What is a Chapter 11 bankruptcy discharge?
The discharge is usually the main objective of filing the Chapter 11 bankruptcy and is the end of your case.
How long does it take for bankruptcy to discharge?
How Long Does it Take for Bankruptcy to Discharge? Why Choose Us? How Long Does it Take for Bankruptcy to Discharge? How Long Does it Take for Bankruptcy to Discharge? It depends upon which type of bankruptcy you file. For Chapter 7 bankruptcy, debts are discharged about 120 days after filing.
How long does a Chapter 11 bankruptcy hearing last?
This is scheduled about thirty to forty-five days after the filing of your case. This is a public hearing that will give your creditors an opportunity to question you under oath regarding your bankruptcy petition. In Chapter 11 cases it generally lasts one to two hours.
How long does it take to get a Chapter 7 discharge?
In a chapter 7 (liquidation) case, for example, the court usually grants the discharge promptly on expiration of the time fixed for filing a complaint objecting to discharge and the time fixed for filing a motion to dismiss the case for substantial abuse (60 days following the first date set for the 341 meeting).
How long can a Chapter 11 case last?
How does Chapter 11 bankruptcy work?
What is the role of a trustee in a chapter 11 case?
How long does a debtor stay in possession?
How long does it take to file a small business plan?
What chapter is railroad reorganization?
What happens after a disclosure statement is approved?
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What happens after Chapter 11 plan is confirmed?
Once a plan is confirmed in a Chapter 11 business bankruptcy case, all the debtor's dischargeable debt is forgiven. In the case of individual bankruptcy cases, dischargeable debt is only forgiven after the debtor completes all their payments under the reorganization plan.
How does a company get out of Chapter 11?
In Chapter 7, everything would be liquidated by an appointed case trustee.) Indeed, many Chapter 11 cases these days end with a company selling off its intellectual property — in essence, its brand name and assets like its customer database — to a private equity firm or a competitor, especially in the retail world.
Can Chapter 11 be paid off early?
The Article concludes that an individual chapter 11 debtor may obtain a early discharge: (1) upon confirmation of a reorganization plan where the debtor has paid unsecured creditors before confirmation, or where necessary to keep important customers or to obtain financing to pay unsecured creditors, or (2) after plan ...
How long do bankruptcies take to discharge?
Since a chapter 12 or chapter 13 plan may provide for payments to be made over three to five years, the discharge typically occurs about four years after the date of filing.
What happens at the end of Chapter 11?
During a Chapter 11 bankruptcy, businesses usually retain possession and control of their assets under the supervision of a bankruptcy court. Filing for Chapter 11 suspends all judgments, collection activities, foreclosures, and repossessions of property against the filing business.
What kind of discharge is a Chapter 11?
This is a Director's Bankruptcy Form. Director's Bankruptcy Forms are issued under Bankruptcy Rule 9009 by the Director of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts.
What are the disadvantages of Chapter 11?
The Disadvantages of Chapter 11 BankruptcyLoss of Privacy. ... Financial Record-Keeping & Reporting Requirements. ... Profitability Requirements. ... Some Loss of Control Over Business Operations. ... Restrictions on Compensation of Debtor's Insiders. ... Possible Loss of Shareholder Control. ... The Cost.
Does Chapter 11 wipe out all debt?
Does a Chapter 11 bankruptcy erase a business's debts? Not exactly. Creditors often have to accept less under a court-approved reorganization plan. But the idea is for the business to keep earning money so it can pay back as much as possible.
Does the trustee monitor your bank account?
The trustee is entitled to audit your bank accounts. It may happen randomly, or it may happen because you've tipped off the trustee's suspicions. If they think you're committing any kind of fraud, you may expect them to take a closer look at your assets.
Can you keep a credit card in Chapter 11?
In a Nutshell Unfortunately, there's no way to keep a credit card, no matter the reason. If you owe a balance on the credit card, you have to list it as a debt. The debt will be discharged and the account closed by the creditor.
Are Chapter 11 bankruptcies successful?
While Chapter 11 bankruptcies may appear to be a lot more successful than Chapter 7 situations, history shows that most companies entering Chapter 11 don't survive either. Less than 10% of Chapter 11 filings have actually been successful.
What can you not do after filing bankruptcies?
