what causes nagana in cattle

nagana, a form of the disease trypanosomiasis (q.v.), occurring chiefly in cattle and horses and caused by several species of the protozoan Trypanosoma

. The disease, which occurs in southern and central Africa, is carried from animal to animal chiefly by tsetse flies.

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What is nagana in cattle?

The disease in cattle, called nagana in Zululand, was linked with trypanosomal parasitaemia and tsetse flies. Nagana occurs in livestock throughout the tsetse belts of Africa. Wild animals are tolerant of trypanosomal infections. Nagana affects individual animals, herds and socio-economic development.

What is the history of nagana disease?

See Article History. Nagana, a form of the disease trypanosomiasis (q.v.), occurring chiefly in cattle and horses and caused by several species of the protozoan Trypanosoma. The disease, which occurs in southern and central Africa, is carried from animal to animal chiefly by tsetse flies.

What causes nagana fever in horses?

An infectious fever sometimes called nagana, caused by the tsetse fly, attacks both cattle and horses and is prevalent in central and southern Africa, as well as in the Philippines. Grass tetany and milk fever both result from metabolic disturbances. …and a similar disease called nagana in domestic animals.

What is the medical term for nagana?

Nagana. Nagana, a form of the disease trypanosomiasis ( q.v. ), occurring chiefly in cattle and horses and caused by several species of the protozoan Trypanosoma. The disease, which occurs in southern and central Africa, is carried from animal to animal chiefly by tsetse flies. Signs of infection include fever, muscular wasting, anemia,...

What is nagana caused by?

Nagana is an acute or chronic disease caused by several species of trypanosomes. Trypanosoma congolense causes a chronic form of the disease while T. brucei brucei and T. vivax cause an acute form.

How do you prevent nagana in cattle?

If detected early, Trypanosomosis can be treated with trypanocidal drugs for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes. Therapeutic drugs for cattle include diminazene aceturate, homidium chloride and homidium bromide. Prophylactic drugs for cattle include homidium chloride, homidium bromide and isometamidium.

What are the effects of nagana?

Clinically affected animals lose condition and become weak and unproductive. Nagana is often fatal and, at herd level, its impact is wide ranging. All aspects of production are depressed: fertility is impaired; milk yields, growth and work output are reduced; and the mortality rate may reduce herd size.

What insect carries nagana?

Researchers at the University of Bristol have revealed new details on how the animal disease Nagana is spread by tsetse flies in Africa. When animals are bitten by bloodsucking tsetse flies, they don't just get a painful bite, as the flies may be carrying a cargo of deadly microbes, trypanosomes.

How can you prevent listeria in cattle?

Prevention. The risk of listeriosis can be lowered by feeding good quality silage with a low pH. Avoid spoiled or moldy silage and silage from the top layer (few inches) which has been exposed to air. Any leftover silage should be removed from the feedbunk after feeding.

Can nagana affect humans?

African trypanosomes are the causative agents of human African trypanosomosis, otherwise termed 'sleeping sickness,' and animal African trypanosomosis or 'nagana. ' These parasites infect humans and animals throughout the African continent, where they cause death and impair economic development.

Which parasite causes nagana in cattle?

nagana, a form of the disease trypanosomiasis (q.v.), occurring chiefly in cattle and horses and caused by several species of the protozoan Trypanosoma. The disease, which occurs in southern and central Africa, is carried from animal to animal chiefly by tsetse flies.

What is another name for nagana?

Animal trypanosomiasis, also known as nagana and nagana pest, or sleeping sickness, is a disease of vertebrates. The disease is caused by trypanosomes of several species in the genus Trypanosoma such as Trypanosoma brucei. Trypanosoma vivax causes nagana mainly in West Africa, although it has spread to South America.

What is the vector of nagana disease?

African animal trypanosomosis (AAT) is caused by several species of the genus Trypanosoma, a parasitic protozoan infecting blood and tissues of the host animal (Leak 1998). Trypanosomes are transmitted by several vector species of blood sucking flies of the genus Glossina, commonly known as tsetse flies.

What are the symptoms of heart water?

The acute form of heartwater is the most commonly observed presentation of the disease. A sudden high fever (107° F) is followed by loss of appetite, depression and respiratory problems. Animals may initially have an increased respiratory rate, followed within a few days by severe respiratory distress.

What do tsetse flies do to cattle?

One of Africa's most harmful pests, the tsetse fly, which can infect humans and cattle with fatal sleeping sickness and nagana (the equivalent disease in cattle), has been all but eradicated from parts of the African continent with the help of artificial cows.

