What is the saponification value?
Saponification value or saponification number ( SV or SN) represents the number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide (KOH) or sodium hydroxide (NaOH) required to saponify one gram of fat under the conditions specified. It is a measure of the average molecular weight (or chain length) of all the fatty acids present in the sample as triglycerides.
How to determine the saponification value of tall oil?
Method to determine the saponification value of tall oil Scope Calculation Saponification Value = (A - B) x N x 56.1 W This method is used to determine the total acid content, both free and combined, of tall oil. (Acid number only measures the free acid).
What is saponification value/ koettstorfer number?
Saponification value/ Koettstorfer number : The Saponification Value is the number of mg of potassium hydroxide required to neutralize the free acids and saponify the esters contained in 1.0 g of the fat or oil substance.
What is the saponification value of butter?
Saponification value will be higher for fats containing short carbon chain. For example, saponification value for butter is 230-240 while for human fat it is 195-200. 4. It gives an idea about average molecular weight of the fat or oil used in saponification.
Why saponification value is determined?
Why do we determine saponification value? The saponification number is the amount of potassium hydroxide required to saponify one gram of fat. This data can be used to compute the number of acids (esters and free acids) in a fat or oil.
What is saponification value identified?
Saponification value or saponification number (SV or SN) represents the number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide (KOH) or sodium hydroxide (NaOH) required to saponify one gram of fat under the conditions specified.
How do you find the saponification value of a fat?
Saponification value or number of fat = mg of KOH consumed by 1g of fat.
How do you identify a saponification reaction?
During saponification, ester reacts with an inorganic base to produce alcohol and soap. Generally, it occurs when triglycerides are reacted with potassium or sodium hydroxide (lye) to produce glycerol and fatty acid salt, called 'soap'.
What is the range of saponification value?
187.3 to 199.0Unsaponifiable matter ranges from 0.1 to 1.6, saponification number ranges from 187.3 to 199.0, iodine value is 90.0–104.8, specific gravity is 0.876–0.932, and the refractive index is 1.464–1.480 (Alpaslan and Hayta, 2006).
What is the unit of saponification value?
What is the unit of saponification value? Saponification value is expressed by potassium hydroxide in mg required to saponify one (1) gram of fat.
What is saponification formula?
Saponification is a process of preparing soap by the hydrolysis of fats or oils with alkalis. When animal fat or vegetable oil (ester) is heated with concentrated sodium hydroxide solution, soap and glycerol (alcohol) are formed. Equation: Fat or oil (Ester) + Sodium Hydroxide → Soap + Glycerol (an alcohol)
Why HCl is used in saponification?
Answer. the answer to your question is that HCl does NOT interact with ethyl acetate directly, but gets ridof all the excess, pesky OH-'sthat are driving the reaction.
What is saponification test for lipids?
Saponification Test It is based on the saponification reaction, in which the triglycerides of lipid react with an alkali NaOH to produce soap and glycerol in the presence of ethanol. This reaction is also known as alkaline hydrolysis of esters.
Why NaOH is used in saponification?
NaOH is widely used in the manufacture of solid soap because it is not soluble in water [22]. The use of the amount of NaOH that is lacking in the saponification reaction will cause the formation of residues / residual fatty acids (oil) after the reaction.
Why is it called saponification?
The reaction is called a saponification from the Latin sapo which means soap. The name comes from the fact that soap used to be made by the ester hydrolysis of fats. Due to the basic conditions a carboxylate ion is made rather than a carboxylic acid.
How does saponification process happen?
Saponification is an exothermic chemical reaction—which means that it gives off heat—that occurs when fats or oils (fatty acids) come into contact with lye, a base. In this reaction, the triglyceride units of fats react with sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide and are converted to soap and glycerol.
Which of the following describes saponification?
4. Which of the following term describe saponification? Explanation: Cleaving of ester molecules into carboxylic acid and alcohol that is triglyceride is treated with a strong base, which cleaves the ester bond, releasing fatty acid salts (soaps) and glycerol.
What are the reactants of saponification?
Saponification is a process by which triglycerides are reacted with sodium or potassium hydroxide (lye) to produce glycerol and a fatty acid salt called "soap." The triglycerides are most often animal fats or vegetable oils. When sodium hydroxide is used, a hard soap is produced.
1. What is Saponification?
In saponification, the word ‘sapo' is a Latin word meaning soap. Saponification is the general term for the process of making soap. Soaps are fatty...
2. Explain Saponification reaction in detail?
The saponification reaction involves the reaction of sodium or potassium hydroxides with triglycerides (esters) to produce glycerol (alcohol) and p...
3. What is Saponification Value?
Saponification value or saponification number for a specific fat is the amount of base required to saponify 1 gramme of fat under specific conditio...
4. Give an example of Saponification Reaction?
Procedure for Saponification Experiment– Fill a beaker with 15ml of vegetable oil. Now, while stirring, add 10ml of ethanol and 20ml of 20% sodium...
