What foods have vitamin K?
Foods high in vitamin K include leafy green vegetables (cooked and raw), broccoli, brussels sprouts, cabbage, pickled cucumber, asparagus, kiwifruit, okra, green beans, and salad greens like lettuce. The current daily value (DV) for Vitamin K is 120 micrograms (μg).
What is the natural source of vitamin K?
Here are a few of the top vitamin K sources:
- Kale — ½ cup cooked: 531 micrograms (over 100 percent DV)
- Spinach — ½ cup cooked: 445 micrograms (over 100 percent DV)
- Turnip greens — ½ cup cooked: 265 micrograms (over 100 percent DV)
- Dandelion greens — ½ cup raw: 214 micrograms (over 100 percent DV)
- Mustard greens — ½ cup cooked: 210 micrograms (over 100 percent DV)
What are the best sources of vitamin K?
The Best 15 Foods for Vitamin K
- Kale. Vitamin K helps in blood clotting by enabling your body to make proteins involved in the blood clotting process.
- Collard greens. In addition to its role in clotting, vitamin K helps in bone growth. ...
- Spinach. ...
- Turnip greens. ...
- Brussels sprouts. ...
- Broccoli. ...
- Asparagus. ...
- Lettuce. ...
- Sauerkraut. ...
- Soybeans. ...
What is the recommended vitamin K intake?
Some European countries have set values for recommended vitamin K intake. Germany, Austria and Switzerland recommend an estimated value of 70 micrograms (mcg) vitamin K per day for men and 60 micrograms (mcg) per day for women (26).
How does the body create vitamin K?
Bacteria in the large intestines help by making a range of vitamin K forms called menaquinones. Vitamin K is also made by plants (phylloquinone) and is found in green veggies, brussels sprouts, cabbage, and plant oils.
Can the body produce vitamin K on its own?
A: Low levels of vitamin K are rare in healthy adults because it is easy to obtain sufficient quantities of the vitamin by eating a balanced diet, and the body is able to produce some vitamin K on its own.
Where is vitamin K produced in the body?
the liverVitamin K is present in the liver and other body tissues, including the brain, heart, pancreas, and bone [2,3,11].
Is vitamin K produced in the liver?
The vitamin-K–dependent proteins, synthesized in the liver, play central roles in both the procoagulant or anticoagulant pathways.
What causes deficiency of vitamin K?
Vitamin K deficiency can result from the following: Lack of vitamin K in the diet. A very low fat diet because vitamin K is best absorbed when eaten with some fat. Disorders that impair fat absorption and that thus reduce the absorption of vitamin K (such as blockage of the bile ducts.
What happens when you have too much vitamin K?
A sudden change in the amount of vitamin K you get can cause dangerous bleeding (if you consume less) or blood clots (if you consume more).
How long does vitamin K stay in your body?
"Vitamin K1 has a relatively short half-life and is rapidly cleared from the blood and is cleared by the liver within eight hours. In comparison vitamin K2 has a longer half-life of up to 72 hours, meaning it remains biologically active in the body for longer.
What bacteria produces vitamin K?
Menaquinones are the naturally occurring form of vitamin K identified in bacteria. Lipid extracts were made from three bacteria originally isolated from the human neonatal gut and identified as Enterobacter agglomerans, Serratia marcescens and Enterococcus faecium.
What is the relationship between the liver and vitamin K?
Vitamin K is a fat-soluble vitamin, so your body stores it in fat tissue and the liver. It is best known for its role in helping blood clot, or coagulate, properly.
Does vitamin K thicken your blood?
Vitamin K helps your blood to clot (thicken to stop bleeding). Warfarin works by making it harder for your body to use vitamin K to clot blood. Changes in the amount of vitamin K that you normally eat can affect how warfarin works.
Do you need vitamin K with vitamin D?
Vitamins D and K are both fat-soluble vitamins and play a central role in calcium metabolism. Vitamin D promotes the production of vitamin K-dependent proteins, which require vitamin K for carboxylation in order to function properly.
Can too much vitamin K cause blood clots?
Since the primary deficiency disease associated with vitamin K is bleeding due to impaired blood clotting, it is often thought that high intake of vitamin K may increase thrombosis risk. This is evidently not true.
Does vitamin K thicken your blood?
