- local topography - low lying areas
- climate - high air pressure areas
- population density - number of vehicles
- fossil fuel use
What are the main ingredients of photochemical smog?
The formation of photochemical smog consists of three main ingredients. Moreover, these ingredients are nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, and sunlight. Nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons are the by-products of fossil fuels -burning energy plants.
What is the difference between photochemical smog and primary smog?
On the other hand, photochemical smog occurs only in the presence of sunlight. The primary pollutants include nitrogen oxides, particularly nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide, and organic compounds of volatile nature. The major secondary pollutants consist of peroxyacetyl nitrates, tropospheric ozone, and aldehydes.
How is Smog formed?
The Formation of Smog. Ground-level ozone is formed when vehicle emissions containing nitrogen oxides (primarily from vehicle exhaust) and volatile organic compounds (from paints, solvents, and fuel evaporation) interact in the presence of sunlight. Therefore, some of the sunniest cities are also some of the most polluted.
How does photochemical smog affect humans?
When ozone is near humans, it can cause serious problems with our lungs and vision. Peroxyacetyl nitrate is one of the chemicals that is responsible for damaging lung tissue, and photochemical smog forms plenty of it. Anything that burns fossil fuels in the presence of sunlight can produce photochemical smog.
What conditions are needed for photochemical smog?
Photochemical smog is produced when sunlight reacts with nitrogen oxides and at least one volatile organic compound (VOC) in the atmosphere. Nitrogen oxides come from car exhaust, coal power plants, and factory emissions. VOCs are released from gasoline, paints, and many cleaning solvents.
What are 3 ingredients necessary to make photochemical smog?
Process of Photochemical Smog Formation The formation of photochemical smog consists of three main ingredients. Moreover, these ingredients are nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, and sunlight.
What factors affect the formation of photochemical smog?
Photochemical smog development factors 1-Nitrogen source and released organic combinations, combining high density of this material with industrializing and transportation are important factors forming photochemical smog. These factors cause some pollution to form in atmosphere by combustion fossil fuel.
What are five factors that can make photochemical smog worse?
The frequency and severity of photochemical smogs in an area depend on:local topography - low lying areas.climate - high air pressure areas.population density - number of vehicles.fossil fuel use.
How is photochemical smog formed quizlet?
Photochemical smog is formed when nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic hydrocarbons react when activated by sunlight.
What causes photochemical smog quizlet?
Photochemical smog is caused by nitrogen oxides combing with sunlight and other pollutants. Acid rain is caused by sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides combining with water.
Which of the following is most important factor for formation of smog?
The correct answer is the Presence of many air pollutant resources. Smog is a mixture of smoke + fog caused by the burning of large amounts of coal, vehicular emission, and industrial fumes (Primary pollutants).
What is the main pollutant formed in photochemical smog?
The primary ingredients that cause photochemical smog are nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, and sunlight. Coal-fired power plants and other types of energy power plants produce these pollutants as byproducts of fossil fuel burning.
What are effects of photochemical smog?
Effects. Photochemical smog has many adverse effects. When combined with hydrocarbons, the chemicals contained within it form molecules that cause eye irritation. Radicals in the air interfere with the nitrogen cycle by preventing the destruction of ground level ozone.
Which is not necessary for photochemical smog?
The correct answer is Polyaromatic hydrocarbons.
What is true about photochemical smog?
Solution : Photochemical smog occurs in warm, dry and sunny climate. It has high concentration of `NO,NO_(2)` and `O_(3)`. Their low concentration causes irritation in nose and throat and their high concentration causes headached, chest pain, cough and difficulty in breating.
Which of the following is the main component of smog?
Ground-level ozone is the main component of smog. Ground-level ozone is not emitted directly into the air, but is created by chemical reactions between airborne nitrogen compounds and other compounds in the presence of sunlight. Sunlight and hot weather cause ground-level ozone to form in harmful amounts in the air.
What is smog made up of?
Smog, formed mainly above urban centres, is composed mainly of tropospheric ozone (O3); primary particulate matter such as pollen and dust; and secondary particulate matter such as sulphur oxides, volatile organic compounds, nitrogen oxides (NOx) and ammonia gas.
What is the main component of photochemical smog quizlet?
nitrogen oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) collectively. These gases play a role in photochemical smog. colorless and highly reactive gas; a major component of photochemical smog and also found in the stratosphere where it protects life by filtering out most harmful UV radiation from the sun.
