What are the best sonnets?
- Petrarch's Il Canzoniere
- Dante's La Vita Nuova
- Shakespeare's Sonnets
- Browning's Sonnets from the Portuguese
What is William Shakespeare's most famous sonnet?
The following are supposed to be the most famous sonnets by William Shakespeare: 126 William Shakespeare Sonnet - O thou my lovely boy 130 William Shakespeare Sonnet - My Mistress' eyes 029 William Shakespeare Sonnet - When in disgrace with fortune 116 William Shakespeare Sonnet - Let me not to the marriage of true minds 18 William Shakespeare Sonnet - Shall I compare thee to a Summer's day?
What is the meaning of sonnet in poetry?
The word sonnet is derived from the Italian word “sonetto,” which means a “little song” or small lyric. In poetry, a sonnet has 14 lines, and is written in iambic pentameter. Each line has 10 syllables. Generally, sonnets are divided into different groups based on the rhyme scheme they follow.
What is traditional sonnet?
Traditionally, the sonnet is a fourteen-line poem written in iambic pentameter, employing one of several rhyme schemes, and adhering to a tightly structured thematic organization. The name is taken from the Italian sonetto, which means "a little sound or song."
What is the most famous sonnet?
Sonnet 18: Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? Perhaps the most famous of all the sonnets is Sonnet 18, where Shakespeare addresses a young man to whom he is very close.
What is a well known example of a sonnet?
#1: My Mistress' Eyes Are Nothing Like the Sun, by William Shakespeare (Shakespearean Sonnet)
What are examples of sonnet Poems?
Common Examples of Sonnet “Death be not proud.” —John Donne. “Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?” —William Shakespeare. “i carry your heart with me(i carry it in / my heart)” —e.e. cummings.
What is Shakespeare famous sonnet?
By William Shakespeare. While William Shakespeare's reputation is based primarily on his plays, he became famous first as a poet.
Is Romeo and Juliet a sonnet?
Romeo and Juliet contains several sonnets, a traditional form of poetry comprised of fourteen rhyming lines, usually about love. Shakespeare himself wrote sonnets, as did most of the major poets of his day.
What is sonnet give two examples?
Here's a quick and simple definition: A sonnet is a type of fourteen-line poem. Traditionally, the fourteen lines of a sonnet consist of an octave (or two quatrains making up a stanza of 8 lines) and a sestet (a stanza of six lines). Sonnets generally use a meter of iambic pentameter, and follow a set rhyme scheme.
What are the 3 types of sonnets?
The Main Types of Sonnet. In the English-speaking world, we usually refer to three discrete types of sonnet: the Petrarchan, the Shakespearean, and the Spenserian. All of these maintain the features outlined above - fourteen lines, a volta, iambic pentameter - and they all three are written in sequences.
What is the easiest sonnet to write?
The Shakespearean sonnet is the easiest sonnet to write. It consists of three quatrains and a couplet. The first stanza has the rhyme scheme of "a-b-a-b," while the rhyme scheme for second stanza is "c-d-c-d." The third stanza's rhyme scheme is "e-f-e-f," and for the couplet, it is "g-g."
What makes a poem a sonnet?
English poets borrowed the sonnet form from the Italian poet Francesco Petrarch. Traditionally, it has fourteen lines of iambic pentameter linked by an intricate rhyme scheme. Iambic pentameter refers to its rhythm; basically, each line of the poem has ten syllables, and every other syllable is stressed.
What is the best sonnet?
10 Classic Sonnets Everyone Should ReadJohn Donne, 'Death, Be Not Proud'. ... William Wordsworth, 'Composed upon Westminster Bridge'. ... John Keats, 'On First Looking into Chapman's Homer'. ... Christina Rossetti, 'Remember'. ... Gerard Manley Hopkins, 'The Windhover'. ... Edna St. ... Tony Harrison, 'Illuminations I'.More items...•
Why is Sonnet 18 so famous?
Sonnet 18 is so famous largely because of its eloquent use of language and perfection of form. It starts with: ''Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? Thou art more lovely and more temperate.
Is Romeo and Juliet a poem?
What is Romeo and Juliet based on? Shakespeare's principal source for the plot of Romeo and Juliet was The Tragicall Historye of Romeus and Juliet, a long narrative poem written in 1562 by the English poet Arthur Brooke, who had based his poem on a French translation of a tale by the Italian writer Matteo Bandello.
