Astronomy
Astronomy, a natural science, is the study of celestial objects (such as stars, galaxies, planets, moons, asteroids, comets and nebulae) and processes (such as supernovae explosions, gamma ray bursts, and cosmic microwave background radiation), the physics, chemistry, and evolution of such objects and processes, and more generally all phenomena that originate outside the atmosphere of Earth.
What are the different cycles of the Solar System?
Astronomy – CNO cycle – Eclipse cycle – Eclipse – Full moon cycle – Galactic year – Great Year – Lunar phase – Mesoamerican calendars – Metonic cycle – Milankovitch cycles – Mira – Moon – Nutation – Orbit – Orbital period – Saros cycle – Sothic cycle – Secularity – Sidereal year – Sunspot – Tide – Tropical year – Year
What is the average length of the Earth's annual cycle?
If so then the average length would be only around 10.7 years. Since observations began cycles as short as 9 years and as long as 14 years have been observed, and if the cycle of 1784–1799 is double then one of the two component cycles had to be less than 8 years in length. Significant amplitude variations also occur.
What is the solar cycle and when did it end?
The cycle featured a "double-peaked" solar maximum. The first peak reached 99 in 2011 and the second in early 2014 at 101. Cycle 24 ended in December 2019 after 11.0 years. This cycle lasted 11.6 years, beginning in May 1996 and ending in January 2008.
How many periods in a 60-year cycle?
The main 60 year cycle, due to the alignment of Jupiter and Saturn, shows up very clear, but there are more. In particular, he identifies a total of 10 cycles due to combination of planets motion and one due to the moon (fig. 6B in the paper).
What are some astronomical cycles?
Astronomical cycles are:the spin of Earth.the orbit of Earth around the Sun.the orbit of the Moon around Earth.the effect of Earth's tilt and the heating effect of the Sun.
What are examples of cycles?
Cycle is defined as to ride a motorcycle or bicycle. An example of to cycle is riding a bike to work. The definition of a cycle is a period of time or complete set of events that repeat. An example of a cycle is the earth's rotation around the sun.
How do astronomical cycles affect Earth's climate?
The greater Earth's axial tilt angle, the more extreme our seasons are, as each hemisphere receives more solar radiation during its summer, when the hemisphere is tilted toward the Sun, and less during winter, when it is tilted away.
What is the earth's cycle?
Earth's surface systems involve many cycles, such as carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen, which support life. Cycles that exchange materials among living and nonliving components of the Earth are known as biogeochemical cycles. Nutrients provide the raw materials for growth and energy for life.
What are the 4 cycles?
The rest of this concept takes a closer look at four particular biogeochemical cycles: the water, carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycles.
How many types of cycles are there?
Electric cycles There are two types of electric cycle: a Pedelec, where the rider must pedal in order to activate the motor, and an e-bike, where the motor is controlled with a switch and can be turned on when required, whether the rider is pedaling or not.
What are the 3 Milankovitch cycles?
Changes in insolation are, in turn, driven by Earth's natural orbital oscillations, termed Milankovitch cycles. The three elements of Milankovitch cycles are eccentricity, obliquity, and precession (Figure 3).
How long will the Earth last?
The upshot: Earth has at least 1.5 billion years left to support life, the researchers report this month in Geophysical Research Letters. If humans last that long, Earth would be generally uncomfortable for them, but livable in some areas just below the polar regions, Wolf suggests.
What happens to the Sun every 11 years?
The Sun has its ups and downs and cycles between them regularly. Roughly every 11 years, at the height of this cycle, the Sun's magnetic poles flip — on Earth, that'd be like if the North and South Poles swapped places every decade — and the Sun transitions from sluggish to active and stormy.
How many cycles are there in the world?
While data on bicycles were collected from 2000 to 2019, it turned out that there were approximately 1 billion bicycles in the world. While there is no exact figure, almost half (450 million) of the bicycles were seen in China.
How many cycles are there in Earth?
Milankovitch's calculations and charts, which were published in the 1920s and are still used today to understand past and future climate, led him to conclude that there are three different positional cycles, each with its own cycle length, that influence the climate on Earth: the eccentricity of Earth's orbit, the ...
What are three cycles for science?
Plants are important in several key processes involved in the interacting systems of the Earth, including the hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere. Three of these processes are cycles – the water cycle, the nitrogen cycle and the carbon cycle.
