In order from shallowest to deepest, they are:
- Structural Level; the physical characteristics of sensory information (e.g. shape, colour, size);
- Phonological Level: the sounds of information;
- Semantic Level: the meaning of the information processed;
Full Answer
What is the level of processing?
The levels of processing framework was presented by Craik & Lockhart (1972) as an alternative to theories of memory that postulated separate stages for sensory, working and long-term memory. According to the levels of processing framework, stimulus information is processed at multiple levels simultaneously depending upon its characteristics.
What are the levels of processing effect?
Shallow processing occurs in four ways:
- Structural: Processing how an object or sound looks
- Phonemic: When we process how something sounds
- Graphemic: Processing letters contained in a word
- Orthographic: Processing the shape of something
What is deep level processing?
processing that involves attention to meaning and relating an item to something else. Hereof, what is deep level processing? Deep processing involves elaboration rehearsal which involves a more meaningful analysis (e.g. images, thinking, associations etc.) of information and leads to better recall. For example, giving words a meaning or linking them with previous knowledge.
What is the level of processing theory?
They identified at least three levels:
- Structural level: This is a shallow layer of processing where we only pay attention to the outward appearance of a word (e.g. its morphology).
- Phonetic level: This is a deeper level of processing where we listen to the sound of the word.
- Semantic level: This is the deepest level of processing where we consider the meaning of the word.
What is level processing theory?
Levels of Processing Theory is often painted as a vague description of how we process information, but it still provides useful insight into effective study strategies. Let’s say you have to memorize a list of terms for a test. It may be helpful to repeat the words over and over again until the word sticks.
What is the shallowest level of processing?
Let’s begin by talking about the “most shallow” level of processing: structural processing.
Why is semantic processing important?
Because semantic processing goes deeper than physical appearance or auditory information, we encode it in a different. It involves elaboration rehearsal. During elaboration rehearsal, we may contemplate how the stimuli fits into our everyday lives, at the task at hand, etc.
What is phonemic processing?
Phonemic Processing. Phonemic processing is a step higher than structural processing, but is still a shallow form of processing information. It occurs when we take in sounds. Let’s say you are looking at a list of words: play, bottle, door, and chair. I ask you which of these words has two syllables.
What is the deepest form of processing?
The deepest form of processing is semantic processing. This involves processing information about the meaning of the word. If structural processing encodes the font color of the word “hair” and phonemic processing encodes the sound of the word, semantic processing encodes what hair is, how it relates to other words around it, etc.
Which theory uses a pyramid to show the hierarchy of different levels of processing?
In this video, we’re going to dive into the last theory: Craik and Lockhart’s Levels of Processing Theory. This theory uses a pyramid to show the “hierarchy” of different levels of processing, from shallow to deep. The shallow processes are least likely to be remembered long-term, while the deepest processes are more likely to “stick.”
Why is it important to understand how we store memories?
Understanding the way that we process and store memories could reveal important answers about how the brain works, how we form our perception of the world, and how to create a better life for ourselves.
What is the level of processing model?
The Levels of Processing model, created by Fergus I. M. Craik and Robert S. Lockhart in 1972, describes memory recall of stimuli as a function of the depth of mental processing. Deeper levels of analysis produce more elaborate, longer-lasting, and stronger memory traces than shallow levels of analysis. Depth of processing falls on a shallow to deep continuum. Shallow processing (e.g., processing based on phonemic and orthographic components) leads to a fragile memory trace that is susceptible to rapid decay. Conversely, deep processing (e.g., semantic processing) results in a more durable memory trace.
How does level of processing affect mental health?
Levels-of-processing effects interact in various ways with mental disorders. In particular, levels-of-processing effects appear to be strengthened in patients with age-related memory degradation, selectively strengthened in panic disorder patients, unaffected in Alzheimer's disease patients, and reversed in autistic patients.
What imaging technique shows that the brain is more active?
Several brain imaging studies using positron emission tomography and functional magnetic resonance imaging techniques have shown that higher levels of processing correlate with more brain activity and activity in different parts of the brain than lower levels.
What are sensory modes?
Sensory modes. Different sensory modes, by their nature, involve different depths of processing, generally producing higher recall value in certain senses than others . However, there is significant room for the modifiers mentioned earlier to affect levels-of-processing to be activated within each sensory mode.
How are tactile memories similar to visual representations?
Tactile memory representations are similar in nature to visual representations, although there is not enough data to reliably compare the strength of the two kinds of stimuli. One study suggests that there is a difference in mental processing level due to innate differences between visual and tactile stimuli representations. In this study, subjects were presented with an object in both visual and tactile form (a subject is shown a sphere but cannot touch it, and later is given a similar sphere to only hold and not view). Subjects had more trouble identifying size difference in visual fields than using tactile feedback. A suggestion for the lower level of size processing in visual fields is that it results from the high variance in viewed object size due to perspective and distance.
Why do stimulus have higher recall?
According to semantic network theories, this is because such a stimulus will have many connections to other encoded memories, which are activated based on closeness in semantic network structure. This activation increases cognitive analysis, increasing the strength of the memory representation. The familiarity modifier has been tested in implicit memory experiments, where subjects report false memories when presented with related stimuli.
