What does abnormal mean in medical terms?
abnormal - term describing development that is different from normal or not typical, usual, or regular. agenesis congenital abnormality of complete failure of organ or tissue development during embryonic growth.
What are developmental abnormalities?
These notes cover abnormalities that can occur during development (abnormal development) often described as congenital abnormalities or birth defects. There are many different ways that developmental abnormalities can occur the 3 major types are Genetic (inherited), Environmental (maternal) and Unknown (not determined) derived abnormalities.
What is a congenital abnormality?
These notes cover abnormalities that can occur during development ( abnormal development) often described as congenital abnormalities or birth defects.
What are some examples of abnormal human development?
Abnormal development 1 Multiple births. It is both unusual and abnormal for the human species to produce more than one offspring at a time. ... 2 Fetal deviations. Human embryos are subject to disease, abnormal development, and abnormal growth. ... 3 Teratology. ...
What is meant by abnormal development?
Atypical development is present when development of a person occurs in an unexpected way and exhibits an unusual pattern of behavior, emotion, or thought. It can occur at any stage of development. Symptoms of atypical development include a disturbance in behavior, thought, or emotion.
What are the reasons of abnormal development?
What causes birth defects?Genetic or hereditary factors.Infection during pregnancy.Drug exposure during pregnancy.
What is meant by abnormal development in children?
Atypical development can manifest in different ways, especially in children. There can be physical delays or cognitive dysfunctions, and there can be social or emotional manifestations. Atypical development in children can cause learning challenges and difficulty with social interactions.
What are theories of normal and abnormal development?
The psychoanalytic theory of personality covers both normal and abnormal development. According to this theory, there are inner forces influencing one's behavior. According to the theory, this is because the mind consists of two parts.
What is abnormal human?
The so-called abnormal human behavior means that the behavior of an individual deviates from social norms, rules, or conventions. Analysis of abnormal behavior, which focuses on the causes, forms, and potential hazards, can contribute to the precaution of unusual events and loss mitigation.
What is the normal development?
Accordingly, normal child development occurs on a continuum, ranging from children whose physical, cognitive, social-emotional, and behavioral development may lag behind those of their peers, to children who are precocious, meeting or surpassing developmental milestones before most children their age.
What are the examples of atypical development?
Absence of reciprocity, lack of sharing enjoyment or interests, problems with joint attention and apparent disinterest in parents or other children are also concerning atypical characteristics of social development. Other examples include intense separation anxiety, unusual fearfulness of people, and extreme shyness.
What is difference between typical and atypical development?
Typical development will give generic progress of the child compared to peers of the same age. Atypical development occurs when the child appears to lag behind or is way ahead of same-age peers in any of the different skills. You can learn how to recognize the differences between typical and atypical development.
What is atypical development and how does it impact on areas of development?
Some children exhibit behaviors that fall outside of the normal, or expected, range of development. These behaviors emerge in a way or at a pace that is different from their peers.
What are the theories of Abnormal Psychology?
The four main models to explain psychological abnormality are the biological, behavioural, cognitive, and psychodynamic models. They all attempt to explain the causes and treatments for all psychological illnesses, and all from a different approach.
What is behavioral theory of abnormality?
The behavioral model of abnormality centers on the actual behaviors, or symptoms, and aims to modify dysfunctional actions into healthier ones. This model conceptualizes abnormal and dysfunctional behavior as the result of faulty learning or observations.
What is different between growth and development?
The term 'Growth' refers to physical changes of an individual like an increase in height, size, length and weight etc. Development focuses on various aspects like interpersonal skills, and intelligence. Development is an internal process.
What is the study of abnormal psychology?
Abnormal psychology is a branch of psychology that deals with psychopathology and abnormal behavior, often in a clinical context. The term covers a broad range of disorders, from depression to obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) to personality disorders.
What happens to the conceptus during the pre-embryonic period?
During the pre-embryonic period, if a severe chromosomal abnormality is present, the conceptus will die. Indeed, abnormalities that do occur in living infants tend toward the milder types, since the severe mishaps commonly terminate development before birth.
When do nerve cells appear?
Almost all nerve cells, or neurons, are generated during prenatal life, and in most cases they are not replaced by new neurons thereafter. Morphologically, the nervous system first appears about 18 days after conception, with the…
How long does it take for teratogens to affect embryos?
These agents are most damaging for the developing embryo when exposure occurs in the first trimester; harmful effects can begin to set in as soon as 10 to 14 days following conception. The outcome of teratogen exposure ranges from prenatal growth restriction, functional abnormalities of the central nervous system, and structural abnormalities in the fetus to miscarriage or fetal death in severe instances.
How long does it take for an embryo to die?
