The tool used to flare tubing consists of a die that grips the tube and either a mandrel or rolling cone is forced into the end of the tube to form the flare by cold working. The most common flare fitting standards in use today are the 45° SAE flare, the 37° JIC flare, and the 37° AN flare.
What is a flare?
Illumination flares being used during military training exercises A flare, also sometimes called a fusée, is a type of pyrotechnic that produces a bright light or intense heat without an explosion. Flares are used for distress signaling, illumination, or defensive countermeasures in civilian and military applications.
What are the most common flare fitting standards?
The most common flare fitting standards in use today are the 45° SAE style, and the 37° AN style, also used with the JIC system.
What is a 37 degree flare used for?
The 37 degree flare was standardized as A.N. (Army/Navy) during WWII for aircraft use.AN/37 degree nuts and fittings accept single and double flares. It is acceptable practice to single flare Cunifer™ (seamless) brake line for use with AN/37 degree fittings.
What are the different types of road flares?
Another type of flare is the fusee, which burns for 10–60 minutes with a bright red light. Fusees are commonly used to indicate obstacles or advise caution on roadways at night; in this usage they are also called highway flares, road flares, or ground flares. They are commonly found in roadside emergency kits.
Is standard flare the same as double flare?
The single flare is very identical to the double flare. Although they look a lot alike, the double flare is much stronger and can hold more pressure build up inside the braking system. The double flare is a flare that is especially popular in vehicles imported from Europe.
What is a standard flare brake line?
0:573:42Brake Line Flare Guide - YouTubeYouTubeStart of suggested clipEnd of suggested clipThe single flare is used in building instruction for water systems gas piping and heating oil theMoreThe single flare is used in building instruction for water systems gas piping and heating oil the single flare in automotive. Applications.
What are the two types of flare?
Generally there are two types of flares: 1) Collision Avoidance Flares: Designed to warn other vessels of your position. These flares give a white light. 2) Distress Flares: To be used when there is “grave and imminent danger to life and/or to the vessel”.
Are brake lines flare 37 or 45?
- single flares are used with AN or JIC 37 degree fittings. - single flares are used on thin copper tubing and 45 degree fittings for non-automotive applications.
Can I use a single flare on brake lines?
Single Flares are only acceptable on low-pressure lines, but not acceptable for high-pressure brake systems. A single flare is just as it sounds, the line is flared out just once in a conical shape. Single flares are not acceptable for brake lines and tend to crack and leak quite easily.
What type of flare is best for brake lines?
double flaredAll brake lines need to be double flared, due to the high hydraulic pressure. If your brakes leak or the hoses crack, it could prove to be fatal. Single flared lines are suitable for low-pressure lines in other applications, but not your vehicle's brakes.
What are the different types of flares?
There are four types of approved distress flares:Type A: Rocket parachute flare (red)Type B: Multi-star flare (red)Type C: Hand-held flare (red)Type D: Smoke signal—buoyant or hand-held (orange)
What is single flare?
A single flare plug only has one side flared. The flared side is meant to be worn on the outer side of your stretched earlobe. It increases the plug size visually, making the gauge you are wearing look bigger than it actually is. The other end has no flare, making it easy to insert the plug.
Can you shoot a flare from a shotgun?
0:567:42Live Shotgun Shell in flare pistol - What happens? - YouTubeYouTubeStart of suggested clipEnd of suggested clipIt just fires down this plastic tube. But you can see the base of the tube looks just like a 12MoreIt just fires down this plastic tube. But you can see the base of the tube looks just like a 12 gauge round. So the flare fits in there flush. And fires out just perfectly.
What is 37 degree flare used for?
Defined by MIL-F-18866 and SAE J514 standards, these flare fittings have been machined to have a 37° flare seating surface. These fittings are most commonly used in fluid power and fuel delivery applications, especially those using high pressure.
Can I use 45 degree flare on an fittings?
The tool used to flare tubing consists of a die that grips the tube and a mandrel that is forced into the end of the tube to form the flare by cold working. The most common flare fitting standards in use today are the 45-degree SAE style, and the 37-degree AN style, also used with the JIC system.
What the difference between 37 and 45 degree flare?
JIC 37 degree flare union fittings is in most hydraulic systems in high pressure application such hydraulic excavator, loader and tractor etc. SAE 45 degree flare fittings is used in low to medium pressure applications such as military and aerospace equipment. they doesn't interchangeable into each other.
What is standard brake line size?
1/4-inchBrake lines are most often 3/16- or 1/4-inch diameter and, while there will be no pressure difference between the two, there will be a difference in the amount of fluid delivered.