Astronomical cycles
Guest post by Riccardo Recently a new paper by Scafetta came out (a freely downloadable version can be found on arxiv but I don't know if they are exactly the same). In a few words, Scafetta connect the orbital motion of the planets with solar variability and hence on earth climate.
Comments
Good work Riccardo. There is a fallacy in archaeology which goes like this. I find a piece of stone in the ground and I don't know what it is. So I juggle it around in my hands a bit and hey presto, if it sits a certain way my hand will fit around this knob here, so it must be a tool.
What are the areas of astronomical cycles?
Other areas of cycles in astronomy are variable stars, binary stars, pulsars, galactic cores, solar oscillations and perhaps the oscillation of the entire universe.
What is the purpose of a serious student of cycles who is interested in planetary effects?
The serious student of cycles who is interested in planetary effects will want to be able to calculate the positions of the planets and moon at any time. Some resources that will help with this are:
How long is the lunar orbit?
These variations in the lunar orbit have periods of 18.6 and 8.85 years and interact in 6.0 years . Cycles of these periods and half these periods, because tides happen twice per cycle, are all commonly reported cycles. Of course astronomy is full of periodicities or cycles. The rotation of the earth, the revolution of the earth around the Sun, ...
What is Bode's law of planetary distances?
Bode’s law of planetary distances sits somewhere between sense and curiosity, but with a little modification it is also seen to be connected with regular oscillations also. This realisation can help us towards a greater understanding of the wave nature of the universe and the presence of cycles in everything.
Why is astronomy important?
Astronomy is the most ancient science, no doubt studied by people to keep track of the seasons so that the right time was known for hunting and planting and other activities. So it was closely linked to the seasons and weather and climate from the start.
Which scientist suggested that three motions of the Earth's orbit and axis were responsible for the periodicities found
Milankovitch suggested that three motions of the earth’s orbit and axis were responsible for the periodicities found in ice ages. Recently it has been suggested that he had this slightly wrong, but that orbital periods are still responsible.
Do all three gods come together to have an eclipse?
All three must come together to have an eclipse. It seems that the idea of a holy trinity may have started with these three “ Gods”, the node being the invisible holy spirit. The details of lunar orbital motion are quite complex and dealt with in a special lunar section.
What is the middle of the solar cycle?
The middle of the solar cycle is the solar maximum, or when the Sun has the most sunspots. As the cycle ends, it fades back to the solar minimum and then a new cycle begins. Evolution of the Sun in extreme ultraviolet light from 2010 through 2020, as seen from the telescope aboard Europe's PROBA2 spacecraft.
How to track the solar cycle?
Video credit: NASA's Scientific Visualization Studio. One way to track the solar cycle is by counting the number of sunspots. The beginning of a solar cycle is a solar minimum, or when the Sun has the least sunspots. Over time, solar activity—and the number of sunspots—increases.
How does the solar cycle affect the Sun?
The solar cycle affects activity on the surface of the Sun, such as sunspots which are caused by the Sun's magnetic fields. As the magnetic fields change, so does the amount of activity on the Sun's surface. This visualization represents the constant changing of the Sun’s magnetic field over the course of four years.
What is the purpose of forecasting solar cycles?
Forecasting of the solar cycle can help scientists protect our radio communications on Earth, and help keep NASA satellites and astronauts safe, too.
How long does it take for the Sun's magnetic field to flip?
The Sun's magnetic field goes through a cycle, called the solar cycle. Every 11 years or so, the Sun's magnetic field completely flips. This means that the Sun's north and south poles switch places. Then it takes about another 11 years for the Sun’s north and south poles to flip back again.
Do solar cycles have sunspots?
Some cycles have maximums with lots of sunspots and activity. Other cycles can have very few sunspots and little activity. Scientists work hard to improve our ability to predict the strength and duration of solar cycles. These predictions can help them forecast these solar conditions, called space weather. Forecasting of the solar cycle can help ...
How long does it take for the Moon to orbit the Earth?
Mercury and Venus are both moonless and Mars has two moons, the largest of which is only 22 km in diameter. Our moon takes approximately 27 days to orbit to earth, at a distance of 384,400 km, moving at a speed of 3,700 km/h. It travels in a similar elliptical orbit as the Earth around the Sun. The Moon always shows the same face towards the Earth, because it takes the same amount of time to orbit the Earth as it takes for the Moon to spin on its axis.