What is implicit memory?
Implicit memory tests, in contrast with explicit memory tests, measure the recall value of a particular stimulus based on later performance on stimulus-related tasks. During these tasks, the subject does not explicitly recall the stimulus, but the previous stimulus still affects performance. For example, in a word-completion implicit memory task, if a subject reads a list containing the word "dog", the subject provides this word more readily when asked for three-letter words beginning in "d". The levels-of-processing effect is only found for explicit memory tests. One study found that word completion tasks were unaffected by levels of semantic encodings achieved using three words with various levels of meaning in common. Another found that typical level-of-processing effects are reversed in word completion tasks; subjects recalled pictures pairs more completely if they were shown a word representing a picture rather than asked to rate a picture for pleasantness (semantic encoding). Typical level-of-processing theory would predict that picture encodings would create deeper processing than lexical encoding.
Modifiers
Familiarity, transfer-appropriate processing, the self-reference effect, and the explicit nature of a stimulus modify the levels-of-processing effect by manipulating mental processing depth factors.
Sensory modes
Different sensory modes, by their nature, involve different depths of processing, generally producing higher recall value in certain senses than others. However, there is significant room for the modifiers mentioned earlier to affect levels-of-processing to be activated within each sensory mode.
Neural evidence
Several brain imaging studies using positron emission tomography and functional magnetic resonance imaging techniques have shown that higher levels of processing correlate with more brain activity and activity in different parts of the brain than lower levels.
Mental disorders
Levels-of-processing effects interact in various ways with mental disorders. In particular, levels-of-processing effects appear to be strengthened in patients with age-related memory degradation, selectively strengthened in panic disorder patients, unaffected in Alzheimer's disease patients, and reversed in autistic patients.
What is the level of processing framework?
Although the levels of processing framework have evolved over its nearly 40 years of existence, the essence of the idea has not changed from the original. The original article published in 1972 suggests that in the encoding stage of a stimulus, there is a series of processing hierarchies ranging from the shallowest level (perceptual processing—the subject initially perceives the physical and sensory characteristics of the stimulus) to the deepest level (semantic processing—related to pattern recognition and extraction of meaning). The depth processing is associated with high levels of retention and long-term memory traces. After extensive research and criticism, the authors added several concepts that aided in a better understanding of levels of processing framework and the items that subjects can recall such as transfer-appropriate processing and robust encoding. However, there are still some gaps in this framework that call for new scientific investigations, ranging from experimental paradigms with lists of words with healthy or pathological conditions subject to neuroimaging studies to confirm, refute or improve the framework. The aim of this article is to review the publications (articles and book chapters) dating from the original article to the present day to better understand the mnemonic process in terms of levels of processing and to highlight some of its contributions.
Who published the term "levels of processing"?
The article that introduced the term “levels of processing,” published by Craik and Lockhart in 1972, is one of the most widely cited cognitive psychology articles in the literature.
What is LOP in memory?
The aim of this article is to review the literature and answer these questions in terms of levels of processing (LOP), which is a widely used concept in memory studies. According to Tulving (2002), LOP is a framework, not a theory; a framework is much broader and can be more vague than a theory.
Which is better: semantic or phonological processing?
Morris, Bransford, and Franks (1977) showed that semantic processing is better than phonological processing, but only when the retrieval task requires the remembrance of meaning. When the retrieval task requires rhyme recognition, phonological processing gives superior results. For instance, the guided task may be to verify whether the target word fits into the phrase (as in the semantic task “ _______has wings”: BIRD; response: “Yes”), or a guided task could be to verify whether the target word rhymes with the preceding word (as in the phonological task “ _______rhymes with mat”: HAT; response: “Yes”). At the end of the guided task, a memory task is carried out with cues that show only the phrase of the semantic task (so that the subject recalls the target word; for example, BIRD), or only the phrase of the phonetic task (so that the subject recalls the target word; for example, HAT). Thus, if the recall task is congruent with the guided task, the memory is facilitated, even for subjects who perform the shallower, phonetic task. That is, the best processing level is the one that fits the requirements of the retrieval task. Or, in other words, it is better to test what the subject was induced to learn. Following this principle, Morris et al. (1977) proposed an alternative to LOP known as transfer-appropriate processing. This issue, that was initially a criticism of LOP, was later added to this framework. Similarly, Tulving (1979) developed the encoding specificity principle, which is an idea that focuses on the compatibility of the cue used in recall with the processing done in encoding (i.e., between the encoding operation and the retrieval cues ). According to Tulving (1979), this idea is compatible with LOP because the recall of graphic, semantic or phonetic elements is superior when encoded by physical, phonetic or semantic characteristics, respectively. However, the adoption of an encoding type that is compatible with recall does not prevent the LOP effect; i.e., semantic (deeper) encoding causes an overall higher proportion of retained memory than more shallow types of encoding ( Craik & Tulving, 1975 ).
What are the stages of memory?
For a better understanding of this, we must assume the widely accepted idea that memory consists of three main stages: encoding (acquisition of information), storage (maintenance of the information) and retrieval (use of the information that was stored) ( Atkinson & Shiffrin, 1968 ).
