What was the result of the Creek War of 1814?
Summer 1814: The Treaty of Ft. Jackson ends the Creek War. Under the terms of the treaty, the Creek Nation ceded nearly 22 million acres to the United States. Jackson justified the seizure of so much territory as payment for the expense of an “unprovoked, inhuman, and sanguinary” war.
What happened to the creeks after the Civil War?
For igniting the war, Jackson demanded 23 million acres of Creek land. The chiefs acquiesced and signed the terms on August 9. Many Creeks continued to reside in the Old Southwest for the next two decades until forcibly removed to the Indian Territory in the fall of 1836.
How did the Treaty of Fort Jackson affect the Creek Nation?
By Kathryn Braund, Auburn University. The Treaty of Fort Jackson ended the fighting of the Creek War, but began a series of negotiations between the Creek community and the U.S. Government for land, property, and monetary resources. Under the terms of the treaty, the Creek Nation ceded nearly 22 million acres to the United States.
What happened to the Creek tribe in 1813?
In 1813–14, when the Creek War with the United States took place, some towns fought with the white colonizers and some (the Red Sticks) against them. Upon defeat, the Creeks ceded 23,000,000 acres of land (half of Alabama and part of southern Georgia); they were forcibly removed to Indian Territory (now Oklahoma) in the 1830s.
When did the Creeks give up their land?
August 9, 1814On August 9, 1814, Major General Andrew Jackson, “Old Hickory,” signed the Treaty of Fort Jackson ending the Creek War. The agreement provided for the surrender of twenty-three million acres of Creek land to the United States.
How were the Creeks divided during the War of 1812?
The Creek Indians of Georgia and the eastern part of the Mississippi Territory had become divided into two factions: the Upper Creek (or Red Sticks), a majority who opposed American expansion and sided with the British and the colonial authorities of Spanish Florida during the War of 1812; and the Lower Creek, who were ...
What happened to the Creek after the War of 1812?
By the end of the war, the majority of Upper Creek people were homeless, and an estimated half of the population was either dead or seeking refuge in Spanish territory. Part of a series of articles titled American Indians and the War of 1812 .
How were the Creek affected by the War of 1812?
Creek War, (1813–14), war that resulted in U.S. victory over Creek Indians, who were British allies during the War of 1812, resulting in vast cession of their lands in Alabama and Georgia.
How did the Creek lose their land?
The Red Sticks attacked settlers and loyalist Creeks and the United States struck back with forces led by General Andrew Jackson. Ultimately the Red Sticks lost, and the war ended with the Treaty of Fort Jackson in 1814, which ceded 23 million acres of Creek land to the United States.
How many Creeks died in the Creek War?
Creek WarStrength7,0004,000Casualties and losses~584 killed, unknown wounded~1,597 killed, unknown wounded7 more rows
How much land did the Creeks lose after this war?
22 million acresThe Treaty of Fort Jackson ended the fighting of the Creek War, but began a series of negotiations between the Creek community and the U.S. Government for land, property, and monetary resources. Under the terms of the treaty, the Creek Nation ceded nearly 22 million acres to the United States.
What year did the forced removal of the Creek end?
Although Creeks continued to emigrate from Alabama in small, family-sized detachments into the 1840s and 1850s, government-sponsored removal ended officially in 1837 and 1838.
What occurred with the Creeks in terms of their removal?
Upon defeat, the Creeks ceded 23,000,000 acres of land (half of Alabama and part of southern Georgia); they were forcibly removed to Indian Territory (now Oklahoma) in the 1830s. There with the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, and Seminole, they constituted one of the Five Civilized Tribes.
Who attacked the Creeks in the War of 1812?
John Coffee with a mounted force to the Creek town of Tallushatchee. Coffee's men attacked and destroyed the town on November 3. Jackson followed up Coffee's victory six days later by attacking Talladega, held by Red Stick chief William Weatherford and earned another victory over the Creeks.
What ended the Creek War?
1813 – 1814Creek War / Period
Who did the Creek side with during the civil war?
"The Five Great Indian Nations: Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Seminole, and Creek: The Part They Played in Behalf of the Confederacy in the War Between the States." Chronicles of Oklahoma 29 (1951): 324–336.
What two groups were the Creeks divided in to?
There were two divisions of Creeks: the Muskogee (or Upper Creeks), settlers of the northern Creek territory; and the Hitchiti and Alabama, who had the same general traditions as the Upper Creeks but spoke a slightly different dialect and were known as the Lower Creeks.
Why did the Seminoles separate from the Creeks?
However, as English and later Americans attempted to deal with the Creek Confederacy, they excluded the Seminoles from their negotiations, because the latter lived in Spanish territory and were beyond their control. Thus, the Seminoles came to be regarded as a separate people.
Who attacked the Creeks in the War of 1812?
John Coffee with a mounted force to the Creek town of Tallushatchee. Coffee's men attacked and destroyed the town on November 3. Jackson followed up Coffee's victory six days later by attacking Talladega, held by Red Stick chief William Weatherford and earned another victory over the Creeks.