Vitamin K helps your blood to clot (thicken to stop bleeding). Warfarin works by making it harder for your body to use vitamin K to clot blood. Changes in the amount of vitamin K that you normally eat can affect how warfarin works.
Is vitamin K2 the same as vitamin K?
Vitamin K is actually a group of compounds. The most important of these compounds appears to be vitamin K1 and vitamin K2. Vitamin K1 is obtained from leafy greens and some other vegetables. Vitamin K2 is a group of compounds largely obtained from meats, cheeses, and eggs, and synthesized by bacteria.
Where is vitamin K found?
Vitamin K is found throughout the body including the liver, brain, heart, pancreas, and bone. It is broken down very quickly and excreted in urine or stool. Because of this, it rarely reaches toxic levels in the body even with high intakes, as may sometimes occur with other fat-soluble vitamins.
What is the role of vitamin K in the body?
Vitamin K helps to make various proteins that are needed for blood clotting and the building of bones. Prothrombin is a vitamin K-dependent protein directly involved with blood clotting. Osteocalcin is another protein that requires vitamin K to produce healthy bone tissue. Vitamin K is found throughout the body including the liver, brain, heart, ...
What is the main vitamin in green leafy vegetables?
Vitamin K. Vitamin K is a fat-soluble vitamin that comes in two forms. The main type is called phylloquinone, found in green leafy vegetables like collard greens, kale, and spinach. The other type, menaquinones, are found in some animal foods and fermented foods.
How much vitamin K is needed for a 19 year old?
The AI amount is estimated to ensure nutritional adequacy. For adults 19 years and older, the AI for vitamin K is 120 micrograms (mcg) daily for men and 90 mcg for women and for those who are pregnant or lactating.
Does vitamin K help with hip fractures?
Some studies have shown that higher vitamin K intakes are associated with a lower incidence of hip fractures and low bone density. In addition, low blood levels of vitamin K have been linked with low bone density. [2] . A report from the Nurses’ Health Study suggests that women who get at least 110 mcg of vitamin K a day are 30% less likely ...
Does vitamin K help with blood clots?
People who are prescribed anticoagulants (also called blood thinners) to prevent blood clots from forming in the heart, lung, or legs are often informed about vitamin K. Because of its blood clotting action, vitamin K has the potential to counteract the effects of blood thinning medications.
Can vitamin K cause bleeding?
The limited amount of blood clotting proteins at birth increases the risk of bleeding in infants if they are not given vitamin K supplements. The following are the most common signs of a deficiency. A longer time for blood to clot or a prolonged prothrombin time (as measured in a physician’s office) Bleeding.
How does vitamin K work?
Within the cell, vitamin K participates in a cyclic process . The vitamin undergoes electron reduction to a reduced form called vitamin K hydroquinone, catalyzed by the enzyme vitamin K epoxide reductase (VKOR). Another enzyme then oxidizes vitamin K hydroquinone to allow carboxylation of Glu to Gla; this enzyme is called gamma-glutamyl carboxylase or the vitamin K–dependent carboxylase. The carboxylation reaction only proceeds if the carboxylase enzyme is able to oxidize vitamin K hydroquinone to vitamin K epoxide at the same time. The carboxylation and epoxidation reactions are said to be coupled. Vitamin K epoxide is then restored to vitamin K by VKOR. The reduction and subsequent reoxidation of vitamin K coupled with carboxylation of Glu is called the vitamin K cycle. Humans are rarely deficient in vitamin K because, in part, vitamin K 2 is continuously recycled in cells.
Where is vitamin K absorbed?
Absorption. Vitamin K is absorbed through the jejunum and ileum in the small intestine. The process requires bile and pancreatic juices. Estimates for absorption are on the order of 80% for vitamin K 1 in its free form (as a dietary supplement) but much lower when present in foods.
What is the family of vitamin K?
Chemically, the vitamin K family comprises 2- methyl - 1,4-naphthoquinone (3-) derivatives. Vitamin K includes two natural vitamers: vitamin K 1 ( phylloquinone) and vitamin K 2 ( menaquinone ). Vitamin K 2, in turn, consists of a number of related chemical subtypes, with differing lengths of carbon side chains made of isoprenoid groups of atoms. The two most studied ones are menaquinone-4 (MK-4) and menaquinone-7 (MK-7).
How does vitamin K affect newborns?