After you file for bankruptcy protection, your creditors can't call you, or try to collect payment from you for medical bills, credit card debts, personal loans, unsecured debts, or other types of debt.
How long after meeting of creditors is discharge?
60 daysThe Court enters an order discharging individual Debtors after all requirements are met, but no sooner than the last day to object to the Debtor's Discharge. This is usually 60 days after the 1st setting of the 341 Meeting of Creditors unless a motion is filed with the court to extend that time.
How do I remove a discharge from my credit report?
Thus, where a creditor has the ability to change the credit report, the best practice is to change the reporting upon discharge or, at the latest, as soon as the creditor receives such a request from the debtor by either deleting the debt or specifically reporting the debt as discharged in bankruptcy.
Can court reject Chapter 11?
While the Bankruptcy Court does not propose the plan or dictate its contents, the Bankruptcy Court can deny confirmation even if creditors vote overwhelmingly to approve the plan. If the creditors vote to reject the plan or the Bankruptcy Court denies confirmation, the debtor must begin again.
Do vendors get paid in Chapter 11?
In a Chapter 11 case, you may be able to obtain payment for some or all goods and services provided to the customer before the bankruptcy filing if the customer considers you a "critical vendor" and obtains bankruptcy court authority to pay critical vendors.
Is it better to file a Chapter 7 or 11?
Chapter 7 is a “liquidation” bankruptcy that doesn't require a repayment plan but does require you to sell some assets to pay creditors. Chapter 11 is a “reorganization” bankruptcy for businesses that allows them to maintain day-to-day operations while creating a plan to repay creditors.
Can you reenlist after a Chapter 11?
If you have a code of RE 1, you can reenlist easily. If your code is RE 2, you can still reenlist, but there are some restrictions. For instance, whatever issue caused the discharge in the first place must be resolved. A code of RE 3 means you need a waiver to reenlist.
How long does chaptering out of the army take?
This takes place within 7 working days from receipt of Chapter, depending on number of chapters received. Soldier will come in with escort (if involuntary chapter) and in military uniform at the scheduled time with ID card and clearing papers.
Is failure to adapt an honorable discharge?
General Discharge Under Honorable Conditions General discharges under honorable conditions may occur for several reasons. A service member who receives a general discharge may have served well in some areas but still demonstrated misconduct or an inability to adapt to the military environment.
What happens to the employees when a company files Chapter 11?
Under this classification of bankruptcy, when an organization owes employees' wages, the employees then become creditors of the bankrupt company. As with other creditors, employees who are owed wages share in the remaining assets of bankrupt employer.
What happens to stock when a company files Chapter 11?
Under Chapter 11, stockholders will cease to receive dividends and the appointed trustee may ask that stocks are returned in order to be replaced with shares in the reorganized company. However, you may also receive fewer shares, the value of which is worth less than the original stocks.
What happens to pension when company files Chapter 11?
A Chapter 11 (reorganization) usually means that the company continues in business under the court's protection while attempting to reorganize its financial affairs. A Chapter 11 bankruptcy may or may not affect your pension or health plan. In some cases, plans continue to exist throughout the reorganization process.
Why do firms file for Chapter 11?
Companies choose to file Chapter 11 because its long-term revenues will be higher than the liquidation value of the assets. This way, creditors can get more money back if they allow the debtor business to reorganize and work out a payment plan.
Chapter 11 Bankruptcy Filings: Free Bankruptcy Case Lookup
Chapter 11 bankruptcy filings are public documents, but they're not readily available to the general public. We have compiled a database of all Chapter 11 filings in the United States since 2020.
The Timeline for a Chapter 11 Bankruptcy Proceeding
Click here for a printable version of the timeline.. Other dates will be set by the bankruptcy court in connection with specific requests filed by the debtor or by interested parties. If you may be affected by the request, you will be given notice and a deadline will be set for you to respond to the request if you wish to be heard by the court.
Chapter 11 - Understanding How Ch. 11 Bankruptcy Works
Chapter 11 Bankruptcy. Chapter 11 bankruptcy is a legal process that involves the reorganization of a debtor’s debts and assets. It is available to individuals, sole proprietorships, partnerships, and corporations.It is most commonly used by corporations.
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How long does it take for a debt to be discharged in Chapter 11?