What size brake lines do I need?
The answer is really pretty easy. Almost every car or truck worldwide utilizes a 3/16-inch brake line, also referred to as a CNF-3. The other most common brake line is the ¼ inch. This size was routinely used in the 1950s, so if your truck or car was manufactured in that era, you would need the ¼ inch.
What is the difference between single and double flare?
A single flare line has only one lip that is not folded over. A single flare line looks much like a double flare, but it has only one lip that is not folded over. It can fit in the socket where double flare fits but is not used in the braking system.
Are inverted flare and double flare the same?
The first is the inverted double flare, used by most domestic production cars and trucks. … It uses a 45* double flare to seal, which has tubing that is folded over into itself before flaring outward. The double flare is used for installations that require repeated tightening/untightening.
What is a horizontal flare?
Horizontal. The flared fluids are piped to a horizontal flare burner that discharges into a pit or excavation. Enclosed Flame Flares. They are designed to conceal flare from direct view, reduce noise, and minimize radiation. All the above flare types can be either single-point or Multi-burner staged flares.
Who defines the flaring requirements?
The plant owner or the plant designer must provide these factors to define the flaring requirements.
What is the take off point for flare header sizing?
The take-off point for flare header sizing is to have a proper relief load calculation based on the worst credible scenario, where the pressure will increase until a predetermined relief pressure is reached, at which point the relief pressure valve will open, decreasing the pressure after the turnaround time. Refer to Fig. 4.
Why should liquid be removed from flare header?
Liquid shall be removed sufficiently to prevent poor combustion, burning liquid droplets, and clogging the flare burner. Air infiltration should be avoided using a proper seal system to avoid internal combustion within the riser and flashback in the flare header.
Why is a flare system burned?
To keep the flare system functional, a small amount of gas is continuously burned, like a pilot light, to assure that the flare system is always ready for its primary purpose as an over-pressure safety system.
What is smokeless flare?
smokeless (using air, steam, pressure energy, or any other means to create turbulence and entrain air within the flared gas stream ) or. Non-smokeless flares (used when smoke isn’t a concern or the flared fluid doesn’t generate smoke such as H2, NH3, H2S…etc).
Why is it important to measure HC quantities sent to flare?
As we get familiar with the impact of improper flaring on health and the environment, also it is highly required to measure the HC quantities sent to flare to decide on the plant performance, identify gaps and define the mitigating actions to eliminate or at least reduce flaring.
What is a flare in a military aircraft?
A special variety of flares is used in military aircraft as a defensive countermeasure against heat-seeking missiles. These flares are usually discharged individually or in salvos by the pilot or automatically by tail-warning devices, and are accompanied by vigorous evasive maneuvering.
Where are flares used?
In the civilian world, flares are commonly used as signals , and may be ignited on the ground or fired as an aerial signal from a pistol -like flare gun, or launched from a self-contained tube. Flares are commonly found in marine survival kits.
What is a railroad flare?
Fusees are also known as railroad flares and are commonly used to perform hand signals in rail transport applications. Since they can be used only once, fusees nowadays are usually intended for emergency use (as opposed to the lanterns typically used during normal operating conditions). However, in the days before train radio communications, fusees were used to keep trains apart in dark territory. A railroad fusee was timed to burn for ten minutes and quantities were dropped behind a train to ensure a safe spacing. If a following train encountered a burning fusee it was not to pass until the fusee burned out. Fusees made specifically for railroad use can be distinguished from highway fusees by a sharp steel spike at one end, used to embed the fusee upright in a wooden railroad tie .
What is a flare pistol?
A conventional flare pistol. This particular model uses 26.5mm flares (manufactured by Patel Ballistics). Flares produce their light through the combustion of a pyrotechnic composition. The ingredients are varied, but often based on strontium nitrate, potassium nitrate, or potassium perchlorate and mixed with a fuel such as charcoal, sulfur, ...
What is a pyrotechnic flare?
A flare, also sometimes called a fusée, is a type of pyrotechnic that produces a bright light or intense heat without an explosion.
What is the chemical in a decoy flare?
Many in-service colored signal flares and spectrally balanced decoy flares contain perchlorate oxidizers. Perchlorate, a type of salt in its solid form, dissolves and moves rapidly in groundwater and surface water.
Why do flares burn?
Flares connected to tripwires are used to guard an area against infiltration. The flare begins burning when the tripwire is triggered , providing both alarm and illumination.
What is a flare fitting?