Vitamin K is given as an injection to newborns to prevent vitamin K deficiency bleeding. The blood clotting factors of newborn babies are roughly 30–60% that of adult values; this appears to be a consequence of poor transfer of the vitamin across the placenta, and thus low fetal plasma vitamin K. Occurrence of vitamin K deficiency bleeding in the first week of the infant's life is estimated at 0.25–1.7%, with a prevalence of 2–10 cases per 100,000 births. Human milk contains 0.85–9.2 μg/L (median 2.5 μg/L) of vitamin K 1, while infant formula is formulated in range of 24–175 μg/L. Late onset bleeding, with onset 2 to 12 weeks after birth, can be a consequence of exclusive breastfeeding, especially if there was no preventive treatment. Late onset prevalence reported at 35 cases per 100,000 live births in infants who had not received prophylaxis at or shortly after birth. Vitamin K deficiency bleeding occurs more frequently in the Asian population compared to the Caucasian population.
What is the function of vitamin K in animals?
It is active as a vitamin in animals and performs the classic functions of vitamin K, including its activity in the production of blood-clotting proteins. Animals may also convert it to vitamin K 2, variant MK-4. Bacteria in the gut flora can also convert K 1 into MK-4.
How much vitamin K is in milk?
Human milk contains 0.85–9.2 μg/L (median 2.5 μg/L) of vitamin K 1, while infant formula is formulated in range of 24–175 μg/L. Late onset bleeding, with onset 2 to 12 weeks after birth, can be a consequence of exclusive breastfeeding, especially if there was no preventive treatment.
What happens if you don't take vitamin K?
Without vitamin K, blood coagulation is seriously impaired, and uncontrolled bleeding occurs. Research suggests that deficiency of vitamin K may also weaken bones, potentially contributing to osteoporosis, and may promote calcification of arteries and other soft tissues.
Where is vitamin K found?
USDA Nutrient Lists for vitamin K as either: Phylloquinone, the form of vitamin K found in green leafy vegetables, listed by food or by content, or. Menaquinone, a form of vitamin K found in fermented foods and foods that come from animals, listed by food or by content.
What is vitamin K?
Vitamin K is found in multivitamin/multimineral supplements. Vitamin K is also available in supplements of vitamin K alone or of vitamin K with a few other nutrients such as calcium, magnesium, and/or vitamin D. Common forms of vitamin K in dietary supplements are phylloquinone and phytonadione (also called vitamin K1), menaquinone-4, ...
What conditions decrease the amount of vitamin K?
People with conditions (such as cystic fibrosis, celiac disease, ulcerative colitis, and short bowel syndrome) that decrease the amount of vitamin K their body absorbs. People who have had bariatric (weight loss) surgery.
Why does vitamin K cause bruising?
Severe vitamin K deficiency can cause bruising and bleeding problems because the blood will take longer to clot. Vitamin K deficiency might reduce bone strength and increase the risk of getting osteoporosis because the body needs vitamin K for healthy bones.
What foods are good for vitamin K?
You can get recommended amounts of vitamin K by eating a variety of foods, including the following: Green leafy vegetables, such as spinach, kale, broccoli, and lettuce. Vegetable oils. Some fruits, such as blueberries and figs. Meat, cheese, eggs, and soybeans.
Why is vitamin K important?
Vitamin K is a nutrient that the body needs to stay healthy. It’s important for blood clotting and healthy bones and also has other functions in the body. If you are taking a blood thinner such as warfarin (Coumadin®), it’s very important to get about the same amount of vitamin K each day.
Can you get enough vitamin K?
Vitamin K deficiency is very rare. Most people in the United States get enough vitamin K from the foods they eat. Also, bacteria in the colon make some vitamin K that the body can absorb. However, certain groups of people may have trouble getting enough vitamin K: Newborns who don’t receive an injection of vitamin K at birth.
Where does vitamin K come from?
In fact, up to 90% of our dietary vitamin K comes in this form, and within that 90%, over half comes from vegetables— especially green leafy vegetables. Many different types of bacteria in our intestines can make vitamin K in the form of menaquinones.
Where does the vitamin K cycle occur?
A vitamin K cycle exists in the endoplasmic reticulum of liver cell. Continue Reading. Vitamin K is very important element which is needed for blood clotting, can be derived from plants, bacteria, and animal tissues.
