What is human specimen mean? A human biological specimen is any material derived from a human such as blood, urine, tissues, organs, saliva, DNA/RNA, hair, nail clippings, or any other cells or fluids -whether. collected for research purposes or as residual specimens from diagnostic, therapeutic, or. surgical procedures.
What does specimen mean in medical terms?
Medical Definition of specimen. 1 : an individual, item, or part typical of a group, class, or whole. 2 : a portion or quantity of material for use in testing, examination, or study a urine specimen. Keep scrolling for more. Comments on specimen. What made you want to look up specimen?
What is an exempt specimen?
Exempt Animal or Human Specimens Patient specimens (containing no other hazardous materials) for which there is minimal likelihood that pathogens are present are not subject to other shipping regulations except: The specimen must be packed in a packaging which will prevent any leakage and which is marked with the words: "Exempt Human Specimen", or
What is a human biospecimen?
A human biospecimen is any natural material from the human body, such as tissue, blood, and urine. Biospecimens are usually obtained during a diagnostic test or a procedure, such as surgery.
Why use human specimens in biomedical research?
The use of human specimens in biomedical research has been critical to the development of current medical care.
How does counternutation affect the long ligament?
How long is the lateral expansion of the long ligament?
Which ligaments can restrict counternutation?
What is the LRP5 protein?
What is the purpose of human RPE culture?
What are the human specimens that are obtained from surgery?
Does SIJ increase tension?
See 4 more
About this website
What are considered specimens?
A specimen is a sample of something, like a specimen of blood or body tissue that is taken for medical testing. The noun specimen comes from the Latin word specere, meaning “to look.” Biologists collect specimens so they can get a better look at something to study it.
What are human samples called?
What are human samples? Human samples are materials that originate from humans and are collected for diagnosis or research. It is also known as human biomaterials, human biospecimens, biosamples, and biological materials. Examples are blood, urine, DNA, cells, tissues, hair, organs, etc.
Is blood considered a human specimen?
Definition "Human biological specimen" means any biological material that comes from a human being (e.g., blood, urine, cells, organs, DNA).
What is a specimen in medical?
Medical Definition of specimen 1 : an individual, item, or part typical of a group, class, or whole. 2 : a portion or quantity of material for use in testing, examination, or study a urine specimen. More from Merriam-Webster on specimen.
What are the 3 types of specimens?
Other names for (or types of) Type specimen include: Holotype. Lectotype. Neotype.
What are the 4 types of specimen?
The types of biological samples accepted in most clinical laboratories are: serum samples, virology swab samples, biopsy and necropsy tissue, cerebrospinal fluid, whole blood for PCR, and urine samples.
What are exempt human specimens?
“Exempt human or animal specimen” means a human or animal sample (including, but not limited to, secreta, excreta, blood and its components, tissue and tissue fluids, and body parts) transported for routine testing not related to the diagnosis of an infectious disease.
Is saliva a human specimen?
Human tissues, such as tissues and fluids may contain disease-causing agents that are potentially hazardous. Blood, saliva, sputum, nasal, cheek and throat swabs are examples of human specimens that may be collected for research activities.
Is urine exempt human specimen?
Examples of specimens which may be transported as Exempt include: the blood or urine tests to monitor cholesterol levels, blood glucose levels, hormone levels, or prostate specific antigens (PSA); tests required to monitor organ functions such as heart, liver, or kidney function for humans or animals with noninfectious ...
What are the two types of specimens?
What is a Type specimen?Holotype – a single specimen expressly designated as the name-bearing “type” by the original author of the species.Syntype – one of several specimens in a series of equal rank used to describe the new species where the author has not designated a single holotype.More items...
What is the difference between a sample and specimen?
A sample is a subset taken for some purpose from a larger population. A specimen is an individual member of the sample. For example, we might take a sample of 3 rocks from a bag. We have 3 specimens, but one sample.
What is type specimen example?
Generitype: The type specimen of a genus. It is designated by using the type for the name of a particular species within that genus. For example, the generitype for Aster is the type for Aster amellus L.
What are human test subjects called?
Human subject research is systematic, scientific investigation that can be either interventional (a "trial") or observational (no "test article") and involves human beings as research subjects, commonly known as test subjects.
What is human testing called?
Clinical trials are research studies performed in people that are aimed at evaluating a medical, surgical, or behavioral intervention. They are the primary way that researchers find out if a new treatment, like a new drug or diet or medical device (for example, a pacemaker) is safe and effective in people.
What is it called when you test on humans?