What was the agreement between the Creeks and the United States?
The Treaty of Fort Jackson ended the fighting of the Creek War, but began a series of negotiations between the Creek community and the U.S. Government for land, property, and monetary resources. Under the terms of the treaty, the Creek Nation ceded nearly 22 million acres to the United States.
What battle did Jackson win?
In a campaign of about five months, in 1813–14, Jackson crushed the Creeks, the final victory coming in the Battle of Tohopeka (or Horseshoe Bend) in Alabama. The victory was so decisive that the Creeks never again menaced the frontier, and Jackson was established as the hero…
What happened in March 1814?
On March 27, 1814, at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend(Tohopeka, Ala.), Jackson’s superior numbers (3,000 to 1,000) and armaments (including cannon) demolished the Creekdefenses, slaughtering more than 800 warriors and imprisoning 500 women and children. The power of the Indians of the Old Southwest was broken.
How many people were killed in the Battle of Horseshoe Bend?
On March 27, 1814, at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend (Tohopeka, Ala.), Jackson’s superior numbers (3,000 to 1,000) and armaments (including cannon) demolished the Creek defenses, slaughtering more than 800 warriors and imprisoning 500 women and children.
What was the result of the Creek War?
Creek War, (1813–14), war that resulted in U.S. victory over Creek Indians, who were British allies during the War of 1812, resulting in vast cession of their lands in Alabama and Georgia.
What was the power of the Indians of the Old Southwest?
The power of the Indians of the Old Southwest was broken . At the Treaty of Ft. Jackson (August 9) the Creeks were required to cede 23,000,000 acres of land, comprising more than half of Alabama and part of southern Georgia. Much of that territory belonged to Indians who had earlier been Jackson’s allies.
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When did the Red Sticks attack?
On August 30, 1813, when the Red Sticks swept down upon 553 surprised frontiersmen at a crude fortification at Lake Tensaw, north of Mobile, the resulting Ft. Mims Massacre stirred the Southern states into a vigorous response.
What happened to the Creeks in 1813?
On August 30, 1813, about 1,000 Red Sticks attacked Fort Mims, northeast of Mobile and killed all the inhabitants. The event sent shockwaves through the Alabama and Mississippi Territories along with Georgia and Tennessee. Tennessee governor Willie Blount directed the commander of the state militia, Maj. Gen. Andrew Jackson to mobilize a force to suppress the Creeks. Authorities in Georgia and Mississippi also planned offensives, but the main effort would be led by Jackson.
Where did Jackson's troops leave Fort Strother?
Jackson’s command left Fort Strother on January 17, 1814. His destination was the main Red Stick town of Tohopeka. Situated on land between a major curve of the Tallapoosa River, it was known to whites as Horseshoe Bend. Rather than await Jackson’s movement, the Red Sticks sallied out of their town and struck the Americans on January 22 in their camp along Emuckfau Creek. Jackson’s men fought well and managed to repulse the assault. Still, Jackson decided to withdraw due to a lack of supplies and returned to Fort Strother.
Who burned the towns of Autosee and Tallassee?
At the end of the month, Georgia militia under Brig. Gen. John Floyd struck the towns of Autosee and Tallassee. Floyd burned the dwellings before withdrawing to the east. Two days before Christmas, Mississippians led by Brig. Gen. Ferdinand Claiborne and supported by friendly Choctaws led by Pushmataha attacked the village of Eccanachaca or the Holy Ground, near modern Montgomery. Claiborne inflicted a number of casualties and burned the town. Expiration of enlistments as well as supply problems compelled the Americans to suspend operations until early the following year.
Where did Jackson negotiate the Treaty of Fort Jackson?
Jackson met with the militant chiefs to negotiate a treaty at Fort Jackson, Alabama Territory, in early August. For igniting the war, Jackson demanded 23 million acres of Creek land. The chiefs acquiesced and signed the terms on August 9. Many Creeks continued to reside in the Old Southwest for the next two decades until forcibly removed to the Indian Territory in the fall of 1836.
Who was the Shawnee Chief who visited the Creek towns in the spring of 1811?
Tensions rose when the Shawnee chief Tecumseh visited the Creek towns in the spring of 1811. Tecumseh brought a message of Indian unification and resistance to further American settlement. His words further split the Creeks as the militant sect, known as Red Sticks, asserted their control and a small civil war exploded within the tribe.
Why did Jackson take the Creeks out of Alabama?
The violence provided Pres. Andrew Jackson with justification for removing all the Creeks from Alabama. After capturing the Creeks who participated in the uprising, soldiers chained and marched the prisoners to Montgomery, followed in wagons by related women and children. At Montgomery, the prisoners and their families were placed on steamboats and taken by ship to Mobile and New Orleans, before being marched through Arkansas to Fort Gibson. The remaining "friendly" Creeks were rounded up into five large detachments and marched west in August and September 1836. Because of his status as perhaps the most prominent Creek Indian, the government assigned leader Opothle Yoholo to lead the initial party. As they moved west, the emigrants experienced drought, torrential rains, and extreme cold and suffered from hypothermia as they arrived at their new homes in the West.