What is smog mixture of?
Smoke, and Fog. Smog is a kind of air pollution. It is a mixture of smoke from various sources and fog (water droplets suspended over the surface of the earth).
What is the chemical compound of smog?
Smog is made up of many chemicals including nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulphur dioxide (SOx), carbon monoxide (CO), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), but the two main components of smog are particulate matter (PM) and ground-level ozone (O3).
What is the composition of photochemical smog?
Nitric oxide (a nitrogen compound with the formula NO) and nitrogen dioxide (another nitrogen compound with the chemical formula NO 2 ) are often p...
What are the effects of photochemical smog?
Photochemical smog is created by the interaction of sunlight with certain atmospheric chemicals. Ozone is the principal component of air pollution...
How can photochemical smog be controlled?
The most obvious way to minimize photochemical smog levels is to eliminate the use of fossil fuels by using non-polluting or sustainable sources of...
What Makes up Photochemical Smog?
When nitrous oxides and VOCs interact with sunlight, secondary pollutants are formed, such as ozone and peroxyacetyl nitrate. These secondary pollutants are what we have been calling photochemical smog. You might think, 'Hey, isn't ozone good for protecting our atmosphere?' Well, it is, but only at levels high above the surface. When ozone is near humans, it can cause serious problems with our lungs and vision. Peroxyacetyl nitrate is one of the chemicals that is responsible for damaging lung tissue, and photochemical smog forms plenty of it.
How Is Photochemical Smog Formed?
Photochemical smog is produced when pollutants from the combustion of fossil fuels react with sunlight. The energy in the sunlight converts the pollutants into other toxic chemicals. In order for photochemical smog to form, there must be other pollutants in the air, specifically nitrous oxides and other volatile organic compounds (VOCs).
What is the most prevalent type of smog in the valleys?
Photochemical smog is also more prevalent in valleys. The mountains block fresh air from coming into the area and create a basin that photochemical smog will easily get trapped in. Temperature inversion is a condition in which air sinks to the surface, trapping the smog. Decreasing Photochemical Smog.
How to reduce photochemical smog?
Warmer temperatures help air to heat and rise, moving pollutants away from the earth's surface. However, the best way to decrease photochemical smog levels is to decrease use of fossil fuels through using non-polluting or renewable energy sources, such as hydroelectric power, nuclear power, or wind energy. Riding bikes or using hybrid cars can also decrease pollutant emissions.
What are fossil fuels?
Fossil fuels - substances like coal and oil which power much of our electricity, allow us to drive cars, and are the means for powering factories. Photochemical smog - smog produced when pollutants from the combustion of fossil fuels react with sunlight.
How is smog formed?
Smog is formed from combustion, or burning, of fossil fuels like coal and oil. Fossil fuels power much of our electricity, allow us to drive cars, and are the means for powering factories that manufacture everyday goods. Smog is especially common in cities with a lot of cars and traffic, like LA.
What is secondary pollution?
Secondary Pollutant - a pollutant which occurs when chemicals react with each other or the atmosphere. Pollutants - chemicals which pollute the air. Ozone - chemical that protects our atmosphere when located high above the Earth's surface but is a pollutant that can harm lungs and vision when located near humans.
How is photochemical smog formed?
Photochemical Smog – What is it and How is it Formed? Photochemical smog refers to a type of smog which is formed when the ultraviolet light from the sun reacts with nitrogen oxides present in the atmosphere. This smog can cause a lot of adverse effects on humans and other living organisms. Students can learn more about photochemical smog ...
What is Photochemical Smog?
Photochemical smog refers to a chemical reaction of sunlight, nitrogen oxides, and organic compounds in the atmosphere. This smog is visible as a brown haze. Furthermore, this smog depends on the primary pollutants and also on the formation of secondary pollutants.
What are the primary pollutants in photochemical smog?
On the other hand, photochemical smog occurs only in the presence of sunlight. The primary pollutants include nitrogen oxides, particularly nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide, and organic compounds of volatile nature. The major secondary pollutants consist of peroxyacetyl nitrates, tropospheric ozone, and aldehydes.
What happens to oxygen and nitrogen in the sun?