Clinical trials, also known as clinical studies, test potential treatments in human volunteers to see whether they should be approved for wider use in the general population. A treatment could be a drug, medical device, or biologic, such as a vaccine, blood product, or gene therapy.
What are biological samples called?
A biological specimen (also called a biospecimen) is a biological laboratory specimen held by a biorepository for research. Such a specimen would be taken by sampling so as to be representative of any other specimen taken from the source of the specimen.
Specimen Collection, Handling, Transport and Processing - APHL
Specimen Types I. Respiratory • Sputum (expectorated, induced) • Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) • Bronchial wash/brush • Transtracheal aspirate
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Introduction to Specimen Collection | Labcorp
Number of Frozen Gel Packs Recommended; Approximate Outdoor Temperature. Frozen Refrigerant Bottles Recommended. Below 80°F. None. 80°F − 100°F. One Refrigerant Bottle
CHAPTER 5 Collection and Transport of Clinical Specimens
Several variables affect the sensitivity of blood cultures: the number of collections, the volume of each collection, the steps taken to inhibit or neutralize bactericidal properties of blood, and the
Blood Specimens: Chemistry and Hematology | Labcorp
1. Draw whole blood in an amount 2½ times the required volume of serum so that a sufficient amount of serum can be obtained. The 8.5 mL red-top tube will yield approximately 3.5 mL serum after clotting and centrifuging.
What is a biospecimen?
A human biospecimen is any natural material from the human body, such as tissue, blood, and urine. Biospecimens are usually obtained during a diagnostic test or a procedure, such as surgery. Patients may give permission so that a small amount of a biospecimen (such as blood or tissue removed from a procedure) that exceeds what is needed ...
Why are biospecimens important?
Research biospecimens provide unique and essential resources for future research aimed at improving precision medicine.
What is precision medicine?
Precision medicine is an emerging approach for preventing and treating an illness. This approach considers individual differences in genes, environment, and lifestyle to understand how to tailor treatments for each patient. This approach will allow doctors and researchers to better predict which treatment and prevention strategies will work for a disease in certain groups of people. With permission, scientists are also analyzing a vast amount of clinical information about patients' health and disease, taken from patient records and clinical trials to help them identify disease patterns. Biospecimens can provide a bridge between emerging molecular information and clinical information to diagnose and treat disease in new and more effective ways.
What is a human biospecimen used for?
Commonly, research human biospecimens are used to: Identify and validate ways to deliver drugs or agents to specific cells. Identify how diseases vary in their development and progression. Group patients as more or less likely to respond to specific drugs or types of therapies.
Why is it important to donate biosamples?
While each biosample is unique and very important, when added to other biosamples, important medical discoveries can be made to advance everybody’s future medical care, especially with difficult to treat diseases like cancer.
What does "instance" mean in art?
instance, case, illustration, example, sample, specimen mean something that exhibits distinguishing characteristics in its category. instance applies to any individual person, act, or thing that may be offered to illustrate or explain. an instance of history repeating itself case is used to direct attention to a real or assumed occurrence or situation that is to be considered, studied, or dealt with. a case of mistaken identity illustration applies to an instance offered as a means of clarifying or illuminating a general statement. a telling illustration of Murphy's Law example applies to a typical, representative, or illustrative instance or case. a typical example of bureaucratic waste sample implies a part or unit taken at random from a larger whole and so presumed to be typical of its qualities. show us a sample of your work specimen applies to any example or sample whether representative or merely existent and available. one of the finest specimens of the jeweler's art
What is the definition of a urine specimen?
1 : an individual, item, or part typical of a group, class, or whole. 2 : a portion or quantity of material for use in testing, examination, or study a urine specimen.
What is a urine specimen?
1 a : an individual, item, or part considered typical of a group, class, or whole. b : a portion or quantity of material for use in testing, examination, or study a urine specimen. 2 a : something that obviously belongs to a particular category but is noticed by reason of an individual distinguishing characteristic.
What is CHTN in biorepository?
The Cooperative Human Tissue Network (CHTN) is a prospective biorepository model in which tissues are collected specifically to meet investigator requests.20Alternatively, tissues can be banked for future use in research biorepositories following a standard operating procedure (SOP); such a banking model is typically utilized by Specialized Programs in Research Excellence (SPORE)21and the National Cancer Institute Clinical Cooperative Group Banks.22Each of these two models, prospective and banking, has advantages and disadvantages. The prospective model has the advantage of providing specimens which exactly meet an investigator's needs and is a model in which generally all specimens are utilized; however, neither specimens nor clinical outcomes are immediately available from prospective biorepositories because both must be collected over time. The banking model typically has multiple specimens immediately available as well as clinical outcomes for the specimens provided. The banking model is most appropriate for cases in which it is necessary to collect clinical or longitudinal data and the participants are being followed over time. The disadvantages to the banking model are that the SOPs that are used in collecting and processing specimens may not meet investigator needs and requirements, especially for use with future technologies that may not yet be developed, and that many specimens may never be used. The underutilization of specimens in biobanks has recently been proposed as an important ethical issue.23While both types of biorepositories are useful models, careful attention is needed in the design of the biorepository to ensure that specimens are optimally utilized. 6,17
Why are human specimens important?
