?
The power of the Indians of the Old Southwest was broken . At the Treaty of Ft. Jackson (August 9) the Creeks were required to cede 23,000,000 acres of land, comprising more than half of Alabama and part of southern Georgia. Much of that territory belonged to Indians who had earlier been Jackson’s allies.
When did the Red Sticks attack?
On August 30, 1813, when the Red Sticks swept down upon 553 surprised frontiersmen at a crude fortification at Lake Tensaw, north of Mobile, the resulting Ft. Mims Massacre stirred the Southern states into a vigorous response.
How many people were killed in the Battle of Horseshoe Bend?
On March 27, 1814, at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend (Tohopeka, Ala.), Jackson’s superior numbers (3,000 to 1,000) and armaments (including cannon) demolished the Creek defenses, slaughtering more than 800 warriors and imprisoning 500 women and children.
What was the purpose of the Creek War?
The Creek War of 1813-14 began as a civil war, largely centered among the Upper Creeks, whose towns were located on the Coosa, Tallapoosa, and upper reaches of the Alabama rivers. The struggle pitted a faction of the Creeks who became known as Red Sticks against those Creeks who supported the National Council, a relatively new body that had developed from the traditional regional meetings of headmen from the Creek towns. Under the auspices of federal Indian agent Benjamin Hawkins, the National Council's authority and powers had been expanded. The war broke out against the backdrop of the War of 1812 between the United States and Great Britain. Americans, fearful that southeastern Indians would ally with the British, quickly joined the war against the Red Sticks, turning the civil war into a military campaign designed to destroy Creek power. To prove their loyalty to the United States, contingents of Choctaw and Cherokee warriors joined the American war against the Creeks. Thus, the Creek civil war was quickly transformed into a multidimensional war that resulted in the total defeat of the Creek people at the hands of American armies and their Native American allies.
How many people died in the Creek War?
The death rate during the various Creek war battles was high, with estimates ranging from 1,500 to 3,000. Whatever the number, the Red Sticks themselves represented their numerous losses to agent Benjamin Hawkins as "like the fall of leaves." The death toll among noncombatants continued to climb after hostilities ceased, primarily from starvation and exposure. Uncounted numbers of refugees headed for Florida and resettled among the Seminoles.
What did the Shawnee call for?
The Shawnee call for unity and armed resistance to American expansion was accompanied by "new war songs and dances" as well as prophetic messages. The occurrence of comets and earthquakes seemed to confirm the messages of the prophets. The call for rejection of the American system, armed resistance to American expansion, and revitalization of Creek culture found receptive ears.
What conflict grew after the attack on Fort Mims?
The Conflict Grows. Following the attack on Fort Mims and the ensuing escalation, the divided Creek towns faced an invasion of their country by military forces from Mississippi, Georgia, and Tennessee. The sprawling and open lay-out of Creek towns, however, made them difficult to defend or fortify.
Where did the Georgia militia fight?
The Georgia militia, under Gen. John Floyd, had actually been in the field first, with limited action against Red Sticks along the Chattahoochee River, near the allied Creek town of Coweta in August and September. The nearly 1,000 Georgians set out for the Tallapoosa towns at roughly the same time that the Tennesseans moved toward the Abeika heartland in October, building a string of fortified supply depots as they proceeded. Floyd's army was assisted by a contingent of 400 Creek warriors under William McIntosh. Floyd's main objective was the Red Stick stronghold at Autossee. His men attacked and burned the town on November 29, 1813, but could not surround it. Most of the inhabitants escaped, but the defenders lost an estimated 200 warriors to only 11 American dead and just over 50 wounded, including Floyd. He retreated to Fort Mitchell, a supply post he had established earlier on the Chattahoochee River.
What was the Creek resentment?
In addition, Creek resentment was growing over expanding settlements of Americans along the Creek-Georgia border and in the Cumberland Valley. By the spring of 1812, Creek representatives had met with Shawnee leaders on the Ohio River regarding the possibility of obtaining arms from the British.
Which tribes fought against the Red Sticks?