Flare fittings are a type of compression fitting used with metal tubing, usually soft steel, ductile (soft) copper and aluminum, though other materials are also used. Tube flaring is a type of forging operation, and is usually a cold working procedure. During assembly, a flare nut is used to secure the flared tubing's tapered end to ...
What tool is used to flare tubing?
The tool used to flare tubing consists of a die that grips the tube and either a mandrel or rolling cone is forced into the end of the tube to form the flare by cold working.
What is the Landing Flare?
The landing flare, which is sometimes called the roundout, is when the pilot transitions from the final descent into the landing attitude. The flare is one of the hardest parts of learning to land a plane–it involves careful timing and understanding many factors affecting the plane.
What are the phases of a landing?
Phases of landing. The phases of a normal landing are the final approach, the roundout or flare, the touchdown, and the landing rollout. While they are separate maneuvers, they are interconnected in that one must be performed well for the following task to succeed.
What are the two rules for landing?
The first is that the stabilized approach concept should be mastered and respected. If a stabilized approach is not achieved, or if dramatic action must be taken to return the plane to a stabilized approach, the pilot must do a go-around.
What is a SAE flare?
There are two basic types of flares used on OEM automotive brake systems throughout the world. The SAE/double (inverted/45degree) flare and the DIN/ISO bubble flare. We will refer to them as SAE or DIN flare. The most common is the SAE flare. Typically found on all American and Asian cars, but the European style DIN flare is appearing everywhere ...
What is the angle of the brake line flare?
If your brake line looks like a tiny funnel going into the ID of the tubing, and the back side of the flare is at a 45 degree angle, then it is the SAE flare.
Can you use single flares on brake lines?
The SAE/double flare standard is remarkably tolerant of production variations, but the assemblies must be the same standard. Single flares are never allowed on steel brake lines.
When to use golden flares?
And the ideal time to capture golden flares is, of course, golden hour. Let’s learn when this time strikes so you can anticipate it on your next shoot.
How to control lens flare?
Remember: Adjusting angles and blocking light is also a way to capture and control lens flare if you’re choosing to work with it. As long as it’s not red lens flare from the eyes of your relatives in a family portrait, you can create some pretty interesting worlds with flare.
How to avoid lens flare?
How to eliminate lens flare: 1 Try using a lens hood to avoid extra scattering light 2 Use lenses less susceptible to flare, like prime lenses 3 Block light and adjust angle of camera to light source
What causes a lens to flare?
Lens flare is caused by a bright light source shining directly into the lens. Also called lens glare, or light flare, a lens flare is a non-image forming light that is scattered in the lens system after it hits the front element of a lens. It reflects off the glass surfaces in the lens. Lenses with a large number of elements like zoom lenses are ...
What is anamorphic lens flare?
Of course you have. It’s often used in sci-fi films and most non-sci-fi movies set in space. It’s called an anamorphic lens flare, and it usually looks pretty epic. It’s so prevalent that some filmmakers are criticized for using it too much. ( Cough, J.J. Abrams, cough .)
What light source is used to make a lens flare?
Photoshop recommends applying the lens flare effect to an image with a light source already visible in the photo — be it the sun, studio light, or whatever type of light you might be using.
Can you get flare with a zoom lens?
Of course, you can get camera flare with any lens. But prime lenses are considerably less susceptible to camera flare than zoom lenses . While zooms are extremely convenient and offer a wide range of focal lengths, the complex system of many elements moving back and forth can cause tons of flare when extra light enters.
What Is A Flare System?
Application of Flare System
- Flares are primarily used for burning off flammable gas released by pressure relief valves during any over-pressure scenario of plant process unit/equipment, due to process upset or during startups & shutdowns, and for the planned combustion of gases over relatively short periods. Flare systems are used for a variety of activities such as: 1. Normal Operation (as defined above…
Features of Flare System
- Fig. 1 shows a typical flare system in a process plant. The important features of a flare system are 1. When any equipment in the plant is over-pressured, the pressure relief valve is an essential safety device that automatically releases gases and sometimes liquids. 2. The height of the flame depends on the volume of released gas, while brightness and color depend upon composition. 3…
When Does Flaring Incident Take place?
- Flaring system is normally activated during the following situations 1. Initial startup. 2. Poor reliable plant / old. 3. Planned maintenance / Projects / Shutdown activities. 4. Process upset led to overpressure scenarios. 5. Emergency situation.