What is vitamin K?
Contrary to some previous s. Continue Reading. Vitamin K is a fat-soluble vitamin which plays a vital role in blood clotting. There are several forms of vitamin K, one synthesized by plants, one synthesized by animals (including humans) and a large range of types synthesized by bacteria in the small intestine of humans.
Why is vitamin K important for neonates?
Neonates are at high risk for vitamin K deficiency due to the relatively low passage of vitamin K across the placenta, the sterility of the newborn intestinal tract, and the lack of vitamin K in breast milk. Vitamin K is required for blood clotting and is important in bone formation also.
What is the role of vitamin K in the body?
Vitamin K is an important nutrient that plays a vital role in blood clotting and bone and heart health. While vitamin K deficiency is rare, less than optimal intake may impair your health over time. Inadequate intake may cause bleeding, weaken your bones and potentially increase your risk of developing heart disease .
What are the two types of vitamin K?
All types of vitamin K fall into a large chemical category of substances called naphthoquinones. Within this naphthoquinone category, there are two basic types of vitamin K. The first type, called phylloquinones, is made by plants. The second basic type, called menaquinones, is made by bacteria.
How many vitamins are needed for humans?
Note: Vitamin C can be synthesized by most animals except humans, monkeys, guinea pigs, indian fruit bats. Continue Reading. There are total 14 vitamins that are essentially required in humans. On the basis of their solubility, these vitamins have been classified into two main groups.
What is the primary form of vitamin K?
Vitamin K is an essential vitamin that supports blood clotting and healthy bones. It occurs in two forms, K-1 and K-2. Vitamin K-1 is the primary form, and it mainly comes from leafy green vegetables. Vitamin K-2 occurs in animal proteins and fermented foods. The bacteria in the human gut also produce small quantities of K-2.
What is the role of vitamin K in the body?
Functions. The body needs both types of vitamin K to produce prothrombin, a protein that plays crucial roles in blood clotting, bone metabolism, and heart health. Vitamin K also helps facilitate energy production in the mitochondria of cells. Vitamin K-1 is primarily involved in blood coagulation.
What are the different types of vitamin K?
The types of vitamin K commonly available in dietary supplements include#N#Trusted Source#N#: 1 vitamin K-1, as either phylloquinone or a synthetic form called phytonadione 2 vitamin K-2, as either MK-4 or MK-7
What is the risk of vitamin K deficiency?
Newborns and people with certain gastrointestinal disorders, such as celiac disease and ulcerative colitis, have a higher risk of vitamin K deficiency. A severe deficiency increases the time it takes for the blood to clot, making a person more prone to bruising and bleeding and increasing the risk of hemorrhage.
Which vitamin is primarily involved in blood coagulation?
Vitamin K-1 is primarily involved in blood coagulation. K-2 may have a more diverse range of functions in the body.
Does butter help absorb vitamin K?
Vitamin K is fat-soluble, so eating dietary fats, such as butter or plant oils, may enhance the body’s absorption of vitamin K-1 from plants. Bacteria in the gut can synthesize vitamin K-1 into vitamin K-2. Also, fermented foods, meat, and dairy products contain modest amounts of vitamin K-2.
Which vitamin has isoprenoid side chains?
Vitamins K-1 and K-2 have different chemical structures. Both types have a phytyl side chain, but K-2 also has isoprenoid side chains.
Where can I find vitamin K?
Vitamin K is a vitamin found in leafy green vegetables, broccoli, and Brussels sprouts. The name vitamin K comes from the German word "Koagulationsvitamin.". Several forms of vitamin K are used around the world as medicine. Vitamin K1 ( phytonadione) and vitamin K2 (menaquinone) are available in North America.
What is vitamin K1?
Vitamin K1 ( phytonadione ) and vitamin K2 (menaquinone) are available in North America. Other forms of vitamin K, including vitamin K3 and K4, are not available in North America. Vitamin K is most commonly used for blood clotting problems or for reversing the blood thinning effects of warfarin.
How does it work ?
Vitamin K is an essential vitamin that is needed by the body for blood clotting and other important processes.
Does vitamin K1 reduce the risk of heart disease?
Heart disease. Higher dietary intake of vitamin K1 and K2 is not linked with a reduced risk of dying from heart disease. It also doesn't seem to reduce the risk for stroke or heart attack. But vitamin K may reduce the narrowing of blood vessels around the heart.