What is the best sonnet?
10 Classic Sonnets Everyone Should ReadJohn Donne, 'Death, Be Not Proud'. ... William Wordsworth, 'Composed upon Westminster Bridge'. ... John Keats, 'On First Looking into Chapman's Homer'. ... Christina Rossetti, 'Remember'. ... Gerard Manley Hopkins, 'The Windhover'. ... Edna St. ... Tony Harrison, 'Illuminations I'.More items...•
What are the 3 types of sonnets?
The Main Types of Sonnet. In the English-speaking world, we usually refer to three discrete types of sonnet: the Petrarchan, the Shakespearean, and the Spenserian. All of these maintain the features outlined above - fourteen lines, a volta, iambic pentameter - and they all three are written in sequences.
What are the 2 main types of sonnets?
Most sonnets are one of two kinds:Italian (Petrarchan)- this sonnet is split into two parts, an octave and a sestet. ... English (Shakespearian)- this contains 3 Sicilian quatrains and one heroic couplet at the end, with an "abab cdcd efef gg" rhyme scheme.
What is the easiest sonnet to write?
The Shakespearean sonnet is the easiest sonnet to write. It consists of three quatrains and a couplet. The first stanza has the rhyme scheme of "a-b-a-b," while the rhyme scheme for second stanza is "c-d-c-d." The third stanza's rhyme scheme is "e-f-e-f," and for the couplet, it is "g-g."
What is the meaning of the sonnet 19?
Sonnet 19: On His Blindness by John Milton. This sonnet is by far Milton’s most famous. It was written sometime after the poet had gone blind and he was dealing with the implications of this new disability.
How many sonnets are there in Astrophil and Stella?
This sonnet is one of 108 that are included in Sidney’s Astrophil and Stella. Sonnet 1 starts out the sequence an depicts a speaker who desires to share his love with his beloved through writing. He wants nothing more than to win Stella’s heart and thinks that if she reads his writing then perhaps she will come to love or at least pity him.
What is the meaning of the poem "Death be not proud"?
Throughout ‘Death be not Proud’, the speaker uses a metaphor to describe how death is impermanent.
What does the poem "Look on my Works, ye Mighty, and despair" mean?
This memorable poem describes a ruined statue of a king in an empty desert. The statue has a powerful message emblazoned on it saying “Look on my Works, ye Mighty, and despair”. Despite this message, any great cities or monuments the king built have fallen. Everything is in ruins. The poem was published in 1818 and published the same year in The Examiner of London. Nowadays, it is frequently anthologized.
What does the speaker say in the last six lines of the poem?
In the last six lines of the poem, the speaker toasts to the great ages of the past that have long since faded into death. In conclusion, she states that time is “a great machine” that works, as a prison does, to “drain…the milk of stars”.
Who wrote the poem "To Time"?
Sonnet: To Time by Sylvia Plath. In ‘To Time,’ one of Plath’s best-known poems, the speaker discusses the comings and goings of death “in a casual steel car”. The speaker describes how human beings address death and its inevitability. Specifically, how we “scorn the dark”.
What is the meaning of "Leda and the Swan"?
It is now considered to be one of the most important works of the 20th century. ‘Leda and the Swan’ takes its context from a Greek myth in which Leda, a princess from Aetolia, is seduced by Zeus, in the form of a swan. It is from this union that the entire race of heroes and heroines were born. These were the founders of Athens and many of them feature in Homer’s writings.
Which poet wrote the most famous sonnet?from dkfindout.com
Many poets have used the sonnet form, but Shakespeare wrote the most famous ones of all time. Find out more ›. William Shakespeare. Music, Art, and Literature › Poetry › Sonnets. ›. Sonnet number 18 is also referred to as “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day,” from its first line.
What is the most famous example of a sonnet?from en.wikipedia.org
One of the most important examples of this is Terrance Hayes's "Sonnet" (2002) , which repeats the line "We Sliced the Watermelon Into Smiles" 14 times.
What is the name of the sonnet in La Vita Nuova?from en.wikipedia.org
Chapter VII gives sonnet "O voi che per la via", with two sestets (AABAAB AABAAB) and two quatrains (CDDC CDDC), and Ch. VIII, "Morte villana", with two sestets (AABBBA AABBBA) and two quatrains (CDDC CDDC).
