Symptoms
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Causes
Ventricular septal defect (VSD) - also known as a "hole in the heart" - is a congenital heart defect. Fortunately, most VSDs are diagnosed and treated successfully. Because congenital ventricular septal defects are of different sizes and locations, their clinical presentation, natural history, and treatment vary greatly.
Prevention
with the following indications:
- Failure of congestive cardiac failure to respond to medications
- VSD with pulmonic stenosis
- Large VSD with pulmonary hypertension
- VSD with aortic regurgitation
Complications
What health problems are caused by a ventricular septal defect (VSD)? If the hole between the two sides is too big, blood will go from the left side of the heart into the right side. This means that extra blood is pumped to the lungs, making the heart and lungs work harder.
What does VSD stand for?
What does VSD stand for in heart?
What are the four types of VSD?
Why is a ventricular septal defect dangerous?
What causes VSD fetus?
VSDs can occur alone or with other congenital heart defects. During fetal development, a ventricular septal defect occurs when the muscular wall separating the heart into left and right sides (septum) fails to form fully between the lower chambers of the heart (ventricles).
How do you get VSD?
Before a baby is born, the right and left ventricles of the heart are not separate. As the fetus grows, a septal wall forms to separate these 2 ventricles. If the wall does not completely form, a hole remains. This hole is known as a ventricular septal defect, or a VSD.
Is a VSD hereditary?
If there's a problem during this process, a hole can form in the ventricular septum. In some cases, the tendency to develop a VSD may be due to genetic syndromes that cause extra or missing pieces of chromosomes. Most VSDs, though, have no clear cause.
How common is VSD in newborns?
Normally there is no hole between the two ventricles, but some infants are born with these holes called ventricular septal defects. Ventricular septal defects are among the most common congenital heart defects, occurring in 0.1 to 0.4 percent of all live births.
Can VSD be detected before birth?
VSDs defects can be diagnosed as early as 12 weeks gestation. This can be dis- covered before birth, but is sometimes not noted until after birth. There may be a murmur (abnormal heart sound) or other abnormality that indicates the problem.
What are the 4 types of VSD?
There are four basic types of VSD:Membranous VSD. An opening in a particular area of the upper section of the ventricular septum (an area called the membranous septum), near the valves. ... Muscular VSD. ... Atrioventricular canal type VSD. ... Conal septal VSD.
Is VSD more common in males or females?
In the details the frequency of females other than males was more in VSD, PS, PDA and ASD. But, the frequency of males other than females was more in TOF, AS, COA and D-TGA. VSD was the most frequent of CHDs.
How long can you live with a VSD?
Moderate: Survival rates for people with unrepaired moderate VSDs are a little bit lower, with about 86% of them surviving at least 25 years after diagnosis. Large: Survival rates for people with a large unrepaired VSD are much lower. Only about 61% of these individuals are still alive 25 years after their diagnosis.
Is a VSD life threatening?
Ventricular septal defects (VSD) are usually considered non-life-threatening, usually closing spontaneously or causing symptoms of congestive heart failure, which can be surgically treated in time to save the patient's life.
What causes a hole in the heart at birth?
The cause of atrial septal defect is unclear. Atrial septal defect is a structure problem that occurs during heart development while a baby is still in the womb. Genetics, certain medical conditions, use of certain medications, and environmental or lifestyle factors, such as smoking or alcohol misuse, may play a role.
Can a baby have VSD without Down syndrome?
An additional weakness is that although all newborns had a neonatal echocardiogram, the type of VSD was not recorded in many. Since none had trisomy 21, this does not affect our overall conclusion that a prenatally visualized VSD is not associated with a significant risk for Down syndrome.
Can a baby survive with a hole in its heart?
Many defects in the ventricular septum close themselves and cause no problems. Otherwise, medicines or surgery can help. Most babies born with a defect in the septum have normal survival.
What is the cause of hole in the heart?
The cause of atrial septal defect is unclear. Atrial septal defect is a structure problem that occurs during heart development while a baby is still in the womb. Genetics, certain medical conditions, use of certain medications, and environmental or lifestyle factors, such as smoking or alcohol misuse, may play a role.
Is a VSD life threatening?
Ventricular septal defects (VSD) are usually considered non-life-threatening, usually closing spontaneously or causing symptoms of congestive heart failure, which can be surgically treated in time to save the patient's life.
Can VSD be cured?
In most cases, the surgery will permanently cure the VSD. No activity restrictions will be needed. After the procedure in the hospital, you can generally expect the following: Your child may spend several hours in a recovery room.
Is hole in the heart hereditary?
“We found that a common genetic variation near a gene called Msx1 was strongly associated with the risk of a particular type of CHD called atrial septal defect or hole in the heart,” he said. “ASD is one of the most common forms of congenital heart disease, and it carries a risk of heart failure and stroke.