Instead, the debtor gets a discharge after substantial completion of the plan, which could be five years after the plan has been confirmed. The list of debts that are not dischargeable in Chapter 11 for individuals or married couples, is the same as the list ...
How long does a bankruptcy debtor have to pay in Chapter 11?
The Bankruptcy Code requires a debtor in a Chapter 11 Subchapter V case — which is available to an individual who owns a small business — to make payments equal to the disposable monthly income for at least three years, and up to five years.
Why doesn't a debtor sell an asset before filing for Chapter 11?
Time can be a crucial factor. For example, if a creditor has scheduled a foreclosure sale of the asset , there might be insufficient time for the debtor to sell it prepetition. And even if there were enough time to conduct a sale , a buyer may be reluctant to purchase the asset from the debtor when it could buy the asset for a lower price in the foreclosure sale.
What is a partial liquidation in Chapter 11?
In a partial liquidation the plan contains a provision that funds the plan through the liquidation of a particular asset. If the Court approves the sale, then the asset is liquidated in an auction conducted in the Bankruptcy Court. In sum, a Chapter 11, a partial liquidation could lead ...
What debts can be discharged in Chapter 11 bankruptcy?
In that case, the only debt that isn’t discharged is a nondischargeable tax debt. Other debts are discharged. On the other hand, in a Chapter 11 for an individual or a married couple, ...
How to contact Chapter 11 bankruptcy?
For more information on Chapter 11 bankruptcy, or a Subchapter V Chapter 11 bankruptcy, call (562) 777-9159 for a free 20 minute phone strategy session today. No pressure. We’re friendly and easy to talk to.
How long does a Chapter 11 case last?
On the other hand, a Chapter 11 case can stretch out for many years. An individual Chapter 11 case typically lasts for three to five years, though I have had cases lasting longer. In one of my recent cases, my client had an unsecured debt that had to be paid in full over the life of the plan, but the debt was too large to be paid in five years.
What is Chapter 13 discharge?
A slightly broader discharge of debts is available to a debtor in a chapter 13 case than in a chapter 7 case. Debts dischargeable in a chapter 13, but not in chapter 7, include debts for willful and malicious injury to property, debts incurred to pay non-dischargeable tax obligations, and debts arising from property settlements in divorce or separation proceedings. Although a chapter 13 debtor generally receives a discharge only after completing all payments required by the court-approved (i.e., "confirmed") repayment plan, there are some limited circumstances under which the debtor may request the court to grant a "hardship discharge" even though the debtor has failed to complete plan payments. Such a discharge is available only to a debtor whose failure to complete plan payments is due to circumstances beyond the debtor's control. The scope of a chapter 13 "hardship discharge" is similar to that in a chapter 7 case with regard to the types of debts that are excepted from the discharge. A hardship discharge also is available in chapter 12 if the failure to complete plan payments is due to "circumstances for which the debtor should not justly be held accountable."
What chapter is discharged in bankruptcy?
The bankruptcy discharge varies depending on the type of case a debtor files: chapter 7, 11, 12, or 13. Bankruptcy Basics attempts to answer some basic questions about the discharge available to individual debtors under all four chapters including:
When does the discharge occur?
The timing of the discharge varies, depending on the chapter under which the case is filed. In a chapter 7 (liquidation) case, for example, the court usually grants the discharge promptly on expiration of the time fixed for filing a complaint objecting to discharge and the time fixed for filing a motion to dismiss the case for substantial abuse (60 days following the first date set for the 341 meeting). Typically, this occurs about four months after the date the debtor files the petition with the clerk of the bankruptcy court. In individual chapter 11 cases, and in cases under chapter 12 (adjustment of debts of a family farmer or fisherman) and 13 (adjustment of debts of an individual with regular income), the court generally grants the discharge as soon as practicable after the debtor completes all payments under the plan. Since a chapter 12 or chapter 13 plan may provide for payments to be made over three to five years, the discharge typically occurs about four years after the date of filing. The court may deny an individual debtor's discharge in a chapter 7 or 13 case if the debtor fails to complete "an instructional course concerning financial management." The Bankruptcy Code provides limited exceptions to the "financial management" requirement if the U.S. trustee or bankruptcy administrator determines there are inadequate educational programs available, or if the debtor is disabled or incapacitated or on active military duty in a combat zone.
How does the debtor get a discharge?