Gas Flaring Composition
- There is in fact No standard composition and it is, therefore, necessary to define some group of gas flaring according to the actual parameters of the gas. 1. For NGL & LNG plants, the flared gas composition is expected to be 80 – 90 % C1 & balance is C2+ & Inert gases such as N2 and CO2. 2. Gas flaring from refineries and Petrochemical plants will commonly contain a mixture of paraf…
Flare System Components
- Fig. 2 below shows a typical flare system with elevated flare. The important flare system components are marked in the image.
Types of Flares
- Vertical
- Horizontal
- Enclosed Flame Flares
Flare System Selection Considerations
- The Flare system is normally selected based on the following considerations. 1. Safety requirements and environmental regulations must be satisfied. 2. CAPEX & OPEX. 3. Gas process conditions and properties. 4. Neighborhood relationships, availability, and cost of utilities. 5. Space availability.
Flaring Environmental Impacts
- The global warming potential of Methane is estimated at 34 times greater than that of CO2. Therefore, by converting the methane to CO2 before it is released into the atmosphere, the amount of globa...
- Improperly operated flares may emit methane and other volatile organic compounds as well as sulfur dioxide and other sulfur compounds, which are known to cause respiratory problems.
- The global warming potential of Methane is estimated at 34 times greater than that of CO2. Therefore, by converting the methane to CO2 before it is released into the atmosphere, the amount of globa...
- Improperly operated flares may emit methane and other volatile organic compounds as well as sulfur dioxide and other sulfur compounds, which are known to cause respiratory problems.
- Emissions from improperly operated flares like aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene, xylenes) and benzo(a)pyrene, etc. are known to be carcinogenic.
- It is now recognized as a major environmental problem, contributing an amount of about 150 billion m3 of natural gas is flared around the world, contaminating the environment with about 400 Mt CO2p...
Gas Flaring Reducing and Recovery
- There are many types of FGRS (Flare Gas Recovery System) in the industry: 1. Collection, compression, and injection/reinjection 2. Generating electricity by generation and co-generation of steam and electricity The gas collection and compression into pipelines for processing and sale is a well established and proven approach to mitigating flaring and venting. According to environm…
Overview
A flare, also sometimes called a fusée, fusee, or bengala in some Latin-speaking countries, is a type of pyrotechnic that produces a bright light or intense heat without an explosion. Flares are used for distress signaling, illumination, or defensive countermeasures in civilian and military applications. Flares may be ground pyrotechnics, projectile pyrotechnics, or parachute-suspended to provi…
History
The earliest recorded use of gunpowder for signaling purposes was the 'signal bomb' used by the Chinese Song Dynasty (960–1279) as the Mongol-led Yuan Dynasty (1271–1368) besieged Yangzhou in 1276. These soft-shelled bombs, timed to explode in midair, were used to send messages to a detachment of troops far in the distance. Another mention of the signal bomb appears in a text dating from 1293 requesting their collection from those still stored in Zhejiang. …
Chemistry
Flares produce their light through the combustion of a pyrotechnic composition. The ingredients are varied, but often based on strontium nitrate, potassium nitrate, or potassium perchlorate and mixed with a fuel such as charcoal, sulfur, sawdust, aluminium, magnesium, or a suitable polymeric resin. Flares may be colored by the inclusion of pyrotechnic colorants. Calcium flares are used under…
Civilian use
In the civilian world, flares are commonly used as signals, and may be ignited on the ground, fired as an aerial signal from a pistol-like flare gun, or launched from a self-contained tube. Flares are commonly found in marine survival kits.
Red flares, either sent as a rocket or held in the hand, are widely recognized as a maritime distress signal.
Military use
In 1859, Martha Coston patented the Coston flare based on early work by her deceased husband Benjamin Franklin Coston. It was used extensively by the US Navy during the Civil War and by the United States Life-Saving Service (the precursor to the US Coast Guard) to signal to other ships and to shore.
In 1922, a "landing flare" was an aerial candle attached to a parachute and used for landing an ai…
Regulation
Under the UN hazard number system, pyrotechnic flares are designated class 1.4 explosives.
Several U.S. states, including California and Massachusetts, have begun regulating levels of potassium perchlorate, which can be unsafe at certain levels in drinking water. Contaminated drinking water can lead to such symptoms as gastric irritation, nausea, vomiting, fever, skin rashes, and even fatal aplastic anemia (a reduction in all types of blood cells).
See also
• Blue light (pyrotechnic signal)
• Flare gun
• Shell (projectile)
Further reading
• Wallbank, Alister (2001). "Can anybody see me? (modified reprint from DIVER 2000; 45 (2) February: 72–74)". Journal of the South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society. 31 (2): 116–119. Retrieved 13 October 2008.