What is a VSD?
A ventricular septal defect ( VSD) is a hole in the wall (septum) that separates the heart’s two lower chambers (ventricles). Ventricular septal defects usually occur by themselves, without other birth defects of any kind. Experts estimate that VSDs account for about 30 percent of all congenital heart defects, occurring in 1 out of every 500 babies.
How does VSD affect the heart?
The size of the defect determines its effects on the heart’s function. When the opening between the ventricles is large, oxygen-containing blood flows backwards into the right ventricle instead of out into the body. From the right ventricle, this oxygen-containing blood gets pumped back to the lungs, displacing blood in the lung circulation that needs oxygen. This inefficient blood flow causes the heart to pump harder, trying to compensate.
How to treat VSD?
An adult with a VSD who develops symptoms should consult a specialist in adult congenital heart disease. Usually treatment is recommended to prevent heart and lung problems.The treatment for VSD is an operation to patch the hole between the ventricles. It usually is performed as an open-heart procedure with a chest incision and should be performed by a surgeon who specializes in adult congenital heart defects. The surgeon will close the hole with stitches (a primary repair) or by using a mesh fabric patch (a secondary repair). Eventually, heart tissue grows around and over the patch, absorbing incorporating it into the muscle.
Why is pregnancy not recommended for women with large VSDs and pulmonary hypertension?
Pregnancy is not recommended for women with large VSDs and pulmonary hypertension because of high maternal mortality rates.
What is the treatment for VSD?
Usually treatment is recommended to prevent heart and lung problems.The treatment for VSD is an operation to patch the hole between the ventricles. It usually is performed as an open-heart procedure with a chest incision and should be performed by a surgeon who specializes in adult congenital heart defects.
What happens if you have a large VSD?
A person with a large VSD may experience shortness of breath, fatigue and weakness. If the defect is small, the only symptom abnormality is usually is a loud murmur, caused by the blood flowing backwards into the right ventricle.
When did VSDs become common?
Surgical closure of VSDs did not become a widespread procedure until the 1960s, so long-term data on outcomes and life expectancy is only now being collected and analyzed. Available data indicate that adults with closed VSDs and without other heart or lung complications can expect to live a normal lifespan. In the 40 years that the operation has been widely used, about 6 percent of patients have required a re-operation to close small leaks that developed around the patch.
What causes a VSD?
The most common cause of a VSD is a congenital heart defect, which is a defect from birth. Some people are born with holes already present in their heart. They may cause no symptoms and take years to diagnose. A rare cause of a VSD is severe blunt trauma to the chest.
What is a VSD?
What Is a Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)? A ventral septal defect, more commonly known as a ventricular septal defect (VSD), is a hole between your heart’s lower chambers, or ventricles. The defect can occur anywhere in the muscle that divides the two sides of the heart. There are varying types of VSDs. Smaller defects may close without any ...
What are the risk factors for a septal defect?
Risk Factors for a Ventricular Septal Defect. VSDs often occur at the same time as other birth defects. Many of the same factors that increase the risk for other birth defects also increase the risk of a VSD. Specific risk factors for a VSD include being of Asian heritage, having a family history of congenital heart disease, ...
How to fix a VSD?
You’ll be anesthetized and put on a heart-lung machine. Your surgeon will make an incision in your chest and close the VSD with either stitches or a patch.
What is the procedure for a VSD?
A catheter procedure involves inserting a thin tube, or catheter, into a blood vessel in the groin and then guiding it all the way up to the heart for closure of the VSD . Other surgeries involve a combination of these two procedures.
What is the best medicine for a large VSD?
If the VSD is large, you or your child may need medication to control symptoms before surgery. Medication may include digoxin, a drug made from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, and possibly diuretics as well.
What to do if a baby has a small VSD?
Your doctor will carefully monitor you or your baby’s health to make sure your condition improves.
What causes a VSD?
VSD may occur more often in some families. This is because of gene defects. Most of the time, the cause of VSD isn’t known.
How is a VSD diagnosed?
If this happens, the healthcare provider may refer your child to a heart doctor for children (pediatric cardiologist).
What is a ventricular septal defect?
A ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a congenital heart defect. This means that your baby is born with it. A VSD is an opening or hole in the dividing wall (septum) between the 2 lower chambers of the heart (right and left ventricles). VSDs are the most common type of congenital heart defect.
How to repair VSD?
VSD may be repaired by a cardiac catheterization. In this test, an instrument called a septal occluder is used with a catheter. The healthcare provider guides the catheter through the blood vessels to the heart. Once the catheter is in the heart, the doctor closes defect with the septal occluder.
What is the most common heart defect?