What pentameter is the Petrarchan sonnet written in?from en.wikipedia.org
In English, both the English (or Shakespearean) sonnet and the Italian Petrarchan sonnet are traditionally written in iambic pentameter .
What rhyme scheme is used in Shakespearean sonnets?from poets.org
The second major type of sonnet, the Shakespearean, or English sonnet, follows a different set of rules. Here, three quatrains and a couplet follow this rhyme scheme: abab, cdcd, efef, gg. The couplet plays a pivotal role, usually arriving in the form of a conclusion, amplification, or even refutation of the previous three stanzas, often creating an epiphanic quality to the end. In Sonnet 130 of William Shakespeare ’s epic sonnet cycle, the first twelve lines compare the speaker’s mistress unfavorably with nature’s beauties, but the concluding couplet swerves in a surprising direction.
What is the sonnet form in Slovenia?from en.wikipedia.org
In Slovenia the sonnet became a national verse form. The greatest Slovenian poet, France Prešeren, wrote many sonnets. His best known work worldwide is Sonetni venec ( A Wreath of Sonnets ), which is an example of crown of sonnets. Another work of his is the sequence Sonetje nesreče ( Sonnets of Misfortune ). In writing sonnets Prešeren was followed by many later poets. After the Second World War sonnets remained very popular. Slovenian poets write both traditional rhymed sonnets and modern ones, unrhymed, in free verse. Among them are Milan Jesih and Aleš Debeljak. The metre for sonnets in Slovenian poetry is iambic pentameter with feminine rhymes, based both on the Italian endecasillabo and German iambic pentameter.
What is the name of the sonnet by Gerard Manley Hopkins?from en.wikipedia.org
Several major sonnets by Gerard Manley Hopkins, such as " The Windhover ", were written in long-lined sprung rhythm, and he was also responsible for sonnet variants such as the 10 1⁄2 -line curtal sonnet " Pied Beauty " and the 24-line caudate sonnet "That Nature is a Heraclitean Fire".
What is Shakespeare's sonnet?
In this sonnet, William Shakespeare tells his beloved that whenever he feels overlooked or disregarded by his fellow man, remembering his lover makes everything all right again. You can read our pick of Shakespeare’s Sonnets here.
When was the sonnet invented?
The sonnet form has been used by many poets in many languages since it was invented in the Middle Ages. It really arrived in English literature during the reign of Henry VIII in the sixteenth century, when poets such as Sir Thomas Wyatt and Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, introduced it at court. Since then poets have found new ways to use it ...
What is the poem "Remember" about?
Written by Christina Rossetti (1830-1894) when she was still a teenager, ‘Remember’ is a sonnet about mourning and remembrance. It was written in 1849 but not published until 1862 when it appeared in Rossetti’s first volume, Goblin Market and Other Poems. In the sonnet, Rossetti requests that the addressee of the poem remember her after she has died, but she goes on to add that it would be better for her loved one to forget her and be happy than to remember her and be sad. It is this second part of the poem’s ‘argument’ that saves it from being overly sentimental.
What is the six line unit in Homer's poem?
The final six-line unit (or sestet ) of the poem then likens the poet’s experience of ‘discovering’ Homer to the discovery of a new planet (sure enough, the planet Uranus had been discovered by William Herschel in 1781) and to a Spanish conquistador’s sighting of the Pacific ocean.
Why can't Keats read Homer's words?
Keats could not appreciate Homer because he cannot read Greek. So he cannot read Homer’s words. That is, until he encounters George Chapman’s English translation of Homer, at which point the world of the ancient Greek poet is suddenly and magically opened up to him. The final six-line unit (or sestet) of the poem then likens the poet’s experience of ‘discovering’ Homer to the discovery of a new planet (sure enough, the planet Uranus had been discovered by William Herschel in 1781) and to a Spanish conquistador’s sighting of the Pacific ocean. (This is the sort of thing a Metaphysical Poet like John Donne had done in his poetry in the early seventeenth century.)
When was the first sonnet written?
Sidney’s Astrophil and Stella was one of the first sonnet sequences written in English, and was composed in the early 1580s, shortly after Penelope Devereux married Robert Rich.