On the other hand, many Upper Creeks not only opposed the Red Sticks, they also fought against them. Likewise, whereas many Alabama Indians sided with the Red Sticks, the Yuchi and Natchee Creek Indians (also non-Muskogean speakers) fought on the side of the national Creeks.
What happened to the Creeks in 1813?
On August 30, 1813, about 1,000 Red Sticks attacked Fort Mims, northeast of Mobile and killed all the inhabitants. The event sent shockwaves through the Alabama and Mississippi Territories along with Georgia and Tennessee. Tennessee governor Willie Blount directed the commander of the state militia, Maj. Gen. Andrew Jackson to mobilize a force to suppress the Creeks. Authorities in Georgia and Mississippi also planned offensives, but the main effort would be led by Jackson.
Who was the Shawnee Chief who visited the Creek towns in the spring of 1811?
Tensions rose when the Shawnee chief Tecumseh visited the Creek towns in the spring of 1811. Tecumseh brought a message of Indian unification and resistance to further American settlement. His words further split the Creeks as the militant sect, known as Red Sticks, asserted their control and a small civil war exploded within the tribe.
Where did Jackson's troops leave Fort Strother?
Jackson’s command left Fort Strother on January 17, 1814. His destination was the main Red Stick town of Tohopeka. Situated on land between a major curve of the Tallapoosa River, it was known to whites as Horseshoe Bend. Rather than await Jackson’s movement, the Red Sticks sallied out of their town and struck the Americans on January 22 in their camp along Emuckfau Creek. Jackson’s men fought well and managed to repulse the assault. Still, Jackson decided to withdraw due to a lack of supplies and returned to Fort Strother.
Where did Jackson negotiate the Treaty of Fort Jackson?
Jackson met with the militant chiefs to negotiate a treaty at Fort Jackson, Alabama Territory, in early August. For igniting the war, Jackson demanded 23 million acres of Creek land. The chiefs acquiesced and signed the terms on August 9. Many Creeks continued to reside in the Old Southwest for the next two decades until forcibly removed to the Indian Territory in the fall of 1836.
What was the first Creek War?
The hard-fought Creek War of 1813 and 1814, also known as the First Creek War, actually began in the spring of 1812, when a party of Creek warriors returning from a visit to the British in Canada attacked a small white settlement at the mouth of the Duck River. These warriors killed several people and took a captive, Mrs. Martha Crawley, south into the Creek country. The Creek Council, though, at the insistence of United States Agent Benjamin Hawkins, executed the warriors and their leader, Little Warrior, for their crimes. The executions sparked a long-simmering revolt by nativist Creeks. The nativists, known as Red Sticks, sought to wrest control of the Creek Nation from the council chiefs, whom they blamed for white encroachment on Creek territory and toleration of corrupting white influences on Indian life. The Red Sticks also sought alliance with the British and membership in a confederacy of northern Native Americans under Tecumseh in order to push American settlers from the Indian heartland. During the course of their revolt, the Red Sticks attacked Fort Mims on the lower reaches of the Alabama River, killing approximately 275 of the fort's white and Creek mixed blood inhabitants. At that point, what had been a Creek civil war became a struggle between the Red Sticks and the United States and merged with the larger War of 1812 between the Americans and Great Britain.
Who led the battle against the Creeks?
Without waiting for federal authorization, Governor Willie Blount asked the legislature to call out 3,500 state volunteers to march against the Creeks. The irate legislators granted the request, and ...
Why did the Creek Uprising affect Native Americans?
The Creek uprising helped turn western whites against the old Jeffersonian policy of civilizing and assimilating the Indians. Instead, westerners became convinced that Native Americans could not be tamed and must be removed to ensure the nation's security. Jackson, representing the growing political power of the West, took the lead in advocating removal when he became president, and did not spare even the acculturated Cherokees of East Tennessee, despite their having demonstrated their ability to coexist with whites by helping Jackson defeat the Red Sticks.
What was the name of the battle between the Red Sticks and the United States?