VSDs are the most common type of congenital heart defect. A VSD allows oxygen-rich (red) blood to pass from the left ventricle through the opening in the septum. Then it mixes with oxygen-poor (blue) blood in the right ventricle. There are different types of VSD. The type your child has depends on which part of the wall between ...
What are the symptoms of a child with a right ventricle?
Or your child may not have symptoms until he or she is a little older. Symptoms can occur a bit differently in each child. They can include: Tiredness.
What to do if your child has a VSD?
If the VSD is moderate to severe, your child’s heart doctor will closely monitor him or her. The doctor will decide when and how your child’s VSD will be fixed. Before surgery, your child may need medicine and special feedings. Your child's healthcare team will give you information and support so you can care for your child at home. Children who need surgery will be admitted to the hospital for surgery.
How to close a ventricular septal defect?
After surgery, the doctor will set up regular follow-up visits to make sure that the ventricular septal defect remains closed. Most children who have a ventricular septal defect that closes (either on its own or with surgery) live healthy lives.
What happens if you don't repair a ventricular septal defect?
Over time, if not repaired, this defect can increase the risk for other complications, including heart failure, high blood pressure in the lungs (called pulmonary hypertension), irregular heart rhythms (called arrhythmia), or stroke.
How many babies are born with a ventricular septal defect?
In a study in Atlanta, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimated that 42 of every 10,000 babies born had a ventricular septal defect . 1 This means about 16,800 babies are born each year in the United States with a ventricular septal defect. In other words, about 1 in every 240 babies born in the United States each year are born ...
Why do babies have heart defects?
Some babies have heart defects because of changes in their genes or chromosomes. Heart defects also are thought to be caused by a combination of genes and other risk factors, such as the things the mother comes in contact with in the environment or what the mother eats or drinks or the medicines the mother uses.
What does it mean when a doctor hears a whooshing sound?
Poor weight gain. During a physical examination the doctor might hear a distinct whooshing sound, called a heart murmur. If the doctor hears a heart murmur or other signs are present, the doctor can request one or more tests to confirm the diagnosis.
Can a ventricular septal defect close on its own?
Many ventricular septal defects are small and close on their own; if the hole is small and not causing any symptoms, the doctor will check the infant regularly to ensure there are no signs of heart failure and that the hole closes on its own.
What is a ventricular septal defect (VSD)?
A VSD (ventricular septal defect) is a hole in the wall between the two lower chambers ( ventricles) of the heart. The wall that separates these two chambers is called the septum.
What causes VSD?
In most cases, VSDs happen at random. It is not anyone’s fault. It is not caused by anything you or your partner did during pregnancy.
How can a VSD affect my child's health?
How a VSD affects your child’s health depends on its size and location in the heart. A small VSD might not cause any symptoms or problems. A large VSD can cause too much blood flow to the lungs and make it harder for your baby to feed and grow. This blood flow can also hurt the lungs and cause breathing problems.
Appointments and Referrals
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How does VSD affect the heart?
In a child with VSD, blood can travel across the hole from the left pumping chamber (left ventricle) to the right pumping chamber (right ventricle) and out into the lung arteries. If the VSD is large, the extra blood being pumped into the lung arteries makes the heart and lungs work harder and the lungs can become congested.
What doctor will examine a child after a VSD?
After surgery to close a VSD, a pediatric cardiologist will examine your child regularly. The cardiologist will make sure that the heart is working normally. The long-term outlook is good and usually no medicines or additional surgery are needed.
How long does endocarditis last after a VSD?
After the VSD is successfully closed, preventive treatment is needed only during a six-month healing period.
What is a ventricular septal defect?
A ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a defect in the septum between the right and left ventricle. The septum is a wall that separates the heart's left and right sides. Septal defects are sometimes called a "hole" in the heart. It's the most common congenital heart defect in the newborn; it's less common in older children ...
What is pulmonary artery banding?
This procedure (pulmonary artery banding) narrows the pulmonary artery to reduce the blood flow to the lungs. When the child is older, an operation is done to remove the band and fix the VSD with open-heart surgery.f the opening is large, open-heart surgery may be needed to close it and prevent serious problems.
Why does the hole in the heart not close?
When the hole does not close, it may cause higher pressure in the heart or reduced oxygen to the body.
Do children with VSD have surgery?
Many children who had a VSD did not need surgery or other treatments, and many of these defects closed on their own. Adults who were told they "had a hole in their heart" that closed on its own usually have no murmur and a normal EKG.
What is a VSD?
Overview. A ventricular septal defect ( VSD) is a congenital heart defect, or problem with the heart’s structure that is present at birth. There are many types of congenital heart defects, and a VSD is the most common. Essentially, it is an abnormal hole in the wall that divides the two lower chambers of the heart, called the ventricles.
What are the symptoms of a VSD?
