What are examples of secondary immunodeficiency?
Examples of secondary immunodeficiency disorders include:AIDS.cancers of the immune system, like leukemia.immune-complex diseases, like viral hepatitis.multiple myeloma (cancer of the plasma cells, which produce antibodies)
What is the most common cause of secondary immunodeficiency?
Perhaps the most well known secondary immunodeficiency is caused by HIV infection; however, the most prevalent cause of immunodeficiency worldwide is severe malnutrition, which affects as much as 50% of the population in some impoverished communities.
What is the difference between a primary and a secondary immunodeficiency?
Immunodeficiency disorders result in a full or partial impairment of the immune system. Primary immunodeficiencies are the result of genetic defects, and secondary immunodeficiencies are caused by environmental factors, such as HIV/AIDS or malnutrition.
What are the symptoms of secondary immunodeficiency?
The most common immunodeficiency symptoms are:Diarrhea.Pneumonia.Sinus infections.Ear Infections.Inflammation of internal organs.Colds.Pinkeye.Digestive issues, like diminished hunger and nausea.More items...•
What are 3 possible reasons for immunodeficiency?
CausesB cell (antibody) deficiencies.T cell deficiencies.Combination B and T cell deficiencies.Defective phagocytes.Complement deficiencies.Unknown (idiopathic)
What are 3 different causes of immunodeficiency?
The most common causes worldwide include malnutrition, poor sanitary conditions and human immune deficiency virus (HIV) infection.
How is secondary immunodeficiency treated?
Treatment for secondary immunodeficienciesImmunoglobulin replacement therapy. The use of this therapy is less common in secondary immunodeficiencies than in primary immunodeficiencies, but it is sometimes necessary. ... Vaccination. ... Antibiotic prophylaxis.
What conditions are considered immunodeficiency?
Types of Primary Immune Deficiency DiseasesAutoimmune Lymphoproliferative Syndrome (ALPS) ... APS-1 (APECED) ... CARD9 Deficiency and Other Syndromes of Susceptibility to Candidiasis. ... Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD) ... Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID) ... Congenital Neutropenia Syndromes. ... CTLA4 Deficiency. ... DOCK8 Deficiency.More items...
Is leukemia a secondary immunodeficiency?
Secondary immune deficiencies (SID) are caused by varied mechanisms and are common in patients with haematological malignancies such as chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) and multiple myeloma (MM).
What is the difference between autoimmune disease and immunodeficiency?
Immunodeficiency disorders and autoimmune disease are not exactly the same. An immunodeficiency is an impairment of the immune system, whereas an autoimmune disease is when the immune system attacks the body's healthy cells, tissues and organs.
How do you test for immunodeficiency?
Blood tests. Blood tests can determine if you have typical levels of infection-fighting proteins (immunoglobulins) in your blood and measure the levels of blood cells and immune system cells. Having numbers of certain cells in your blood that are outside of the standard range can indicate an immune system defect.
How do I know if I have an immune deficiency?
The American Academy of Allergy Asthma & Immunology reports that signs of a possible immune deficiency in adults include: Having more than four ear infections in one year. Developing pneumonia twice during a one-year period. Suffering from chronic sinusitis or more than three episodes of bacterial sinusitis in a year.
What can cause secondary acquired immunodeficiency?
Secondary immunodeficiencies result from a variety of factors that can affect a host with an intrinsically normal immune system, including infectious agents, drugs, metabolic diseases, and environmental conditions.
Which are causes or contributing factors in secondary immunodeficiency?
Causes of secondary immunodeficiencies include malnutrition, some viruses such as HIV, irradiation, cytotoxic drugs used in cancer chemotherapy, anti-inflammatory steroids, leukemias, aging, and removal of the spleen.
Can old age cause a secondary immunodeficiency?
Secondary immunodeficiency disorders can occur in, for example, malnutrition, aging, many types of cancer (such as leukemia, lymphoma, multiple myeloma), and certain chronic infections such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
What are the most common immunodeficiencies?
