Full Answer
What are molecules which speed up chemical reactions in cells?
enzymes: the chemical catalysts tht speed & regulate virtually all chemical reactions in ur cells Other types of proteins include transport proteins that are embedded in cell membranes & move sugar molecules & other nutrients into ur cells.
What are the chemical reactions that occur in cells called?
What are the chemical reactions that occur in a cell? Chemical reactions that take place inside living things are called biochemical reactions . The sum of all the biochemical reactions in an organism is called metabolism . Metabolism includes both exothermic (energy-releasing) chemical reactions and endothermicno post (energy-absorbing) chemical reactions. What are two waste products ]
What is needed for all chemical reaction in cells?
What is needed for all chemical reactions in cells? Most biochemical reactions need a biological catalyst called an enzyme to speed up the reaction. Enzymes reduce the amount of activation energy needed for the reaction to begin. Most enzymes are proteins that affect just one specific substance, which is called the enzyme’s substrate.
What is the sum of all chemical reactions within a cell?
Chemical reactions that take place inside living things are called biochemical reactions. The sum of all the biochemical reactions in an organism is referred to as metabolism. Metabolism includes both exothermic (heat-releasing) chemical reactions and endothermic (heat-absorbing) chemical reactions.
Chemical Reaction in Biology
In biology, biochemical reactions are chemical reactions that take place within the cells. These reactions can involve the breakdown of molecules as well as building molecules. The sum of all biochemical reactions (what is built and broken down) in an organism is called metabolism.
What is a Chemical Product?
A chemical product is what is produced in a biochemical reaction. For example, a common biochemical reaction in our cells involves the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen. This reaction can be written as:
Substance That Boosts a Chemical Reaction
Cells undergo numerous biochemical reactions that are essential to the organism's survival. These reactions have to happen efficiently. Most of these reactions within an organism's cells would be impossible under normal conditions, meaning they would happen too slowly.
Chemical Reactions in Biology: Examples
Chemical reactions can be classified as anabolic reactions or catabolic reactions. Anabolic reactions are reactions in which polymers are formed from monomers. Catabolic reactions are reactions in which polymers are broken down into smaller molecules. Organisms need to breakdown molecules as well as build molecules for survival.
What are the characteristics of a cell?
All the characteristics of a cell depend on the molecules it contains. A moleculeis defined as a cluster of atoms held together by covalent bonds; here electrons are shared between atoms to complete the outer shells, rather than being transferred between them. In the simplest possible molecule—a molecule of hydrogen (H2)—two H atoms, each with a single electron, share two electrons, which is the number required to fill the first shell. These shared electrons form a cloud of negative charge that is densest between the two positively charged nuclei and helps to hold them together, in opposition to the mutual repulsion between like charges that would otherwise force them apart. The attractive and repulsive forces are in balance when the nuclei are separated by a characteristic distance, called the bond length.
What are cells made of?
Cells Are Made From a Few Types of Atoms
What determines how atoms interact?
The Outermost Electrons Determine How Atoms Interact
How many elements are there in an organism?
There are 92 naturally occurring elements, each differing from the others in the number of protons and electrons in its atoms. Living organisms, however, are made of only a small selection of these elements, four of which—carbon (C), hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N), and oxygen (O)—make up 96.5% of an organism's weight. This composition differs markedly from that of the nonliving inorganic environment (Figure 2-3) and is evidence of a distinctive type of chemistry. The most common elements in living organisms are listed in Table 2-1with some of their atomic characteristics.
What are the elements that make up matter?
Matter is made of combinations of elements—substances such as hydrogen or carbon that cannot be broken down or converted into other substances by chemical means. The smallest particle of an element that still retains its distinctive chemical properties is an atom. However, the characteristics of substances other than pure elements—including the materials from which living cells are made—depend on the way their atoms are linked together in groups to form molecules. In order to understand how living organisms are built from inanimate matter, therefore, it is crucial to know how all of the chemical bonds that hold atoms together in molecules are formed.
How do neutrons contribute to the structure of an atom?
Neutronsare uncharged subatomic particles of essentially the same mass as protons. They contribute to the structural stability of the nucleus —if there are too many or too few, the nucleus may disintegrate by radioactive decay—but they do not alter the chemical properties of the atom. Thus an element can exist in several physically distinguishable but chemically identical forms, called isotopes, each isotopehaving a different number of neutrons but the same number of protons. Multiple isotopes of almost all the elements occur naturally, including some that are unstable. For example, while most carbon on Earth exists as the stable isotope carbon 12, with six protons and six neutrons, there are also small amounts of an unstable isotope, the radioactive carbon 14, whose atoms have six protons and eight neutrons. Carbon 14 undergoes radioactive decay at a slow but steady rate. This forms the basis for a technique known as carbon 14 dating, which is used in archaeology to determine the time of origin of organic materials.
Why are Na+ and Cl-attracted to each other?
Because of their opposite charges, Na+and Cl-are attracted to each other and are thereby held together in an ionic bond. A salt crystal contains astronomical numbers of Na+and Cl-(about 2 × 1019ions of each type in a crystal 1 mm across) packed together in a precise three-dimensional array with their opposite charges exactly balanced (Figure 2-6). Substances such as NaCl, which are held together solely by ionic bonds, are generally called saltsrather than molecules. Ionic bonds are just one of several types of noncovalent bondsthat can exist between atoms, and we shall meet other examples.
How to split a large molecule into two smaller molecules?
splitting a large molecule into two smaller ones by adding water. one receives H, the other receives the OH.
What are the factors that determine the concentration of a solution?
concentration of molecules in a solution, molecular weight, temperature, plasma membrane surface area, and permeability.
How many carbons are in a carbohydrate?
contain three to seven carbons, and are the monomers from which all carbohydrates are made. fits into the plasma membrane.