Why do we have day and night?
It takes 24 hours for the Earth to complete one rotation. The Earth travels at 1600 km/h around the equator. It spins slower the closer you get to the poles as it has less distance to travel in the same amount of time. The whole idea of day and night is that a part of the Earth is in daylight and the other part is in shadow.
Time and calendar cycles
Atomic clock – Calendar – Chinese calendar – Computus – Diwali – Ephemeris time – Hertz – Intellectual history of time – Julian date – Season - Sexagenary cycle
Planetary cycles
Astronomy – Axial precession – CNO cycle – Eclipse cycle – Eclipse – Full moon cycle – Galactic year – Great Year – Lunar phase – Mesoamerican calendars – Metonic cycle – Milankovitch cycles – Mira – Moon – Nutation – Orbit – Orbital period – Saros cycle – Sothic cycle – Secularity – Sidereal year – Sunspot – Tide – Tropical year – Year
Organic cycles
Agricultural cycle – Carbon cycle – Climate change and agriculture – Crop rotation – Fertile Crescent – Harvest – Nitrogen cycle – Organic farming – Season – Soil degradation – Sustainable industries – Water cycle
Physics cycles
Cyclic process – Carnot cycle – Double-slit experiment – Dynamic theory of gravity – Physics of music – Resonance – Sonoluminescence – Speed of light – Sunspot
Miscellaneous cycles
Business cycle – Inflation / Recession – Monetary policy – Virtuous circle and vicious circle – Kitchin cycle – Juglar cycle – Kuznets swing
The Main Rule: Sufficient Amount of Price History
While working with astro cycles, always keep in mind the period of analyzed astro cycles. This is very important information and is seen at the top line in the Composite module:
Composite Box
The program is able to make a projection line based on different amount of astronomical cycles. It is recommended to start with the Annual cycle and then add other cycles as needed for the analysis. To create a projection line based on several different astro cycles, click the button "+":
Triplicity (3H harmonic), Cardinality (4H harmonic) etc..
Astronomy module allows you to analyze a lot more events, not just planetary positions or angle separations between the planets.
Stock Market memory (Dominant astro cycles)
Sometimes it is possible to improve the forecast ability of astro cycles by using only part of price history data instead of all of it. The major parameter here is Stock Market memory (SM). By default, Timing Solution uses all available price history to analyze astro cycles:
Smoothing a projection line
Sometimes a composite diagram and a projection line are too choppy, like in this picture below:
Target
There is a problem with any cyclical analysis used on market data: it cannot work with the price itself. The dollar value is not the same now as it was in earlier years. For example, S&P500 index varies between $16 - $2700 from 1950 to 2018. To conduct any research with the use of statistics, we should make this price chart "flat".
How to pick up the most important astro cycles
How do you tell which cycles are important and which are not? This is not an easy question; it took a lot of time and effort for Timing Solution team to find an answer to it. In brief, this is what we faced with:
What is the cycle of 20 days?
The cyclical count, beginning with day zero and counted up to the 19th day, tends to indicate that the early Indians interpreted a 20-day cycle in which 19 of the days were specially numbered or scribed.
Where did the weeks of years occur?
As such, the "weeks-of-years" reckoned throughout ancient Mesoamerica and the "weeks-of-years" reckoned throughout the ancient Middle East can be recognized as synchronized time cycles.
How many fingers are in a 20 day cycle?
According to what must be a centuries old tradition, each day of a never-ending cycle of 20 days is interpreted to correspond to the order of 10 fingers and 10 toes. Consequently, this still adhered to cycle seems to mirror a somewhat similar count of 10 days (a count once popular in the ancient Middle East).
How long was the Egyptian year?
The Egyptian year was 360 days in length... The Mayan year originally consisted of 360 days... In South America, in ancient times, the year consisted of 360 days with twelve months. The same was true in China--360 days with twelve months... Plutarch wrote the Roman year was [originally] 360 days.
How many segments per year in Egyptian time?
The indicated Egyptian track of the annual circle in time segments of 10 degrees (36 segments per year) points to the possibility that Egyptian astronomers may have been knowledgeable of a 70-day cycle--and from very ancient times.
What are the different types of cycles?