Types of Primary Immune Deficiency DiseasesSevere Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID) ... STAT3 Dominant-Negative Disease. ... Warts, Hypogammaglobulinemia, Infections, and Myelokathexis (WHIM) Syndrome. ... X-Linked Agammaglobulinemia (XLA) ... X-Linked Lymphoproliferative Disease (XLP)More items...
What Is An Immunodeficiency Disorder?
Immunodeficiency disorders prevent your body from fighting infections and diseases. This type of disorder makes it easier for you to catch viruses...
What Are The Different Types of Immunodeficiency Disorders?
An immune deficiency disease occurs when the immune system is not working properly. If you are born with a deficiency or if there is a genetic caus...
Who Is at Risk For Immunodeficiency Disorders?
People who have a family history of primary immunodeficiency disorders have a higher-than-normal risk for developing primary disorders.Anything tha...
Signs of An Immunodeficiency Disorder
Each disorder has unique symptoms that can be frequent or chronic. Some of these symptoms can include: 1. pinkeye 2. sinus infections 3. colds 4. d...
How Are Immune Disorders Diagnosed?
If your doctor thinks you might have an immunodeficiency disorder, they will want to do the following: 1. ask you about your medical history 2. per...
How Are Immunodeficiency Disorders Treated?
The treatment for each immunodeficiency disorder will depend on the specific conditions. For example, AIDS causes several different infections. You...
How Can Immunodeficiency Disorders Be Prevented?
Primary immunodeficiency disorders can be controlled and treated, but they can’t be prevented.Secondary disorders can be prevented in a number of w...
What Is The Outlook For Someone With An Immunodeficiency Disorder?
Most doctors agree that people with immunodeficiency disorders can lead full and productive lives. Early identification and treatment of the disord...
What are secondary immunodeficiencies?from ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Secondary immunodeficiencies are far more common than primary immunodeficiencies, which are, by definition, caused by genetic defects affecting cells of the immune system.1Secondary immunodeficiencies result from a variety of factors that can affect a host with an intrinsically normal immune system, including infectious agents, drugs, metabolic diseases, and environmental conditions. These deficiencies of immunity are clinically manifested by an increased frequency or unusual complications of common infections and occasionally by the occurrence of opportunistic infections (Fig 1). The secondary immunodeficiencies have a wide spectrum of presentation, depending on the magnitude of the offending external condition and on the host susceptibility. For example, the immunodeficiency induced by the use of corticosteroids and other immunosuppressive drugs depends on the dose used2,3and, to a lesser degree, on concomitant disease processes of the host, such as the presence of sepsis. AIDS, resulting from infection by HIV, is the best known secondary immunodeficiency largely because of its prevalence and its high mortality rate if not treated. However, the most common immunodeficiency worldwide results from severe malnutrition, affecting both innate and adaptive immunity.4The restoration of immunity in secondary immunodeficiencies is generally achieved with the management of the primary condition or the removal of the offending agent. We summarize reports of immune defects occurring in a variety of clinical scenarios (Table I), with special emphasis on HIV infection. We selected diseases and conditions based on their frequent presentation in general medical practice and their relevance for allergists and immunologists. We do not discuss immunomodulating mAbs and fusion proteins, which are covered in Chapter 28 of this primer.5
What causes immunodeficiency?from ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Worldwide, protein-calorie malnutrition is the most common cause of immunodeficiency.13Malnutrition can result from limited access to food sources and chronic diseases that induce cachexia, such as neoplastic diseases. Diarrhea caused by infections and respiratory tract infections are common. T-cell production and function decrease in proportion to the severity of hypoproteinemia; however, specific antibody titers and immune responses to vaccines can be detected in a malnourished subject for a relatively prolonged period. Eventually, these immune responses decrease if malnutrition persists. The deficiency of micronutrients (eg, zinc and ascorbic acid) contributes to increased susceptibility to infections through the weakening of barrier mucosa, therefore facilitating a pathogen’s invasiveness.14,15Other essential molecules have been shown to have specific roles in the immune system; for example, vitamin D appears to be necessary in the macrophage activity against intracellular pathogens, remarkably Mycobacterium tuberculosis(Fig 2).16Correction of the nutritional deficiencies often results in the resolution of these immunologic defects.