Sunlight causes the photo-dissociation of nitrogen and oxygen. This yields the ozone and the atoms of oxygen. Then the reaction of oxygen atoms with water takes place. This results in the formation of hydroxyl radicals. These hydroxyl radicals oxidize hydrocarbons which results in the formation of hydrocarbons radicals.
What is the main pollutant in cities?
Many cities contain a smog index. The main chemical pollutant they monitor is ozone. It is formed as a by-product of the dissociation of nitrogen compounds. This formation occurs early in the process of smog formation. Ozone is certainly corrosive in nature.
What is the process of dissociation of nitrous oxide and nitrogen dioxide?
Dissociation of nitrous oxide and nitrogen dioxide takes place in sunlight. Then they combine with trace hydrocarbons. Consequently, this produces a large number of pollutants. This process takes place in three stages as follows: Sunlight causes the photo-dissociation of nitrogen and oxygen.
What is the name of the pollutants that lead to the creation of many health problems?
Aldehyde oxidizes to formaldehyde peroxides as well as aldehyde peroxy acids. Most noteworthy, these are the pollutants that lead to the creation of many health problems.
What are the requirements for photochemical smog?
Requirements to formation of photochemical smog. Warm, dry and sunny climate is required to form a photochemical smog. Also it needs an atmosphere which is loaded with large quantities of automobile exhausts and stagnated air masses.
How is photochemical smog formed?
Photochemical smog is formed by the combination of smoke, dust and fog with an air pollutant in the atmosphere as a result of a photochemical smog.
What is a smog?
Smog is a mixture id smoke, dust particles and small drops of fog. Smog is the major pollutant in large cities. Smog is categorized to two sections.
What is smog in Los Angeles?
Los Angeles Smog and Photochemical Smog. Photochemical smog was observed in cities which have warm, sunny and dry climates such as Los Angeles and Denver in USA. So this was earlier called Los Angelis Smog.
What is photochemical smog?
Photochemical smog exists in big cities with large quantities of exhausts from automobile, factories and more. These exhaust gases produce substances such as ozone (O 3 ), aldehyde and peroxyacyl nitrates (PAN) which are harmful for humans, animals and plants in various ways.
What are some examples of materials that are affected by photochemical smog?
Materials are also affected by photochemical smog. As an example, Rubber is cracked .
Is nitric oxide a precursor to smog?
Like that, due to incomplete combustion, carbon monoxide and unburnt hydrocarbons (in fuel) are also given as the products. Nitrogen dioxide and hydrocarbons are the primary precursors of photochemical smog.
What is the name of the chemical that causes smog?
One of the primary components of photochemical smog is ozone.
What to do when you see smog advisory?
When you see this advisory, those sensitive to smog should reduce their exposure, including refraining from prolonged or heavy exertion outdoors. Become familiar with what these days are called in your area and pay attention to them in weather forecasts and on weather apps. You can also check the Action Days page at the AirNow.gov website.
Where Can You Live to Avoid Smog?
You can check different locations for air quality when considering where to live. Cities in California lead the list due to the effects of sun and high levels of vehicular traffic.
What is the name of the day when air pollution is bad?
These have different names depending on the agency. They may be called a Smog Alert, Air Quality Alert, Ozone Action Day, Air Pollution Action Day, Spare the Air Day, or many other terms.
How to protect yourself from air pollution?
How to Protect Yourself From Air Pollutants 1 0 to 50: Green. Good air quality. 2 51 to 100: Yellow. Moderate air quality. People who are unusually sensitive to ozone may experience respiratory symptoms. 3 101 to 150: Orange. Unhealthy air quality for sensitive groups including people with lung disease or heart disease, older adults, and children. 4 151 to 200: Red. Unhealthy for everyone, with special concern for sensitive groups. 5 201 to 300: Purple. Health alert level indicating very unhealthy conditions, everyone may experience serious health effects. 6 301 to 500: Maroon. Hazardous, an emergency condition for the entire population.
How is ozone formed?
Ground-level ozone is formed when vehicle emissions containing nitrogen oxides (primarily from vehicle exhaust) and volatile organic compounds (from paints, solvents, and fuel evaporation) interact in the presence of sunlight. Therefore, some of the sunniest cities are also some of the most polluted.
What is the average air quality of a person who is sensitive to ozone?
51 to 100: Yellow. Moderate air quality. People who are unusually sensitive to ozone may experience respiratory symptoms.