What are the symptoms of trypanosomiasis in cattle?

You are hereTrypanosomiasis (Surra)An important disease of cattle and buffalo caused by protozoa. It is transmitted mechanically by biting flies. ... Common symptoms:Progressive anaemia, abortion, swollen lymph nodes and nervous signs like circling, paddling movements etc.It is curable if treated promptly.

How can we prevent Surra?

Prevention and control It is also important to control arthropod vectors and the confinement of healthy animals during daylight hours. In endemic areas, surra is usually controlled by treating infected animals and controlling the occurrence of resistance and toxic effects of antiparasitic agents.

How can we prevent Theileriosis?

Tropical bovine theileriosis caused by Theileria annulata and transmitted by ticks of the genus Hyalomma may be controlled by one or more of the following methods: i) management, with particular emphasis on movement control; ii) vector control by application of acaricides, preventing transmission of disease; iii) ...

How can tsetse fly be prevented?

Prevention & ControlWear long-sleeved shirts and pants of medium-weight material in neutral colors that blend with the background environment. Tsetse flies are attracted to bright or dark colors, and they can bite through lightweight clothing.Inspect vehicles before entering. ... Avoid bushes. ... Use insect repellent.

How can cows prevent liver flukes?

Control and Prevention of Liver Fluke in CattleGrazing management. Avoid grazing high risk pastures. Avoid co-grazing sheep and cattle.Snail habitat management. Fence off wet areas. Drainage of wet areas.Monitoring for infection.

What are the prophylactic drugs for cattle?

Prophylactic drugs for cattle include homidium chloride, homidium bromide and isometamidium. However the effectiveness of these drugs is now questionable following years of use, causing resistence and now variuos strains of Trypanosomosis to occur.

How is trypanosomosis transmitted?

Trypanosomosis is usually transmitted through blood lymph and other fluids of infected animals. It is caused by Flagellated protozoan parasites that live in the fluids and tissue of its host animal. Often the disease is transmitted through the bite of an infected tsetse fly which has been feeding on an infected animal. Symptoms.

What is Nagana caused by?

Nagana is an acute or chronic disease caused by several species of trypanosomes. Trypanosoma congolense causes a chronic form of the disease while T. brucei brucei and T. vivax cause an acute form. Primarily, these trypanosomes are cyclically transmitted by Glossina spp. However, T. congolense and T. vivax can be transmitted mechanically by Tabanids and Stomoxines. This has allowed them to expand their range beyond that of Glossina spp. Trypanosoma congolense is limited to sub-Saharan Africa while T. vivax has expanded its range to much of South and parts of Central America ( Radwanska et al., 2018 ). The relative importance of Tabanids and Stomoxines in the transmission of T. congolense and T. vivax is unclear. Experimental mechanical transmission of T. congolense and T. vivax by Tabanids has been demonstrated ( Ferenc et al., 1988; Raymond, 1990; Otte and Abuabara, 1991; Desquesnes and Dia, 2003, 2004 ). Sumba et al. (1998) demonstrated mechanical transmission of T. congolense by Stomoxys niger niger but S. calcitrans was not included in their study. Transmission of T. vivax (= T. cazalboui) by mixed species of Stomoxys was reported by Bouet and Roubaud (1912) but similar efforts by the same authors to transmit T. congolense (= T. dimorphon) with Stomoxys failed. Santos-Silva et al. (2004) reported that Serra-Freire and Rezende (1988) had successfully transmitted T. vivax mechanically with S. calcitrans. In conclusion, experimental data supporting the involvement of S. calcitrans in the transmission of T. congolense and T. vivax are thin. However, given the very high infestation levels of S. calcitrans observed in some locations and their propensity for interrupted feedings, their role in transmitting these pathogens cannot be ruled out even if their efficiency is very low and difficult to replicate in the laboratory.

What are the signs of nagana in horses?

The clinical signs of nagana in horses vary from lethargy and anorexia to sub-clinical infections:

What subgenera is Nagana?

Trypanosomes causing nagana (or tsetse-transmitted trypanosomiasis) belong to the subgenera Nannomonas ( Trypanosoma congolense, T. simiae, T. godfreyi ), Trypanozoon ( Trypanosoma brucei brucei, T. b. rhodesiense and T. b. gambiense) and Dutonella ( Trypanosoma vivax ). With the exception of T. vivax, which can also be found outside the African continent, they occur in sub-Saharan Africa.

What is the cause of African animal trypanosomiasis?