There are hundreds of different types of cycles in our world and in the universe. Some are natural, such as the change of the seasons, annual animal migrations or the circadian rhythms that govern our sleep patterns . Others are human-produced, like growing and harvesting crops, musical rhythms or economic cycles.
How long is the apsidal precession cycle?
The cycle of apsidal precession spans about 112,000 years. Apsidal precession changes the orientation of Earth’s orbit relative to the elliptical plane. The combined effects of axial and apsidal precession result in an overall precession cycle spanning about 23,000 years on average.
What are the Milankovitch cycles?
The Milankovitch cycles include: 1 The shape of Earth’s orbit, known as eccentricity; 2 The angle Earth’s axis is tilted with respect to Earth’s orbital plane, known as obliquity; and 3 The direction Earth’s axis of rotation is pointed, known as precession.
How did Milankovitch's cycles affect Earth's climate?
The small changes set in motion by Milankovitch cycles operate separately and together to influence Earth’s climate over very long timespans, leading to larger changes in our climate over tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands of years. Milankovitch combined the cycles to create a comprehensive mathematical model for calculating differences in solar radiation at various Earth latitudes along with corresponding surface temperatures. The model is sort of like a climate time machine: it can be run backward and forward to examine past and future climate conditions.
Why are seasons different lengths?
Eccentricity is the reason why our seasons are slightly different lengths, with summers in the Northern Hemisphere currently about 4.5 days longer than winters, and springs about three days longer than autumns. As eccentricity decreases, the length of our seasons gradually evens out.
When will the axial precession flip?
But in about 13,000 years, axial precession will cause these conditions to flip, with the Northern Hemisphere seeing more extremes in solar radiation and the Southern Hemisphere experiencing more moderate seasonal variations.
How many degrees is the Earth's axis?
Earth’s axis is currently tilted 23.4 degrees, or about half way between its extremes, and this angle is very slowly decreasing in a cycle that spans about 41,000 years. It was last at its maximum tilt about 10,700 years ago and will reach its minimum tilt about 9,800 years from now.
How long is a solar cycle?
Solar cycles have an average duration of about 11 years. Solar maximum and solar minimum refer to periods of maximum and minimum sunspot counts. Cycles span from one minimum to the next.
Why is the 11 year solar cycle not identical?
Because nearly all manifestations are insensitive to polarity, the "11-year solar cycle" remains the focus of research; however, the two halves of the 22-year cycle are typically not identical: the 11-year cycles usually alternate between higher and lower sums of Wolf's sunspot numbers (the Gnevyshev-Ohl rule ).
What is the maximum sunspot number in the Gleissberg cycle?
The Gleissberg cycle implied that the next solar cycle have a maximum smoothed sunspot number of about 145±30 in 2010 (instead 2010 was just after the cycle's solar minimum) and that the following cycle have a maximum of about 70±30 in 2023.
How does solar activity affect the environment?
Solar activity, driven both by the sunspot cycle and transient aperiodic processes govern the environment of the Solar System planets by creating space weather and impact space- and ground-based technologies as well as the Earth's atmosphere and also possibly climate fluctuations on scales of centuries and longer.
When do sunspots flip?
The magnetic field of the Sun flips during each solar cycle, with the flip occurring when sunspot cycle is near its maximum .
What is solar irradiance?
The total solar irradiance (TSI) is the amount of solar radiative energy incident on the Earth's upper atmosphere. TSI variations were undetectable until satellite observations began in late 1978. A series of radiometers were launched on satellites from the 1970s to the 2000s. TSI measurements varied from 1360 to 1370 W/m 2 across ten satellites. One of the satellites, the ACRIMSAT was launched by the ACRIM group. The controversial 1989–1991 "ACRIM gap" between non-overlapping ACRIM satellites was interpolated by the ACRIM group into a composite showing +0.037%/decade rise. Another series based on the ACRIM data is produced by the PMOD group and shows a −0.008%/decade downward trend. This 0.045%/decade difference impacts climate models.
How does the Sun's magnetic field affect the atmosphere?
The Sun's magnetic field structures its atmosphere and outer layers all the way through the corona and into the solar wind. Its spatiotemporal variations lead to various measurable solar phenomena. Other solar phenomena are closely related to the cycle, which serves as the energy source and dynamical engine for the former.