Who wrote the sonnets of George Meredith?
Following Victorian poet George Meredith’s innovation of the 16-line sonnet, Tony Harrison wrote a sonnet sequence in which many of the poems utilise this extended form. ‘Illuminations I’ is one of the most accomplished and moving examples, though Harrison wrote many poignant and well-crafted sonnets, especially about his parents. (Stephen Spender described them as being the kind of poetry he’d been waiting his whole life to read.)
What is the most famous sonnet of Milton?from learnodo-newtonic.com
In the sestet, he takes a more calmer tone and writes that people can serve God in many different ways. On His Blindness is the most famous sonnet of Milton and its last three lines are particularly well-known. Poem:-.
What are the different types of sonnets?from blog.prepscholar.com
The different origins of the sonnet in Italy and England resulted in the creation of different rhyme schemes, topics, and themes of sonnets. However, any sonnet, no matter the type, is going to have the following: 1 14 lines 2 A particular rhyme scheme 3 Iambic pentameter
What is Shakespeare's sonnet retold?from blog.prepscholar.com
Shakespeare’s Sonnets, Retold rewrites Shakespeare’s entire series of sonnets using modern language, but keeps to the rhythm and rhyme schemes that make them so memorable.
What is a little song?from blog.prepscholar.com
Literally, “little song.”. Since sonnets follow a strict rhyme scheme, they can definitely sound melodic when read aloud. The different origins of the sonnet in Italy and England resulted in the creation of different rhyme schemes, topics, and themes of sonnets.
How do I love thee poem?from learnodo-newtonic.com
Sonnet 43 is part of a sonnet sequence of 44 sonnets called Sonnets from the Portuguese. It was written before Elizabeth Barrett married the famous English poet and playwright Robert Browning. In Sonnet 43, Elizabeth expresses her intense love for Robert listing the various ways in which she experiences love for her beloved. Her love, which she considers spiritual, allows her to reach extremes which are otherwise impossible. Elizabeth Barrett Browning was one of the most prominent poets of the Victorian era and How do I love thee is her most renowned sonnet.
How many sonnets are there in Astrophil and Stella?from poemanalysis.com
This sonnet is one of 108 that are included in Sidney’s Astrophil and Stella. Sonnet 1 starts out the sequence an depicts a speaker who desires to share his love with his beloved through writing. He wants nothing more than to win Stella’s heart and thinks that if she reads his writing then perhaps she will come to love or at least pity him.
What is the meaning of the poem "Death be not proud"?from poemanalysis.com
Throughout ‘Death be not Proud’, the speaker uses a metaphor to describe how death is impermanent.
What is the most famous love sonnet?
So long as men can breathe or eyes can see, So long lives this and this gives life to thee. Perhaps the most famous of any love sonnets is Shakespeare’s sonnet 18 , where Shakespeare addresses a young man to whom he is very close.
What is a sonnet?
Sonnets are poems of expressive ideas or thoughts that can take a number of different forms, but always have two things in common:
What is an iambic sonnet?
All sonnets are written in ‘iamb’ – an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable. Need more on the basics of sonnets before reading the example sonnets below? Read our in-depth guides to what is a sonnet, what is iambic pentameter, and how to write a sonnet.
What is the meaning of the poem "One short sleep past, we wake eternally"?
Written in 1663, in this sonnet John Donne personifies death as a male braggart, boasting of the many people he has killed. Throughout the sonnet, the speaker uses a metaphor to describe how death is impermanent.
Where did the sonnet originate?
It’s thought that sonnets originated in Sicily in the 13th century. In the 14th century Italian Renaissance poet, Francesco Petrarch perfected the form, after which this classical form of poetry eventually spread across Europe.
Who made the sonnets?
After Francesco Petrarch, many European poets made the sonnet their own creative format – Pierre de Ronsard in France, Edmund Spenser, Sir Philip Sidney, John Donne and, of course, William Shakespeare in England and Opitz and Goethe in Germany.
Who wrote the poem "The life he gave was the end thereof"?
Once saved from love, love now burns more. We’ve used this as the first of the 5 example poets as it was written by Italian Giacomo da Lentini, who is generally regarded as the creator himself of the form.
What are some of the most popular sonnets?
