Red Queen hypothesis
The Red Queen hypothesis (also referred to as Red Queen's, the Red Queen effect, Red Queen's race, Red Queen dynamics) is an evolutionary hypothesis which proposes that organisms must constantly adapt, evolve, and proliferate in order to survive while pitted against ever-evolving opposi…
Leigh Van Valen
Leigh Van Valen was a U.S. evolutionary biologist. At the time of his death, he was professor emeritus in the Department of Ecology and Evolution at the University of Chicago.
What is the “Red Queen” hypothesis in evolution?
The “Red Queen” hypothesis in evolution is related to the coevolution of species. It states that species must continuously adapt and evolve to pass on genes to the next generation and also to keep from going extinct when other species within a symbiotic relationship are evolving.
What is Van Valen's Red Queen hypothesis?
Van Valen coined the hypothesis "Red Queen" because under his hypothesis, species have to "run" or evolve in order to stay in the same place, or else go extinct. The "law of extinction": The linear relationship between survival times and the logarithm of the number of genera suggests that the probability of extinction is constant over time.
What is another name for the Red Queen?
For other uses of the phrase, see Red Queen's race. Concept in evolutionary biology. The Red Queen hypothesis, also referred to as Red Queen's, the Red Queen effect, the Red Queen model, Red Queen's race, and Red Queen dynamics, is a hypothesis in evolutionary biology which proposes that species must constantly adapt, evolve, ...
What is the Black Queen hypothesis?
In other words, a gene that confers a vital biological function can become dispensable for an individual organism if its community members express that gene in a "leaky" fashion. Like the Red Queen Hypothesis, the Black Queen Hypothesis is a theory of co-evolution.
What does the Red Queen hypothesis predict?
The Red Queen Hypothesis (RQH) predicts that coevolution between hosts and parasites acts to maintain genetic variation through time.
What question does the Red Queen hypothesis answer?
Over the years, evolutionary biologists have used the Red Queen's statement to refer to the “Red Queen” hypothesis, which describes how living organisms, including humans, manage to survive in a changing environment by adapting through sexual reproduction.
What is the supposed benefit of the Red Queen hypothesis?
According to the Red Queen hypothesis, sexual reproduction persists because it enables host species to evolve new genetic defenses against parasites that attempt to live off them.
What is the Red Queen hypothesis quizlet?
Red Queen Hypothesis support. -difference in infectivity between common (high) and rare (low) in sympatric. -allopatric parasite not infecting as well. --common and rare infected at same rate→refutes alternative hypothesis since no difference between the two when alt.
What is the Red Queen effect strategy?
The 'red queen effect' refers to the red queen's advice in Lewis Carroll's Through the Looking Glass in which she says, in order to stay in a (competitive) place you have to run very hard, whereas to get anywhere you have to run even harder.
How does the Red Queen hypothesis relate to genes?
The “Red Queen” hypothesis in evolution is related to the coevolution of species. It states that species must continuously adapt and evolve to pass on genes to the next generation and also to keep from going extinct when other species within a symbiotic relationship are evolving.
Who created the Red Queen hypothesis?
Van ValenThe Red Queen hypothesis (RQH) was first proposed by Van Valen [1] to explain a pattern he argued was manifest in the fossil record involving component members of several major taxonomic groups: survivorship curves that were linear when plotted against geologic time.
What is the Red Queen hypothesis in business?
In a Red Queen effect, the innovation of a new startup boosts others who will try to achieve a new innovation that supersedes the existing innovation as fast as possible, all in a bid to reach the next predominant position in the market.
Is Red Queen being made into a movie?
Elizabeth Banks' Red Queen Film Is Now A Streaming Series | Movies | Empire.
What is unusual about the whiptail lizard found in West Texas?
What is unusual about the whiptail lizard found in west Texas? The lizards are all female and reproduce asexually.
What is the Red Queen hypothesis in business?