African animal trypanosomiasis (AAT; tsetse disease, tsetse fly disease, African animal nagana) is a disease complex caused by infection with T. congolense, T. vivax, or T. brucei brucei, either singly or in combination. 52-55 In East Africa, T. congolense is the most important cause of AAT. Cattle, sheep, goats, horses, and pigs develop significant clinical disease if infected. In West Africa, T. vivax is the most important cause of AAT in cattle. The polymorphic trypanosome T. brucei brucei causes significant disease in horses, dogs, cats, camels, and pigs.

How are trypanosomes controlled?

Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense ). Conversely, parasites that cause west African HAT (i.e. T. b. gambiense) circulate only through humans, and to the best of our knowledge no other animals serve as reservoirs ( Franco et al., 2014 ). Independent of the trypanosome species, HAT and AAT are best controlled via three specific routes: (1) reducing disease incidence and burden in vertebrate hosts, (2) controlling populations of the tsetse fly vector, and (3) inhibiting trypanosome development and subsequent transmission by tsetse flies ( Fig. 7) ( Aksoy et al., 2017 ). Limited progress has been made regarding reducing/eliminating and/or treating vertebrate disease. This largely reflects the lack of anti-trypanosomal vaccines, due to the phenomenon of trypanosome antigenic variation ( Bangs, 2018 ). Anti-trypanosomal chemotherapeutics present limited effectiveness. Encouragingly, progress is being made on the development of both anti-trypanosomal vaccines ( Vigneron et al., 2020) and drugs ( Field et al., 2017; Pollastri, 2018 ). Detection of the parasite within vertebrate hosts is expensive and logistically difficult due to the lack of testing capabilities, the reliance on clinical manifestation of trypanosome infection, and the large number of potentially infected livestock ( Mumba Ngoyi et al., 2014; Jamonneau et al., 2015; Koffi et al., 2016; Aksoy et al., 2017 ). The importance of detection is critical, as current treatments are toxic to vertebrates and parasites quickly develop resistance ( Babokhov et al., 2013; Aksoy et al., 2017; Fairlamb and Horn, 2018 ). The development of novel treatments, such as nifurtimox combination therapy (NECT) ( Priotto et al., 2009; Babokhov et al., 2013 ), is likely to improve the safety and effectiveness of treatment. Chemotherapy is predominantly used to control AAT ( Giordani et al., 2016 ), but resistance due to limited chemical options is becoming more common. Trypanosoma -resistant livestock breeds have been noted and represent a potential solution for AAT ( Bocoum et al., 2012; Berthier et al., 2016; Yaro et al., 2016 ), but asymptomatic infections could allow these resistant animals to serve as reservoirs.

What is Nagana trypanosome?

Nagana. The various species of trypanosome produce various ill effects in different species of livestock, but they are all collectively referred to as trypanosomiasis. Mixed infections may occur, with corresponding variations in clinical disease. The general patterns are shown in the table below.

What happens when an animal lags behind a herd?

The animal becomes listless, it lags behind the herd, loses interest in its surroundings, its ears and tail hang limply and it ceases to react to biting insects.

Where does Nagana occur?

Trypanosoma vivax causes nagana mainly in West Africa, although it has spread to South America. The trypanosomes infect the blood of the vertebrate host, causing fever, weakness, and lethargy, which lead to weight loss and anemia; in some animals the disease is fatal unless treated.

What is the name of the disease that causes naganas to sleep?

Animal trypanosomiasis, also known as nagana and nagana pest, or sleeping sickness, is a disease of vertebrates. The disease is caused by trypanosomes of several species in the genus Trypanosoma such as Trypanosoma brucei. Trypanosoma vivax causes nagana mainly in West Africa, although it has spread to South America.

What is trypanosomiasis in animals?

"Nagana" redirects here. For the 1933 American film, see Nagana (film). Animal trypanosomiasis, also known as nagana and nagana pest, or sleeping sickness, is a disease of vertebrates. The disease is caused by trypanosomes ...

How do trypanosomes spread?

It can also be spread by fomites such as surgical instruments, needles, and syringes. The most important vectors are thought to be horseflies ( Tabanidae spp.) and stable flies ( Stomoxys spp.).

What are the effects of trypanosomiasis on livestock?

Although the loss of direct livestock products ( meat, milk, and blood) is problematic, the greatest impact of livestock trypanosomiasis is the loss of crop productivity due to loss of the animals' draught power in the field.

How can tsetse habitat be destroyed?

The tsetse habitat can be destroyed by alteration of vegetation. Some drugs can prevent trypanosomiasis, and are called prophylactic drugs. These are very effective in protecting animals during the times they are exposed to diseases. Historically, these drugs were not used properly, leading to some resistance.