At that point, what had been a Creek civil war became a struggle between the Red Sticks and the United States and merged with the larger War of 1812 between the Americans and Great Britain. The Fort Mims massacre shocked the white citizens of the United States, and they determined to crush the Creek uprising.
Why did the Red Sticks join the Confederacy?
The Red Sticks also sought alliance with the British and membership in a confederacy of northern Native Americans under Tecumseh in order to push American settlers from the Indian heartland.
What were the Red Sticks' actions?
The executions sparked a long-simmering revolt by nativist Creeks. The nativists, known as Red Sticks, sought to wrest control of the Creek Nation from the council chiefs, whom they blamed for white encroachment on Creek territory and toleration of corrupting white influences on Indian life.
What was the effect of the end of the War of 1812 on the western states?
The close of the conflict, along with the end of the War of 1812, promoted western expansion. While more people moved into Tennessee, some state residents simultaneously departed, moving south to the lands taken from the Creeks, and settled below the Tennessee River and down through Jones Valley to the town of Tuscaloosa.
Why did the Creeks get a war?
U.S. officials described the violence as a "war" in order to argue that the Creeks were thereby forfeiting their prior treaty rights. Secretary of War Lewis Cass dispatched General Winfield Scott to end the violence by forcibly removing the Creeks to the Indian Territory west of the Mississippi River .
Who led the Creek War?
During the Creek War of 1836, in Alabama, Opothleyahola, a Creek chief was commissioned as a Colonel by the U.S. government, led 1,500 of his warriors against the rebellious Lower Creek tribe who had allied themselves with the Seminole in fighting the white occupation. The Creek "War" of 1836, also known as the Second Creek War or Creek Alabama ...
What did the Creeks do to protect Alabama?
The state acted to abolish tribal governments and extend state laws over the Creek. Chief Opothle Yohola appealed to the administration of President Andrew Jackson for protection from Alabama but he supported removal. The Creek signed the Treaty of Cusseta on 24 March 1832, which divided up Creek lands into individual allotments. Creeks could either sell their allotments and receive funds to remove to the west, or stay in Alabama as state and federal citizens, who would have to submit to state laws.
How many Upper Creeks were there in Alabama?
Although the Creek people had been forced from Georgia under the Treaty of Washington of 1826, with many Lower Creeks moving to the Indian Territory, about 20,000 Upper Creeks were still living in Alabama. The state acted to abolish tribal governments and extend state laws over the Creek.
Who is the author of Creeks and Seminoles?
Leitch Wright, James, Creeks & Seminoles : The Destruction and Regeneration of the Muscogulge People, Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press, 1986. ISBN 978-0-8032-4738-3
Background
From December 11, 1811, four major episodes of the New Madrid Earthquake, estimated at about 7 in intensity, shook the Creek lands and the Midwest. The shocks were felt over an area of 50,000 square miles.
Opposing forces
After Burnt Corn, the U.S. Secretary of War John Armstrong notified General Thomas Pinckney, Commander of the 6th Military District, that the US was prepared to take action against the Creek Nation. Further, if Spain were found to be supporting the Creeks, a strike against Pensacola would occur.
Results
The orange territory indicates that of the United States government, ceded by the Creek Nation.
External links
A map of Creek War Battle Sites from the PCL Map Collection at the University of Texas at Austin.
Where was the Creek War?
The Creek War of 1813-1814 in Alabama, Georgia & Florida. The Creek War of 1813-1814 in AL, GA & FL. Generals of the Creek War. The Red Stick leader Menawa (left) and Major. General Andrew Jackson (right), both pictured here. later in life, fought each other at the Battle of. Horseshoe Bend, Alabama. Historic Sites of the Creek War.
What were the sites of the Creek War?
On July 27, 1813, the Mississippi Territorial. Militia intervened in a civil war that had been. raging within the Creek Nation in Alabama. and Georgia. The militia's attack on a Creek. supply train at Burnt Corn Creek in Alabama. brought the United States into a bloody.
Where was Fort Mitchell built?
built Fort Mitchell in eastern Alabama. The