In a Red Queen effect, the innovation of a new startup boosts others who will try to achieve a new innovation that supersedes the existing innovation as fast as possible, all in a bid to reach the next predominant position in the market.
Is Red Queen being made into a movie?
Elizabeth Banks' Red Queen Film Is Now A Streaming Series | Movies | Empire.
Why do most plants animals breed seasonally?
Reproduction. Reproduction in many species occurs at specific times of the year. Plants produce pollen at the times of year when pollinators will be active, whilst animals often reproduce in the spring and summer to take advantage of the warmer temperatures. Often reproduction is triggered by a critical photoperiod.
Where is the Red Queen's race cyberpunk?
The Red Queen's Race was a former warehouse turned Braindance club, but after the passing of Mayor Lucius Rhyne, it was closed. It is located on Bonita Street in Charter Hill, Westbrook.
What is the Red Queen hypothesis?
It states that species must continuously adapt and evolve to pass on genes to the next generation and also to keep from going extinct when other species within a symbiotic relationship are evolving.
Why are symbiotic relationships important?
These symbiotic relationships, such as the predator-prey relationship, keep the biosphere running correctly and keep species from going extinct.
Can a symbiotic relationship lead to natural selection?
Hopefully, this mixing of desirable traits will lead to the offspring being chosen through natural selection and the species will continue. This is a particularly helpful mechanism for one species in a symbiotic relationship if the other species cannot undergo sexual selection.
What is the Red Queen hypothesis?
The Red Queen hypothesis, also referred to as Red Queen's, the Red Queen effect, the Red Queen model, Red Queen's race, and Red Queen dynamics, is a hypothesis in evolutionary biology which proposes that species must constantly adapt, evolve, and proliferate in order to survive while pitted against ever-evolving ...
Why is the Red Queen hypothesis important?
The main idea is that aging is favored by natural selection since it allows faster adaptation to changing conditions, especially in order to keep pace with the evolution of pathogens, predators and prey.
Why did Van Valen coin the Red Queen hypothesis?
Van Valen coined the hypothesis "Red Queen" because under this interpretation, species have to "run" or evolve in order to stay in the same place, or else go extinct.
How does Van Valen's law explain extinction?
Leigh Van Valen proposed the hypothesis as an "explanatory tangent" to explain the "law of extinction" (known as "Van Valen's law"), which states that the probability of extinction does not depend on the lifetime of the species (or higher-rank taxon), instead being constant over millions of years for any given taxon. However, the probability of extinction is strongly related to adaptive zones, because different taxa have different probabilities of extinction. In other words, extinction occurs randomly with respect to age but nonrandomly with respect to ecology. Collectively, these two observations suggest that the effective environment of any homogeneous group of organisms deteriorates at a stochastically constant rate. Van Valen proposed that this is the result of an evolutionary zero-sum game driven by interspecific competition: the evolutionary progress (= increase in fitness) of one species deteriorates the fitness of coexisting species, but because coexisting species evolve as well, no one species gains a long-term increase in fitness, and the overall fitness of the system remains constant. The phenomenon's name is derived from a statement that the Red Queen made to Alice in Lewis Carroll 's Through the Looking-Glass in her explanation of the nature of Looking-Glass Land:
Why is the probability of extinction strongly related to adaptive zones?
However, the probability of extinction is strongly related to adaptive zones, because different taxa have different probabilities of extinction. In other words, extinction occurs randomly with respect to age but nonrandomly with respect to ecology.
What is the competing evolutionary idea?
A competing evolutionary idea is the court jester hypothesis, which indicates that an arms race is not the driving force of evolution on a large scale, but rather it is abiotic factors.
What is the relationship between a fox and a rabbit?
The rabbit evolves increasing its speed to escape the attack of the fox, and the fox evolves increasing its speed to reach the rabbit. This evolution is constant, in case one of the two stops evolving, its extinction will occur.