A few of these, such as “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day” (Sonnet 18) and “Let me not to the marriage of true minds” (sonnet 116), feature on this list. But there are others which are less known, but equally brilliant such as “From you have I been absent in the spring” (Sonnet 98) and “The expense of spirit in a waste of shame” (Sonnet 129). Shakespeare’s works influenced a generation of writers while the Bard was still alive, but to this day there are writers in every language who take direction from his pioneering style.
What is the meaning of the sonnet "Shall I compare thee to a summer's day"?
The listener is better than even the best parts of summer. They are “more lovely and more temperate.” The most important part of the poem comes at the end where a real distinction is drawn between the listener and a perfect, warm sunny day. The summer is temporary, it isn’t going to last. But, luckily for the listener, their beauty is. Their face (and maybe mind too) are like “eternal summer.” And why is this the case? Why does this person get to live forever? Because Shakespeare wrote this poem about them of course.
How many lines are there in Shakespeare's sonnet?
This sonnet is a haunting description of mental and emotional unrest. The speaker spends the fourteen lines struggling with his thoughts of a lost love, who is for some unknown reason, far away from him. Shakespeare uses memorable phrases such as “zealous pilgrimage” to relate the love to religious adoration. The last lines are very striking as well. The poem ends immediately after the speaker declares that he can’t find quiet for himself, or “For thee.” The emptiness beyond the final line speaks to weariness and exhausted reverence.
How many plays did Shakespeare write?
William Shakespeare is generally considered to be one of, if not the, greatest writers in the English language. His works spanned thirty-seven plays, the best known of which have been performed for centuries, 154 sonnets and five longer, narrative poems. He is known for his fluid and structured, style of writing.
What is Shakespeare known for?
He is known for his fluid and structured, style of writing. His word choices, as well as the way the rhythm and images worked together to form complex, multilayered lines that often had more than one meaning. Shakespeare’s sonnets, of which there are many, are some of the most popular poems in the English language.
Is the listener better than the summer?
The listener is better than even the best parts of summer. They are “more lovely and more temperate.”. The most important part of the poem comes at the end where a real distinction is drawn between the listener and a perfect, warm sunny day. The summer is temporary, it isn’t going to last.
What is a sonnet poem?
For hundreds of years, the sonnet form was reserved for poems about unrequited love , but since the 17th century sonnets have been written about a wide variety of subjects. Sonnets have become so popular, and are written in so many places, that over time many, many variations of the sonnet form have evolved.
What is the English sonnet called?
In fact, Shakespeare quickly became the English sonnet's most venerated practitioner, and the English sonnet is often referred to as the Shakespearean sonnet as a result. The English sonnet is sometimes also referred to as the Elizabethan sonnet.
Why Do Writers Choose to Write Sonnets?
This enables the poet to converse with himself in his lover's absence, thereby offering a temporary release from the pain and frustration of romantic rejection.
What is the octave of an Italian sonnet called?
The typical structure of the Italian sonnet is for the octave to contain what's called a "proposition," which establishes a problem (such as unrequited love) or a question (such as, "does she love me?"). The sestet is concerned with resolving the problem or question, and it almost always contains a "turn," which signals a shift in the poem's focus from problem to resolution. The turn is sometimes also called a "volta" (the Italian word for turn), and it usually comes at the very beginning of the sestet, in the sonnet's ninth line.
How many lines are in a sonnet?
Here’s a quick and simple definition: A sonnet is a type of fourteen-line poem. Traditionally, the fourteen lines of a sonnet consist of an octave (or two quatrains making up a stanza of 8 lines) and a sestet (a stanza of six lines). Sonnets generally use a meter of iambic pentameter, and follow a set rhyme scheme.
Why do poets write sonnets?
Poets may choose to write in the form of a traditional sonnet (including meter and rhyme scheme) as a way of making their language more musical (through rhythm and rhyme) and therefore more beautiful. Some people choose to write in fixed forms, such as the sonnet, because they like imposing restrictions on what they write, since many artists of all fields and practices find it helpful to the creative process to work within set guidelines. Others might write sonnets that vary the traditional form in all sorts of ways, because breaking guidelines can also aid the creative process and make a statement. In addition, a poet may choose to write a sonnet because of the form's incredibly rich and extensive history as a poetic form, thereby situating their own writing in the tradition of writers, such as Shakespeare and Keats.