Unless there is litigation involving objections to the discharge, the debtor will usually automatically receive a discharge. The Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure provide for the clerk of the bankruptcy court to mail a copy of the order of discharge to all creditors, the U.S. trustee, the trustee in the case, and the trustee's attorney, if any. The debtor and the debtor's attorney also receive copies of the discharge order. The notice, which is simply a copy of the final order of discharge, is not specific as to those debts determined by the court to be non-dischargeable, i.e., not covered by the discharge. The notice informs creditors generally that the debts owed to them have been discharged and that they should not attempt any further collection. They are cautioned in the notice that continuing collection efforts could subject them to punishment for contempt. Any inadvertent failure on the part of the clerk to send the debtor or any creditor a copy of the discharge order promptly within the time required by the rules does not affect the validity of the order granting the discharge.
Does the debtor have the right to a discharge or can creditors object to the discharge?
In chapter 7 cases, the debtor does not have an absolute right to a discharge. An objection to the debtor's discharge may be filed by a creditor, by the trustee in the case, or by the U.S. trustee. Creditors receive a notice shortly after the case is filed that sets forth much important information, including the deadline for objecting to the discharge. To object to the debtor's discharge, a creditor must file a complaint in the bankruptcy court before the deadline set out in the notice. Filing a complaint starts a lawsuit referred to in bankruptcy as an "adversary proceeding."
Can a debtor receive a second discharge in a later chapter 7 case?
The court will deny a discharge in a later chapter 7 case if the debtor received a dis charge under chapter 7 or chapter 11 in a case filed within eight years before the second petition is filed. The court will also deny a chapter 7 discharge if the debtor previously received a discharge in a chapter 12 or chapter 13 case filed within six years before the date of the filing of the second case unless (1) the debtor paid all "allowed unsecured" claims in the earlier case in full, or (2) the debtor made payments under the plan in the earlier case totaling at least 70 percent of the allowed unsecured claims and the debtor's plan was proposed in good faith and the payments represented the debtor's best effort. A debtor is ineligible for discharge under chapter 13 if he or she received a prior discharge in a chapter 7, 11, or 12 case filed four years before the current case or in a chapter 13 case filed two years before the current case.
What can the debtor do if a creditor attempts to collect a discharged debt after the case is concluded?
If a creditor attempts collection efforts on a discharged debt, the debtor can file a motion with the court, reporting the action and asking that the case be reopened to address the matter . The bankruptcy court will often do so to ensure that the discharge is not violated. The discharge constitutes a permanent statutory injunction prohibiting creditors from taking any action, including the filing of a lawsuit, designed to collect a discharged debt. A creditor can be sanctioned by the court for violating the discharge injunction. The normal sanction for violating the discharge injunction is civil contempt, which is often punishable by a fine.
How to file Chapter 11?
The Chapter 11 Petition. You must prepare your petition by completing a list of all of your (or your company's) assets, debts, income, and expenses along with a summary of your financial affairs. Once you have completed this task and reviewed all of the documents for accuracy, you can file your petition with bankruptcy clerk's office.
What is discharge in bankruptcy?
The discharge is usually the main objective of filing the Chapter 11 bankruptcy and is the end of your case.
How long does a bankruptcy hearing last?
This is scheduled about thirty to forty-five days after the filing of your case. This is a public hearing that will give your creditors an opportunity to question you under oath regarding your bankruptcy petition. In Chapter 11 cases it generally lasts one to two hours.
What is a cramdown in a reorganization?
If a creditor doesn't like how it's treated in your plan, you can file a motion asking the judge to force the creditor to accept the plan. If the judge does force the creditor to accept the plan, this is called a cramdown.
What are the operating reports for Chapter 11?
During your Chapter 11 bankruptcy case, you must prepare and file with the court monthly operating reports. These reports reflect your income and expenses for that particular month. The reports are available to your creditors, the court, and the United States Trustee. The reports allow these entities to assess whether or not they think your proposed plan of reorganization will be feasible. Since feasibility is required to get your plan approved by the judge, you should pay close attention to your monthly operating reports. Most debtors find it advantageous to obtain court permission to pay an accountant to complete these.
Do you have to attend an initial debtor interview?
Many debtors will be required to attend an initial debtor interview. This is an opportunity for the United States Trustee to meet with the debtor to learn some preliminary information about the case and make sure the debtor understands its responsibilities.