Human specimens and human specimen biorepositories play a key role in scientific and medical advancement, and will continue to play a critical role in the future, particularly towards efforts to develop individualized medicine and targeted therapies. However, their widespread use raises a number of challenges, particularly in relation to the current regulatory, policy and scientific landscape. Discussed in this paper is the potential importance of human specimens and human specimen biorepositories to research and the current and evolving regulatory, policy and scientific landscape in the US as it applies to such research.
What is the common rule for human subjects?
The Common Rule defines a human subject as a living individual about whom an investigator conducting research obtains either data through intervention or interaction with the individual; or identifiable private information [45 CFR 46.102(f)]. Therefore, the Common Rule would apply when specimens or associated information are obtained for research from a living individual through intervention or interaction with the individual, such as a blood draw or cheek swab, or when residual specimens taken during the course of routine care are collected prospectively for research purposes. It would also apply when identifiable specimens are used for research (i.e., when the identity of the subject is or may readily be ascertained by the investigator or associated with the specimens).
What is the common rule for research?
The Common Rule defines “research” as a systematic investigation , including research development, testing and evaluation, designed to develop or contribute to generalizable knowledge. Sometimes the definition is challenging to interpret as the difference between “research” and uses of patient specimens and associated data in education or clinically relevant activities becomes blurred.29Therefore, researchers and pathologists should consult their local IRB for guidance before beginning activities involving human specimens.
What is the common rule?
The Common Rule has been codified by 15 US federal departments and agencies and applies to all research involving human subjects that is “conducted, supported or otherwise subject to regulation by any federal department or agency which takes appropriate administrative action to make this policy applicable to such research.” Each of these 15 federal department or agencies has a codification of the Common Rule which is equivalent to 45 CFR 46, Subpart A1. The Rule includes requirements for Institutional Review Board (IRB) review and informed consent for human subjects research.
What are the regulations for human tissue?
In the US, there are three important federal regulations that may apply to the use of human tissue and associated data in research, the “Common Rule,” promulgated by the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and codified at Code of Federal Regulations ( CFR) title 45 part 46, Subpart A24, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) human subjects regulations at 21 CFR part 5025, 5626, and 81227and the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) Privacy Rule (45 CFR part 160 and Subparts A and E of part 164)28and Security Rule (45 CFR part 160 and Subparts A and C of part 164).28Each of these regulations is discussed in further detail below.
Why is it important to use human specimens in biomedical research?
The use of human specimens in biomedical research has been critical to the development of current medical care. Although animal cell lines and specimens are useful in most research, molecular features of animal specimens frequently are different from those of matching human specimens just as animal diseases are, in general, different from human diseases. For example, it was recently reported that mice are a poor model for studying the genetics of human inflammatory disease.1,2The importance of archival clinical specimens in support of biomedical advances has been elegantly described by Korn as the “intellectual foundation of modern medicine”.3Indeed, since this publication, significant additional advances in medical care have been based on research using human specimens. Included are many major advances that have not only changed therapies of diseases, but also have resulted in new concepts of human biology.
What is human subject research?
According to 45 CFR 46 , a human subject is "a living individual about whom an investigator (whether professional or student) conducting research: Obtains information or biospecimens through intervention or interaction with the individual, and uses, studies, or analyzes the information or biospecimens; or.
What is a questionnaire?
The questionnaire is a tool to assist you with determining whether your project involves non-exempt human subjects research, meets the criteria for exempt human subjects research, or does not involve human subjects research.
Is a study involving human specimens considered a human subject?
Studies involving the use of human specimens or data may or may not be considered to be research involving human subjects, depending on the details of the materials to be used. Use this flowchart to help determine if studies involving private information or biospecimens may meet the definition of human subjects research.
What is a clean catch specimen?
clean-catch specimen(clean-voided specimen) a urine specimen obtained after the external urethral area is washed with a liquid soap and rinsed well; then the patient starts a urinary stream, stops it, and voids into a sterile specimen container. The purpose of obtaining such a specimen is to minimize contamination by external organisms. Called also midstream specimen.