Does vitamin K help with bleeding?
Bleeding into or around the fluid-filled areas (ventricles) of the brain (intraventricular hemorrhage). Giving vitamin K to women at risk for very preterm births does not seem to prevent bleeding in the brain of preterm infants. It also doesn't seem to reduce the risk of nerve injury caused by these bleeds.
Does vitamin K2 cause cataracts?
Cataracts. Some research has linked a higher food intake of vitamin K2 with a lower risk of getting cataracts.
Does K2 help with athletic performance?
Athletic performance. Early research suggests that taking vitamin K2 by mouth might improve exercise performance by increasing the work of the heart.
Overview
Vitamin K refers to structurally similar, fat-soluble vitamers found in foods and marketed as dietary supplements. The human body requires vitamin K for post-synthesis modification of certain proteins that are required for blood coagulation (K from Koagulation, German for "coagulation") or for controlling binding of calcium in bones and other tissues. The complete synthesis involves final mo…
Definition
Vitamin K refers to structurally similar, fat-soluble vitamers found in foods and marketed as dietary supplements. "Vitamin K" include several chemical compounds. These are similar in structure in that they share a quinone ring, but differ in the length and degree of saturation of the carbon tail and the number of repeating isoprene units in the side chain (see figures in Chemistry section). Plant-sourced forms are primarily vitamin K1. Animal-sourced foods are primarily vita…
Dietary recommendations
The US National Academy of Medicine does not distinguish between K1 and K2 – both are counted as vitamin K. When recommendations were last updated in 1998, sufficient information was not available to establish an estimated average requirement or recommended dietary allowance, terms that exist for most vitamins. In instances such as these, the academy defines adequate intakes (AIs) as amounts that appear to be sufficient to maintain good health, with the understanding th…
Vitamin deficiency
Because vitamin K aids mechanisms for blood clotting, its deficiency may lead to reduced blood clotting, and in severe cases, can result in reduced clotting, increased bleeding, and increased prothrombin time.
Normal diets are usually not deficient in vitamin K, indicating that deficiency is uncommon in healthy children and adults. An exception may be infants who are at an increased risk of deficien…
Medical uses
Vitamin K is given as an injection to newborns to prevent vitamin K deficiency bleeding. The blood clotting factors of newborn babies are roughly 30–60% that of adult values; this appears to be a consequence of poor transfer of the vitamin across the placenta, and thus low fetal plasma vitamin K. Occurrence of vitamin K deficiency bleeding in the first week of the infant's life is estimated at 0.25–1.7%, with a prevalence of 2–10 cases per 100,000 births. Human milk contain…
Non-human uses
Forms not found in nature, and thus not "vitamins", are menadione and 4-amino-2-methyl-1-naphthol ("K5"). Menadione, a synthetic compound sometimes referred to as vitamin K3, is used in the pet food industry because once consumed it is converted to vitamin K2. The US Food and Drug Administration has banned this form from sale as a human dietary supplement because large doses have been shown to cause allergic reactions, hemolytic anemia, and cytotoxicity in liver cell…
Chemistry
The structure of phylloquinone, Vitamin K1, is marked by the presence of a phytyl sidechain. Vitamin K1 has an (E) trans double bond responsible for its biological activity, and two chiral centers on the phytyl sidechain. Vitamin K1 appears as a yellow viscous liquid at room temperature due to its absorption of violet light in the UV-Vis Spectra. The structures of menaquinones, vitamin K2, …
The structure of phylloquinone, Vitamin K1, is marked by the presence of a phytyl sidechain. Vitamin K1 has an (E) trans double bond responsible for its biological activity, and two chiral centers on the phytyl sidechain. Vitamin K1 appears as a yellow viscous liquid at room temperature due to its absorption of violet light in the UV-Vis Spectra. The structures of menaquinones, vitamin K2, …
Physiology
In animals, vitamin K is involved in the carboxylation of certain glutamate residues in proteins to form gamma-carboxyglutamate (Gla) residues. The modified residues are often (but not always) situated within specific protein domains called Gla domains. Gla residues are usually involved in binding calcium, and are essential for the biological activity of all known Gla proteins.
17 human proteins with Gla domains have been discovered; they play key roles in the regulation …