Do you have to attend a 341 meeting of creditors?
Many debtors will be required to attend an initial debtor interview. This is an opportunity for the United States Trustee to meet with the debtor to learn some preliminary information about the case and make sure the debtor understands its responsibilities. After that, you must attend the 341 meeting of creditors.
What is Chapter 11 bankruptcy?
Chapter 11 is the section of the bankruptcy code that allows businesses to reorganize their debts. It typically involves large sums of money, but individuals can also use it. They rarely do since Chapter 7 and Chapter 13 are usually quicker and cheaper. In fact, in the 12-month period that ended Sept.
How long does it take to file for bankruptcy?
There is no time limit on completing the repayment plan. Most take between six months and two years. The Chapter 11 filing fee is $1,717, but that’s just the start since Chapter 11 bankruptcies are usually complicated.
Why do people choose Chapter 11?
So why would an individual choose Chapter 11? It’s a viable option if they A) don’t want to liquidate all their assets in Chapter 7, or B) have too much debt to qualify for a reorganization plan under Chapter 13.
How long does it take for a business to file for reorganization?
Once filed, creditors are temporarily prohibited from taking any action. The business or individual has four months to come up with a reorganization plan, though that can be extended to 18 months. After that, creditors can propose reorganization plans.
Why do businesses choose Chapter 13?
But most businesses choose Chapter 13 since it is simpler and less expensive. Unlike Chapter 11, a trustee is always appointed in a Chapter 13 case. He or she reviews the proposed reorganization plan and makes recommendations to the court on how to proceed.
How many classes of creditors are there in bankruptcy?
There are three classes of creditors – priority, secured and unsecured. They must vote in favor for it to be approved by bankruptcy court.
What happens when a business files for bankruptcy?
Once a business or individual files the plan, creditors vote whether to accept it. They are usually cooperative since the next option is usually filing for a Chapter 7 bankruptcy. In Chapter 7, assets are liquidated and creditors could get little or nothing.
How Long Does it Take for Chapter 13 Bankruptcy to Discharge?
Chapter 13 bankruptcies have a longer timeline because they involve payment plans. Similar to Chapter 7, a meeting of the creditors must be held within 60 days of filing for Chapter 13 bankruptcy. Regular creditors have 90 days to file claims in your case and government creditors have 180 days. However, you have to file a repayment plan within two weeks of filing your Chapter 13 petition and you must begin making payments within 30 days of filing – even though the repayment plan won’t have been approved. The judge will rule on your repayment plan no later than 45 days after the meeting of creditors.
How long does it take to get discharged from Chapter 7 bankruptcy?
For Chapter 7 bankruptcy, debts are discharged about 120 days after filing. For Chapter 13 bankruptcy, eligible debts are discharged once you complete your payment plan – either in three years or in five years. Given that the goal of bankruptcy is to get a financial fresh start, it makes sense to wonder when that fresh start will occur.
What is Chapter 7 bankruptcy?
Chapter 7 bankruptcy is a process that liquidates your assets and repays your creditors to the extent possible. Once you file for Chapter 7 bankruptcy, a meeting of creditors is scheduled.
How long does it take to file a Chapter 13 claim?
Regular creditors have 90 days to file claims in your case and government creditors have 180 days. However, you have to file a repayment plan within two weeks of filing your Chapter 13 petition and you must begin making payments within 30 days of filing – even though the repayment plan won’t have been approved.
How long does it take for a bankruptcy to be filed?
In this best case scenario, it takes between 81 days and 150 days for a discharge to occur. If a creditor objects to discharge or if your petition is denied ...
How long does it take for a judge to rule on a debt repayment plan?
The judge will rule on your repayment plan no later than 45 days after the meeting of creditors. The length of your payment plan will be either three years – if your income is at or below your state’s median for a family of your size – or five years, if your income exceeds the median.
What is the goal of bankruptcy?
Given that the goal of bankruptcy is to get a financial fresh start, it makes sense to wonder when that fresh start will occur.
What happens when you file a Chapter 11 petition?
Upon the filing of a voluntary petition for Chapter 11 relief, you automatically assume the identity of “debtor in possession.” The debtor remains a deb tor in possession until his or her reorganization plan is confirmed, until the case is dismissed or converted to Chapter 7, or until a Chapter 11 trustee is appointed. Note the appointment or election of a trustee occurs only in a small number of cases. Generally, the debtor in possession operates the business and performs many of the functions that a trustee performs in cases under other chapters.