What is the purpose of obtaining such a specimen?
The purpose of obtaining such a specimen is to minimize contamination by external organisms. Called also midstream specimen. midstream specimen clean-catch specimen. sputum specimen a sample of mucous secretion from the bronchi and lungs; see also sputum specimen.
What is a sputum specimen?
sputum specimena sample of mucous secretion from the bronchi and lungs; see also sputum specimen.
What does "assigned" mean?
1. An individual, item, or part representative of a class or whole.
What is a specimen?
specimen. (spĕs′ə-mən) n. 1. An individual, item, or part representative of a class or whole. 2. An organism, part of an organism, or fossil that has been collected and usually preserved, especially for display or scientific research. 3. A sample, as of tissue, blood, or urine, used for analysis and diagnosis.
How many sides of a reaction frame were supported?
To conduct testing of the specimenon a reaction frame, the 4 sides were simply supported using hinges specially fabricated for the experiment.
What is a small sample taken to show the nature of the whole?
a small sample or part taken to show the nature of the whole, such as a small quantity of urine for urinalysis or a small fragment of tissue for microscopic study.
How does counternutation affect the long ligament?
This is in contrast to the effect on the sacrotuberous ligament (see Fig. 8.6 ). Increased tension in the sacrotuberous ligament during nutation can be due to SIJ movement itself as well as to increased tension of the biceps femoris and/or gluteus maximus muscle. This mechanism can help to control nutation. As counternutation increases tension in the long ligament, this ligament can assist in controlling counternutation (see Fig. 8.6 ).
How long is the lateral expansion of the long ligament?
The lateral expansion of the long ligament directly caudal to the PSIS varies between 15 and 30 mm. The length, measured between the PSIS and the third and fourth sacral segments, varies between 42 and 75 mm. The lateral part of the long ligament is continuous with fibers of the sacrotuberous ligament, passing between the ischial tuberosity and the iliac bone. The variation is wide. Fibers of the long ligament are connected to the deep lamina of the posterior layer of the thoracolumbar fascia, to the aponeurosis of the erector spinae muscle and to the multifidus muscle.
Which ligaments can restrict counternutation?
In view of the capability of the sacrotuberous ligaments to restrict nutation, we wondered which ligament (s) could restrict counternutation. Because of its connection to the PSIS and to the lateral part of the sacrum ( Fig. 8.6B ), we expected that the long dorsal SI ligament could fulfill this function. The ligament can be easily palpated in the area directly caudal to the PSIS and is of special interest since women complaining of lumbopelvic back pain during pregnancy frequently experience pain within the boundaries of this ligament ( Mens et al 1992, Njoo 1996, Vleeming et al 1996 ). Pain in this area is also not uncommon in men. The ligament is the most superficially located SIJ ligament and therefore well suited to mirror asymmetric stress in the SIJ. As this ligament is not well known in medical practice, we will summarize data from an anatomical and biomechanical study ( Vleeming et al 1996) that assessed the function of the ligament by measuring its tension during incremental loading of biomechanically relevant structures.
What is the LRP5 protein?
The low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor-related protein 5 (Lrp5), a co-receptor of the LDL receptor family, has been discovered in skeletal bone. Lrp5 binds to the secreted glycoprotein wingless (Wnt), which activates β-catenin to induce bone formation.
What is the purpose of human RPE culture?
A human RPE culture system is another useful means of investigating the RPE cell's behavioral patterns, such as the migration, proliferation, and alteration of its phenotype , and the growth factors and cytokine-secreting patterns in order to understand the process of PVR. 31–36
What are the human specimens that are obtained from surgery?
Human specimens obtained from surgery, such as periretinal membranes, vitreous aspirates, and enucleated eyes, provide information about the pathophysiology of open-globe injury.17,18 However, since these specimens often represent only the advanced stages of disease and since they encompass the secondary effects of retinal detachment and PVR, their contributions to our understanding of the complex mechanism of trauma-induced injury are somewhat limited. Therefore, animal models that reproduce various types of ocular trauma have played an important role in our understanding of pathogenesis.
Does SIJ increase tension?
Forced incremental nutation in the SIJ diminished the tension in the long ligament, whereas forced counternutation increased the tension. Tension increased also during loading of the ipsilateral sacrotuberous ligament and erector spinae muscle. Tension decreased during traction on the gluteus maximus muscle. Tension also decreased during traction on the ipsilateral and contralateral posterior layer of the thoracolumbar fascia in a direction simulating contraction of the latissimus dorsi muscle.