What is the rhyme scheme of a poem?
Rhyme scheme: Poems such as sonnets that make use of end rhymes (r hymes at the end of each line), often do so according to a repeating, predetermined pattern. That pattern is called a rhyme scheme. Rhyme schemes are described using letters of the alphabet, so that each line of verse that corresponds to a specific type of rhyme used in the poem is assigned a letter, beginning with the letter A. For example, a four-line poem in which the first line rhymes with the third, and the second line rhymes with the fourth has the rhyme scheme ABAB.
Which sonnet is the most popular?
While the Petrarchan and Shakespearean sonnet forms are indisputably the most famous and most popular kinds of sonnets, several other sonnet structure types do exist.
What are sonnets associated with?
In terms of themes, these days sonnets are most often associated with themes of love and romance, though topics such as death, time, and faith are not uncommon.
What are the two main forms of sonnets?
Petrarchan vs Shakespearean: The 2 Main Sonnet Forms. As I explained above, the two main types of sonnets are the Petrarchan (or Italian) sonnet and the Shakespearean (or English) sonnet.
What is the rhyme scheme of the sonnet?
The rhyme scheme is abba abba; the rhyme scheme in the sestet can vary a little but is typically cde cde or cdc dcd. But it is perhaps famed 16th-century English poet and playwright William Shakespeare who came up with the most well-known and easily recognizable sonnet form.
What are the characteristics of a Petrarchan sonnet?
The Petrarchan sonnet is the original sonnet structure developed by Italian poet Francesco Petrarch. To reiterate, here are the main characteristics of this sonnet form: 1 Structure: An octave followed by a sestet 2 Volta: Happens between the eighth and ninth lines 3 Rhyme Scheme: abba abba followed by cde cde OR cdc dcd
How many lines are in a sonnet?
A sonnet is a short lyric poem that consists of 14 lines, typically written in iambic pentameter (a 10-syllable pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables) and following a specific rhyme scheme (of which there are several — we’ll go over this point more in just a moment). In addition, sonnets have something called a volta (twist or turn), ...
What does a sonnet turn mean?
In addition, sonnets have something called a volta (twist or turn), in which the rhyme scheme and the subject of the poem suddenly change, often to indicate a response to a question, a solution to a problem, or the resolving of some sort of tension established at the beginning of the poem. This turn normally happens closer to the end of the sonnet, though precisely when it appears varies depending on the particular sonnet form.
What is a sonnet in poetry?
The sonnet, which derived from the Italian word sonetto, meaning “a little sound or song," is "a popular classical form that has compelled poets for centuries," says Poets.org. The most common—and simplest—type is known as the English or Shakespearean sonnet, but there are several other types.
What is the most well known sonnet?
Sonnet 18 is probably the most well known of all of Shakespeare's sonnets:
How many quatrains are there in Shakespeare's sonnets?
The sonnets are constructed with three quatrains (four-line stanzas) and one couplet (two lines) in the meter of iambic pentameter (like his plays). By the third couplet, the sonnets usually take a turn, and the poet comes to some kind of epiphany or teaches the reader a lesson of some sort. Of the 154 sonnets Shakespeare wrote, a few stand out.
What is the sonnet made of?
The English or Shakespearean sonnet came later, and, as noted, is made of three quatrains rhyming ABAB CDCD EFEF and a closing rhymed heroic couplet, GG. The Spenserian sonnet is a variation developed by Edmund Spenser in which the quatrains are linked by their rhyme scheme: ABAB BCBC CDCD EE.
How many sections are there in a sonnet?
A sonnet can be broken into four sections called quatrains. The first three quatrains contain four lines each and use an alternating rhyme scheme. The final quatrain consists of just two lines, which both rhyme. Each quatrain should progress the poem as follows:
What is the dark lady in Sonnet 151?
Sonnet 151 is about the Dark Lady, the object of the poet's desire, and is more overtly sexual:
How long is a sonnet?
Since its introduction into English in the 16th century, the 14-line sonnet form has remained relatively stable, proving itself a flexible container for all kinds of poetry, long enough that its images and symbols can carry detail rather than becoming cryptic or abstract, and short enough to require a distillation of poetic thought.