In fact, small VSDs often don’t require treatment. A medium-sized or large hole is often detected when a doctor hears an unusual swishing sound (called a murmur) while listening to the heart with a stethoscope; the sound is the noise the blood makes when it flows through the hole.
How is a VSD diagnosed?
A specialist who suspects a patient may have a VSD may order imaging tests, such as an echocardiogram, an ultrasound of the heart, and an electrocardiogram that can track heart's electrical activity. A fetal echocardiogram can diagnose a VSD in a baby in utero, or before it is born.
How is a VSD treated?
Some small VSDs won’t require any treatment at all—many will close on their own—but it’s important for a congenital heart specialist to continue to monitor them. Medication may be necessary to support heart function until the VSD can be treated. Some babies with the condition require nutritional support.
What happens if you have a large VSD?
Shortness of breath when lying down or exercising. If a large VSD isn’t treated, the abnormal flow of blood may eventually damage the lungs.
How many babies have VSD?
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that 1 in 240 babies born in the United States has a VSD. The problem is usually diagnosed in infancy, but can also be identified prenatally (before the baby is born) or at any time, including in adulthood.
Can Eisenmenger's syndrome cause arrhythmia?
Large VSDs that aren’t treated also can lead to such serious issues as arrhythmia and stroke.
What are the different types of VSD?
There are four basic types of VSD: 1 Membranous VSD. An opening in a particular area of the upper section of the ventricular septum (an area called the membranous septum), near the valves. This type of VSD is the most commonly operated on since most membranous VSDs do not usually close spontaneously. 2 Muscular VSD. An opening in the muscular portion of the lower section of the ventricular septum. This is the most common type of VSD. A large number of these muscular VSDs close spontaneously and do not require surgery. 3 Atrioventricular canal type VSD. A VSD associated with atrioventricular canal defect. The VSD is located underneath the tricuspid and mitral valves. 4 Conal septal VSD. The rarest of VSDs which occur in the ventricular septum just below the pulmonary valve.
What is a VSD in the ventricular septum?
Muscular VSD. An opening in the muscular portion of the lower section of the ventricular septum. This is the most common type of VSD. A large number of these muscular VSDs close spontaneously and do not require surgery. Atrioventricular canal type VSD. A VSD associated with atrioventricular canal defect.
What is a ventricular septal defect?
A ventricular septal defect is an opening in the ventricular septum, or dividing wall between the two lower chambers of the heart known as the right and left ventricles. VSD is a congenital (present at birth) heart defect. As the fetus is growing, something occurs to affect heart development during the first eight weeks of pregnancy, resulting in a VSD.
How to close a VSD?
One method currently being used to close some small muscular VSDs is the use of a device called a septal occluder. During this procedure, the child is sedated and a small, thin flexible tube is inserted into a blood vessel in the groin and guided into the heart. Once the catheter is in the heart, the cardiologist will pass the septal occluder across the VSD. The septal occluder closes the ventricular septal defect providing a permanent seal.
Why do heart defects occur?
Some congenital heart defects may have a genetic link, either occurring due to a defect in a gene, a chromosome abnormality, or environmental exposure , causing heart problems to occur more often in certain families. Most ventricular septal defects occur sporadically (by chance), with no clear reason for their development.
Where is the VSD located?
The VSD is located underneath the tricuspid and mitral valves. Conal septal VSD. The rarest of VSDs which occur in the ventricular septum just below the pulmonary valve. Ventricular septal defects are the most commonly occurring type of congenital heart defect, accounting for about half of congenital heart disease cases.
Which defect allows oxygen rich blood to pass through the opening in the septum?
A ventricular septal defect allows oxygen-rich (red) blood to pass from the left ventricle, through the opening in the septum, and then mix with oxygen-poor (blue) blood in the right ventricle.
What is the best treatment for a large VSD?
Babies with a large VSD who have symptoms related to heart failure may need medicine to control the symptoms and surgery to close the hole. Diuretic medicines are often used to relieve symptoms of congestive heart failure. If symptoms continue, even with medicine, surgery to close the defect with a patch is needed.
Why is my murmur loud?
The loudness of the murmur is related to the size of the defect and amount of blood crossing the defect. Cardiac catheterization (rarely needed, unless there are concerns of high blood pressure in the lungs) MRI or CT scan of the heart -- used to see the defect and find out how much blood is getting to the lungs.
Is VSD always present at birth?
Except for VSD that is caused by a heart attack, this condition is always present at birth.
What Is A Ventricular Septal Defect
Types of Ventricular Septal Defects
Occurrence
Causes and Risk Factors
Diagnosis
Treatments
- Congenital heart defects arise from problems early in the heart's development, but there's often no clear cause. Genetics and environmental factors may play a role. VSDscan occur alone or with other congenital heart defects. During fetal development, a ventricular septal defect occurs whe…
References