Which lobe is more specialized in semantic processing?
(2004) investigated the role of the right and left temporal lobes in LOP tasks. The authors concluded that the right temporal lobe is more specialized in semantic processing because patients with right temporal lobe epilepsy showed deficits in the free-recall test phase of the study, which required semantic (deep) processing.
When semantic processing is appropriate, it leads to a better recollection than attending only to nonseman?
Certainly, when semantic processing is appropriate, it leads to a better recollection than attending only to nonsemantic aspects of the stimuli ( Gardiner, 1974; Hyde & Jenkins, 1969; Demb et al., 1995 ). As Bellezza et al. (1977) remind us, words are basically semantic units, thus requiring semantic memory to be recalled.
What are the three ways of testing the levels of processing concept?
They were presented with a word, very quickly, then a question about the word: there were three different ways of testing the levels of processing concept - structural, phonetic and semantic.
What does "deeper information is processed" mean?
The depth we process information ; the deeper information is processed, the better it is recalled
Levels of Processing Theory in Memory Encoding Definition
The levels of processing are the ideas or ways in which the information is encoded and how well the information is retained. As long as the processing degree of information would be deep, the person would feel recalling information in an easy manner.
Overview of Levels Of Processing Theory In Memory Encoding
Under this topic of levels of processing theory in memory encoding, a presentation on the elaborate explanation of levels of processing memory encoding is demonstrated. Under processing theory, levels in memory encoding, memory stages, levels of processing, and types of memory are presented with suitable diagrams.
Memory Stages
Memory is defined by the interrelated phases below as a phase consisting of three separate stages: Memory Encoding: This is the first stage that refers to a process by which knowledge is recorded, and stored for the first- time, so that information becomes available by the memory system as information (from sensory input) comes into the memory system that is needed to be transformed into a form that can be managed by the system to store information.
Levels of Processing Theory
Craik & Lockhart developed the level of processing theory in 1972. The theory focuses on the depth of memory processing and assumes that the deeper data is processed, the longer a memory trace can last.
Types of Memory
The three separate stages of memory include sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory given below:
What Is Craik and Lockhart’s Levels of Processing Theory?
- This theory of memory uses a pyramid to show the “hierarchy” of different levels of processing, from shallow to deep. The shallow processes, including structural processes, are least likely to be remembered long-term, while the deepest processes are more likely to “stick.”
Factors That Influence Memory Recall
- There is more to memory than these processes. Other factors, or modifiers, modify how information fits into the Levels of Processing model and how easily we can recall that information. These modifiers include: 1. Familiarity 2. Transfer-appropriate processing 3. The self-reference effect
When Was The Levels of Processing Theory developed?
- Craik and Lockhart developed their model in 1972. Three years later, they developed a study that would test out this theory. Their study helped to prove that their hypothesis could be right and that our memory recall depends on how we interact with information.
Criticisms of The Levels of Processing Theory
- No theory is perfect. We still have many questions about memory. The Levels of Processing Theory attempts to answer some of these questions, but other questions are still left unanswered. When it comes to studying the levels of processing theory, it’s not exactly easy to get an exact measurement of the depth of these processes. In 1973, Craik defined depthas “the meaningfuln…
Overview
The Levels of Processing model, created by Fergus I. M. Craik and Robert S. Lockhart in 1972, describes memory recall of stimuli as a function of the depth of mental processing. Deeper levels of analysis produce more elaborate, longer-lasting, and stronger memory traces than shallow levels of analysis. Depth of processing falls on a shallow to deep continuum. Shallow processing (e.g., processing based on phonemic and orthographic components) leads to a fragile memory trace th…
Modifiers
Familiarity, transfer-appropriate processing, the self-reference effect, and the explicit nature of a stimulus modify the levels-of-processing effect by manipulating mental processing depth factors.
A stimulus will have a higher recall value if it is highly compatible with preexisting semantic structures (Craik, 1972). According to semantic network theories, this is because such a stimulus will have many connections to other encoded memories, which are activated based on closenes…
Sensory modes
Different sensory modes, by their nature, involve different depths of processing, generally producing higher recall value in certain senses than others. However, there is significant room for the modifiers mentioned earlier to affect levels-of-processing to be activated within each sensory mode.
Visual input creates the strongest recall value of all senses, and also allows the widest spectru…
Neural evidence
Several brain imaging studies using positron emission tomography and functional magnetic resonance imaging techniques have shown that higher levels of processing correlate with more brain activity and activity in different parts of the brain than lower levels. For example, in a lexical analysis task, subjects showed activity in the left inferior prefrontal cortex only when identifying whether the word represented a living or nonliving object, and not when identifying whether or n…
Mental disorders
Levels-of-processing effects interact in various ways with mental disorders. In particular, levels-of-processing effects appear to be strengthened in patients with age-related memory degradation, selectively strengthened in panic disorder patients, unaffected in Alzheimer's disease patients, and reversed in autistic patients.
Memory encoding strength derived from higher levels-of-processing appears to be conserved de…