What is the availability of discharge in bankruptcy?
Ultimately, the availability of discharge depends on the Chapter under which the bankruptcy proceedings are conducted (Chapter 11 in the case of most businesses), and whether the debtor is a person or organization. One rule which applies in all Chapters is that a debtor guilty of misconduct during the course of the bankruptcy proceeding will be denied discharge.
What are non dischargeable debts?
The most common types of non-dischargeable debts include certain types of tax claims, debts not included by the debtor on the lists and schedules the debtor must file with the court, debts to governmental units for fines and penalties, debts for most government-funded or guaranteed educational loans or benefit overpayments, debts for personal injury caused by the debtor’s operation of a motor vehicle while intoxicated, and debts for certain condominium or cooperative housing fees.
What is discharged debt?
Discharged debts (i.e., old debts that a debtor is no longer required by law to pay) offer business owners a chance to start over. Most, but not all, debts incurred prior to declaring bankruptcy are dischargeable, including business debts, back rent, and credit card bills. The discharge operates as a permanent order to the debtor’s creditors ...
How long does it take for a business to file for bankruptcy?
Businesses seeking the protection of Chapter 11 usually face a four-month process as their debt is addressed with creditors. Once the Chapter 11 bankruptcy plan is complete, the business emerges from the proceeding and continues operations.
Is a Chapter 11 case considered a small business?
If a debtor qualifies and elects to be considered a small business, the case is put on a “fast track” and treated differently than a regular chapter 11 case. For example, the appointment of a creditors’ committee and a separate hearing to approve the disclosure statement are not mandatory.
How long can a Chapter 11 case last?
A chapter 11 case may continue for many years unless the court, the U.S. trustee, the committee, or another party in interest acts to ensure the case's timely resolution. The creditors' right to file a competing plan provides incentive for the debtor to file a plan within the exclusivity period and acts as a check on excessive delay in the case.
How does Chapter 11 bankruptcy work?
A chapter 11 case begins with the filing of a petition with the bankruptcy court serving the area where the debtor has a domicile, residence, or principal place of business . A petition may be a voluntary petition, which is filed by the debtor, or it may be an involuntary petition, which is filed by creditors that meet certain requirements. 11 U.S.C. §§ 301, 303. A voluntary petition must adhere to the format of Form B 101 of the Official Forms prescribed by the Judicial Conference of the United States. Unless the court orders otherwise, the debtor also must file with the court:
What is the role of a trustee in a chapter 11 case?
The U.S. trustee plays a major role in monitoring the progress of a chapter 11 case and supervising its administration. The U.S. trustee is responsible for monitoring the debtor in possession's operation of the business and the submission of operating reports and fees. Additionally, the U.S. trustee monitors applications for compensation and reimbursement by professionals, plans and disclosure statements filed with the court, and creditors' committees. The U.S. trustee conducts a meeting of the creditors, often referred to as the "section 341 meeting," in a chapter 11 case. 11 U.S.C. § 341. The U.S. trustee and creditors may question the debtor under oath at the section 341 meeting concerning the debtor's acts, conduct, property, and the administration of the case.
How long does a debtor stay in possession?
A debtor will remain a debtor in possession until the debtor's plan of reorganization is confirmed, the debtor's case is dismissed or converted to chapter 7, or a chapter 11 trustee is appointed. The appointment or election of a trustee occurs only in a small number of cases.
How long does it take to file a small business plan?
In a small business case, only the debtor may file a plan during the first 180 days after the case is filed. 11 U.S.C. § 1121 (e).
What chapter is railroad reorganization?
Railroad reorganizations have specific requirements under subchapter IV of chapter 11 , which will not be addressed here. In addition, stock and commodity brokers are prohibited from filing under chapter 11 and are restricted to chapter 7. 11 U.S.C. § 109 (d).
What happens after a disclosure statement is approved?
After the disclosure statement is approved by the court and the ballots are collected and tallied, the court will conduct a confirmation hearing to determine whether to confirm the plan. 11 U.S.C. § 1128. In the case of individuals, chapter 11 bears some similarities to chapter 13.