How many Creeks emigrated from the Southeast?
Between the McIntosh party emigration in 1827 and the end of removal in 1837, more than 23,000 Creeks emigrated from the Southeast. Today, the Poarch Creek of Atmore, Escambia County, reside on the only remaining officially recognized Creek lands in the state. Foreman, Grant.
How many McIntosh supporters emigrated to Oklahoma?
More voluntary emigrations followed. Almost a year after the first McIntosh party left Alabama, a second party of about 400 McIntosh supporters and their slaves travelled approximately the same route to the west. In 1829, a larger party of about 1,200 Creeks emigrated to present-day Oklahoma.
When did the Creeks move to Oklahoma?
By 1836, most Creeks had relocated voluntarily or been forced to remove to Indian Territory, as the present-day state of Oklahoma was known at the time. On February 12, 1825, Coweta headman William McIntosh signed the Treaty of Indian Springs, which ceded all the Lower Creek land in Georgia and a large tract in Alabama to the federal government. ...
What happened to the Creeks in 1826?
On January 24, 1826, the Treaty of Indian Springs was nullified, and Creek leaders signed the Treaty of Washington, marking the only time that a ratified treaty with an Indian nation was overturned. The Treaty of Washington restored Creek land within Alabama but allowed the state of Georgia to keep ceded Creek lands. The treaty affected only the Lower Creeks, whose towns were clustered along the Chattahoochee and Flint Rivers. The Upper Creeks, who were further west, near present-day Montgomery, did not lose any land.
What was the second Creek War?
The Second Creek War, as it came to be called, involved Creeks from the towns of Chehaw, Yuchi, and Hitchiti, among others, who attacked whites and looted and destroyed plantations in the present-day Alabama counties of Chambers, Macon, Pike, Lee, Russell, and Barbour. Opothle Yoholo.
How many Creeks were found in Guntersville?
As these events took place, the government attempted to round up the remaining Creeks who had sought refuge among the Cherokees and Chickasaws. Almost 500 Creeks found among the Cherokees were marched to Gunter's Landing (present-day Guntersville) and taken by boat to the West.
What was the name of the river that the Indians lived on?
They built a complex political alliance, which united native peoples from the Ocmulgee River west to the Coosa and Tallapoosa rivers in Alabama. Although they spoke a variety of languages, including Muskogee, Alabama, and Hitchiti, the Indians were united in their wish to remain at peace with one another. By 1715 English newcomers from South Carolina were calling these allied peoples “Creeks.” The term was shorthand for “Indians living on Ochese Creek” near Macon, but traders began applying it to every native resident of the Deep South. They numbered about 10,000 at this time.
What were the Creeks and English colonists' relations?
Early interaction between Creeks and colonists centered on the exchange of enslaved people and deerskins for foreign products like textiles and kettles. Soon after the establishment of South Carolina in 1670, the Creeks set up a brisk business capturing and selling Florida Indians to their new neighbors. By 1715 this segment of the trade had nearly disappeared for lack of supply and demand. Deerskins then became the main currency.
What was the relationship between the Creeks and the colonists?
Oglethorpe with Creek Indians. Early interaction between Creeks and colonists centered on the exchange of enslaved people and deerskins for foreign products like textiles and kettles.
Why did the Creeks vote to put McIntosh to death?
Creeks, who were already outraged by McIntosh's alliance with General Jackson during the Red Stick War, formally voted to put McIntosh to death for his treachery. Although the United States rejected the fraudulent Treaty of Indian Springs, the Creeks recognized that the Georgia government would not relent.
How did the Creeks affect the American Revolution?
The new state of Georgia consequently viewed Creeks as impediments to the expansion of plantation slavery rather than as partners in trade. Under pressure by Georgia, Creeks ceded their lands east of the Ocmulgee River in the Treaties of New York (1790), Fort Wilkinson (1802), and Washington (1805). The first treaty, the Treaty of New York, solidified Alexander McGillivray’s position as a national leader of the Creeks, who were oftentimes hamstrung by a decentralized political system.
What was the Red Stick War?
Tension between the two factions was so enormous that it erupted in civil war in 1813. U.S. troops and state militias entered the conflict, and in a final, definitive battle in March 1814 at Horseshoe Bend in Alabama, General Andrew Jackson led a force that killed 800 Creeks in battle. The Red Stick War, as it is called, officially ended in August 1814 with the Treaty of Fort Jackson. In this agreement the Creeks were forced to cede 22 million acres, including a huge tract in southern Georgia.
What was the name of the battle that killed 800 Creeks?
Treaty of Fort Jackson. Tension between the two factions was so enormous that it erupted in civil war in 1813. U.S. troops and state militias entered the conflict, and in a final, definitive battle in March 1814 at Horseshoe Bend in Alabama, General Andrew Jackson led a force that killed 800 Creeks in battle.