Does the Red Queen hypothesis depend on heritability?
Note that all of these predictions implicitly rely on the heritability of being healthy (in this case, the ability to combat pathogens); specifically, parents must be able to pass along to their offspring genes for avoiding pathogens. Testing these predictions has resulted in several lines of evidence supporting the Red Queen hypothesis.
Do primroses have asexual or sexual forms?
Additional evidence comes from the evening primrose (Figure 4), a flowering plant that–like the minnows, snails, and water fleas discussed above–exists in sexual and asexual forms. Evening primrose can be damaged by mildew from a pathogenic fungus. The plants produce an enzyme protein called chitinase to defend themselves against this fungus. A recent comparison indicated that the sexually reproducing primrose plants had greater variety in the gene that codes for chitinase than did the asexual plants. In addition, the overall amount of chitinase expressed was higher in the sexual plants than in the asexuals. Finally, the researchers found that the plants that were more resistant to mildew damage had higher fitness (they produced more fruit, and thus more offspring) in the presence of that pathogen. In evening primrose, greater diversity in a key gene renders an individual less susceptible to a pathogen, supporting the prediction that parasites are more likely to attack the most common phenotype in a population, and providing additional evidence for The Red Queen.
Definition
The Red Queen hypothesis is an evolutionary hypothesis that states that all living beings must constantly adjust, evolve, and reproduce while attempting to survive ever-evolving predators.
Introduction
This hypothesis was first proposed by Leigh Van Valen in 1973. The term “Red Queen” is a reference to a statement made by the Red Queen to Alice, characters in the popular 1871 novel Through the Looking-Glass, written by Lewis Carol.
Overview
The Red Queen hypothesis is a hypothesis in evolutionary biology proposed in 1973, that species must constantly adapt, evolve, and proliferate in order to survive while pitted against ever-evolving opposing species. The hypothesis was intended to explain the constant (age-independent) extinction probability as observed in the paleontological record caused by co-evolution between competi…
Origin
In 1973, Leigh Van Valen proposed the hypothesis as an "explanatory tangent" to explain the "law of extinction" known as "Van Valen's law", which states that the probability of extinction does not depend on the lifetime of the species or higher-rank taxon, instead being constant over millions of years for any given taxon. However, the probability of extinction is strongly related to adaptive zones, bec…
Examples
Palaeontological data suggest that high speciation rates correlate with high extinction rates in almost all major taxa. This correlation has been attributed to a number of ecological factors, but it may result also from a Red Queen situation, in which each speciation event in a clade deteriorates the fitness of coexisting species in the same clade (provided that there is phylogenetic niche conservati…
Competing evolutionary ideas
A competing evolutionary idea is the court jester hypothesis, which indicates that an arms race is not the driving force of evolution on a large scale, but rather it is abiotic factors.
The Black Queen hypothesis is a theory of reductive evolution that suggests natural selection can drive organisms to reduce their genome size. In other words, a gene that confers a vital biological function can become dispensable for an individual organism if its community members express t…
Trivia
Van Valen originally submitted his article to the Journal of Theoretical Biology, where it was accepted for publication. However, because "the manner of processing depended on payment of page charges", Van Valen withdrew his manuscript and founded a new Journal called Evolutionary Theory, in which he published his manuscript as the first paper. Van Valen's acknowledgement to the National Science Foundation ran: "I thank the National Science Foundation for regularly rejec…
See also
• Chaos theory
• Interspecific competition
• Macroevolution
• Punctuated equilibrium
• Red King hypothesis
Further reading
• Francis Heylighen (2000): "The Red Queen Principle", in: F. Heylighen, C. Joslyn and V. Turchin (editors): Principia Cybernetica Web (Principia Cybernetica, Brussels), URL: http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/REDQUEEN.html.
• Pearson, Paul N. (2001) Red Queen hypothesis Encyclopedia of Life Sciences http://www.els.net