How does HIV progress?from ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Without antiretroviral drug treatment, HIV infection almost always progresses to the advanced stage of the disease called AIDS that is characterized by profound lymphopenia and susceptibility to infections with opportunistic pathogens. HIV is transmitted sexually, for the most part, but it is also transmitted parenterally among intravenous drug users and vertically from mothers to their infants.39Initially recognized during the early 1980s in a handful of cases, it is currently estimated that more than 30 million persons are infected with HIV worldwide. Two thirds of these subjects are living in the sub-Saharan region of Africa, and approximately half of them are women and children (Fig 6).40The HIV epidemics in North America and Europe have shown decreasing trends in the last decade, thanks to massive education campaigns and the use of potent anti-HIV drugs. However, more than 56,000 new cases of HIV infection were reported in the United States in the last HIV infection survey by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and approximately half of these were in subjects younger than 25 years.41There is an increasing number of reports of viral multidrug resistance and clinical complications caused by the chronic use of antiretroviral drugs.42
What are transient periods of immunosuppression?from ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Transient periods of immunosuppression have been associated with viral infections since the 1900s, when it was observed that tuberculin skin test results became negative in patients with measles during the acute phase of the infection. Some infectious agents or their toxins and metabolites might be present in excess amounts to activate the immune system, leading to a nonresponsive state, such as the T-cell anergy observed after toxic shock syndrome induced by staphylococcal superantigen. Tissue destruction caused by microbial-induced damage or inflammatory reaction to a particular infection facilitates access for other microbes to develop secondary infections. Infections with measles virus, CMV, and influenza virus can induce lymphopenia and also T-cell anergy; however, these are transient and usually less severe than the immunodeficiency seen in AIDS. One additional mechanism of immune compromise is infection of the bone marrow by viral and bacterial organisms producing neutropenia or pancytopenia, particularly in immunocompromised hosts.38
What is the genome of HIV?from ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
The HIV genome contains 3 structural genes (gag , pol, and env ) and 6 regulatory genes (tat, rev, nef, vif, vpr, and vpu). Gag protein is split by the HIV protease into the proteins named capsid (p24), matrix, nucleocapsid, p6, and p2, all of which form the viral particle and stabilize the viral genome. Pol protein is also split to produce 3 enzymes: integrase, reverse transcriptase, and the protease that cleaves the viral proteins. After the viral genomic RNA is converted into DNA by the reverse transcriptase, the integrase facilitates the incorporation of the viral DNA into the host genome and uses the host cell’s replication mechanisms to produce more virions. The Env protein is also cleaved to produce 2 envelope proteins named gp120 and gp41, which are involved in the binding to CD4 and the chemokine receptors CXCR4 and CCR5 on the cell surface. Tat protein increases the transcription of HIV genes by 100-fold, whereas Rev protein allows the expression of the different HIV genes by regulating mRNA splicing.
How does metabolic disease affect the immune system?from ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Many disease processes originating from dysfunctional metabolic pathways significantly affect the cells involved in the immune response. Diabetes mellitus and uremia resulting from kidney or liver disease are 2 common metabolic disorders with known deleterious effects on immunity. Optimal control of the metabolic abnormality usually leads to improved immune function. The defective immune functions reported in patients with diabetes mellitus include defective phagocytosis and macrophage chemotaxis in vitro, T-cell anergy demonstrated by delayed hypersensitivity skin tests, and poor lymphoproliferative response to mitogens caused by chronic exposure to hyperglycemia.17Impaired glucose metabolism, insufficient blood supply, and denervation are other factors that contribute to the increased susceptibility to infection in patients with diabetes, who present most commonly with skin sores, bacterial and fungal respiratory tract infections, and systemic viral diseases.
What are the effects of immunosuppressive drugs?from ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
The adverse side effect of these drugs is that they tend to weaken the cellular immune response, rendering patients more susceptible to fungal and viral infections (acute, chronic, and reactivated).