5. What are general Saponification Reactions?
Saponification reaction can be written in words as – Ester + Water + Base Soap (Fatty Acid Sodium or Potassium Salts) + Alcohol or Saponification o...
How to determine saponification value?
To determine saponification value, the sample is hot-saponified with an excess of alkali (usually potassium hydroxide dissolved in ethanol ), in standard conditions, generally for half an hour under reflux. Alkali is mainly consumed by glycerides : triglycerides, diglycerides, monoglycerides but also by free fatty acids, as well as by other ester-like components such as lactones. At the end of the reaction the remaining quantity of alkali is titrated against standard solution of hydrochloric acid (HCl). Therefore, the SV (mg KOH/ g of sample) is calculated as following:
What is the saponification number?
Saponification value or saponification number ( SV or SN) represents the number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide (KOH) or sodium hydroxide (NaOH) required to saponify one gram of fat under the conditions specified. It is a measure of the average molecular weight (or chain length) of all the fatty acids present in the sample as triglycerides. The higher the saponification value, the lower the fatty acids average length, the lighter the mean molecular weight of triglycerides and vice-versa. Practically, fats or oils with high saponification value (such as coconut and palm oil) are more suitable for soap making.
How to determine unsaponifiables?
Determination of unsaponifiables involves a saponification step of the sample followed by extraction of the unsaponifiable using an organic solvent (i.e. diethyl ether ). Official methods for animal and vegetable fats and oils are described by ASTM D1065 - 18, ISO 3596: 2000 or 18609: 2000, AOCS method Ca 6a-40.
What are unsaponifiables in soap?
Unsaponifiables are components of an fatty substance ( oil, fat, wax) that fail to form soaps when treated with alkali and remain insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. For instance, typical soybean oil contain, by weight, 1.5 – 2.5% of unsaponifiable matter. Unsaponifiables include nonvolatile components : alkanes, sterols, triterpenes, fatty alcohols, tocopherols and carotenoids as well as those that mainly result from the saponification of fatty esters (sterols esters, wax esters, tocopherols esters, ...). This fraction may also contain environmental contaminants and residues of plasticizers, pesticides, mineral oil hydrocarbons and aromatics.
What is the best fat for soap making?
Practically, fats or oils with high saponification value (such as coconut and palm oil) are more suitable for soap making.
Is the SV of a fat proportional to its molecular weight?
As it can be seen from the above formula ( 2) the SV of a given fat is inversely proportional to its molecular weight. Actually, as fats and oils contain a mix of different triglycerides species, the average MW can be calculated according to the following relation :
What is saponification used for?
Uses of Saponification. 1. It is used in the fire extinguishers. Burning oils are converted into non-combustible salts which helps in extinguishing the fire. This reaction is endothermic, so it lowers the temperature of surroundings. 2. Oil paintings get damaged by saponification reaction. 3.
What is the significance of saponification?
It tells you about the length of carbon chain in fatty acid being used for saponification. 2. Saponification value of those fatty acids which have very long carbon chain is generally low. 3. Saponification value will be higher for fats containing short carbon chain.
What is the saponification value of butter?
Saponification value will be higher for fats containing short carbon chain. For example, saponification value for butter is 230-240 while for human fat it is 195-200. 4. It gives an idea about average molecular weight of the fat or oil used in saponification.
What is the process of making soap called?
In the word saponification, word ‘sapo’ is actually a Latin word which means soap. In general words we can say the process of making soap is called saponification. Soaps are long chains of sodium and potassium salts of fatty acids.
Overview
Determination
To determine saponification value, the sample is hot-saponified with an excess of alkali (usually potassium hydroxide dissolved in ethanol), in standard conditions, generally for half an hour under reflux. Alkali is mainly consumed by glycerides : triglycerides, diglycerides, monoglycerides but also by free fatty acids, as well as by other ester-like components such as lactones. At the end of the reaction the remaining quantity of alkali is titrated against standard solution of hydrochloric acid (…
Relationship with the average molecular weight of fats and oils
The theoretical SV of a pure triglyceride molecule can be calculated by the following equation (where MW is its molecular weight) :
molecular weight (oil/fat) = (3 * 1000 * {56.1}/SV)+38.049 (2)
Where : 3 is the number of fatty acids residues per triglyceride, 1000 is a conversion factor (mg/ g) and 56.1 is the MW of KOH.
Unsaponifiables
Unsaponifiables are components of a fatty substance (oil, fat, wax) that fail to form soaps when treated with alkali and remain insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. For instance, typical soybean oil contains, by weight, 1.5 – 2.5% of unsaponifiable matter. Unsaponifiables include nonvolatile components : alkanes, sterols, triterpenes, fatty alcohols, tocopherols and carotenoids as well as those that mainly result from the saponification of fatty esters (sterols est…
Related test methods
• Acid value
• Amine value
• Bromine number
• Epoxy value
• Hydroxyl value
See also
• EN 14214
• Saponification
• Soapmaking