Decline and death can occur at any stage, but most deaths occur in the first two or three weeks of development usually escape notice. Probably little more than half of all zygotes reach full-term birth. Most abnormalities resulting from faulty development originate during the embryonic period. During the pre-embryonic period, if a severe chromosomal abnormality is present, the conceptus will die. Indeed, abnormalities that do occur in living infants tend toward the milder types, since the severe mishaps commonly terminate development before birth.
What is teratology in biology?
Teratology is concerned with all features of abnormal generation and development of the embryo (embryogenesis) and their end products. The incidence of defective development is high. One infant in 14 that survive the neonatal period bears an abnormality of some kind and degree, and half of these babies have more than one malformation. Internal, concealed defects are more numerous than external ones, and some defects do not become apparent until childhood. One baby in 40 is born with a structural defect that needs treatment. Some types of abnormality are more common in males (e.g., pyloric stenosis, the narrowing of the opening between the stomach and the intestine), while other types predominate in females (e.g., dislocated hip ). Besides obvious congenital disorders, there are aberrations at the molecular level known as inborn errors of metabolism. In these an enzyme deficiency blocks the course of intermediary metabolism and results in abnormal chemical functioning. Such errors involve proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and pigments. The abnormal products may be stored or excreted.
How long is a 9 week old embryo?
By the ninth week the embryo is about 2.5 centimetres (one inch) long; face, mouth, eyes, and ears have begun to take on…
Is albinism inherited from only one parent?
Such include gene mutations, which may be Mendelian dominant (e.g., fused fingers need be inherited from only one parent to appear in the offspring), recessive (e.g., albinism does not become evident unless its gene is inherited from both parents), or sex-linked (e.g., hemophilia ).
What is developmental abnormality?
A development al abnormality characterized by development of ectopic mature central nervous tissue lacking connection with the central nervous system
What are the gyral abnormalities?
The gyral abnormalities include polymicrogyria, lissencephaly, pachygyria, and schizencephaly. Interestingly, in 10% of fetuses with ACC, there may be evidence of destructive changes in the brain parenchyma, suggesting either an acquired etiology or a genetic/metabolic abnormality ( Prasad et al., 2009 ). View chapter Purchase book.
What is the most common congenital abnormality in MRA?
Developmental abnormalities of the arch and aortic coarctation are depicted well on MRA (see Chapter 65 ). Aortic coarctation , the most common congenital abnormality, appears as a discrete narrowing of the aorta distal to the left subclavian artery. MRA has been validated against x-ray angiography and is especially helpful in assessing anatomy of a tortuous aorta and numerous collaterals accompanying the coarctation. 18 A complete 3-D view of the coarctation allows rotation around the lesion and visualization of the relationship with the adjacent structures. Collateral flow assessment with MR velocity mapping can accurately evaluate the hemodynamic importance of a coarctation. 19 Cine MR imaging also permits diagnosis of a bicuspid valve and possible aortic stenosis, frequently associated with coarctation. Such additional information is crucial for planning therapy. MRA also provides a noninvasive modality for regular follow-up of patients with previous intervention for coarctation, to screen for re-coarctation or aneurysm formation. 20
How to detect agenesis of the corpus callosum?
Agenesis of the corpus callosum (ACC) can be detected prenatally by routine sonography, for which the important signs include absence of the cavum septum pellucidum, colpocephaly, high-riding third ventricle, widening of the interhemispheric fissure, and radiating medial hemispheric sulci.
What is the condition called when the urethra fails to close during development?
Developmental abnormalities of the reproductive tract, other than those mentioned earlier, are rare. One of these, a fairly common condition called hypospadias, occurs when the urethra fails to close during development, resulting in an opening on the lower surface of the penis.
Is pseudocoarctation a hemodynamic anomaly?
MRA also can distinguish between coarctation and pseudocoarctation. Pseudocoarctation is a rare, asymptomatic anomaly in the descending thoracic aorta and is characterized by an elongated, redundant thoracic aorta with buckling distal to the origin of the left subclavian artery. It is of no hemodynamic importance and there is no pressure gradient across the buckled segment. It has been regarded as a benign condition although several reports demonstrate that complications may occur. 21 Therefore, close follow-up of patients with pseudocoarctation is indicated.
What is developmental biology?
This document refines the goals and objectives outlined under the area titled “Developmental Biology: Understanding Normal and Abnormal Development .”
What is the timeframe of human development?
of human development. In the context of this strategic plan, the timeframe of development ranges from the earliest stages of embryonic development, including blastocyst and trophoblast formation, gastrulation, neurulation, and the establishment of the basic body plan, through organogenesis.
What is the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development?
The National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) seeks to ensure that every individual is born healthy, is born wanted, and has the opportunity to fulfill his or her potential for a productive life unhampered by disease or disability.
When was the NICHD guidelines for fetal stem cells released?
y research initiative supported by the NICHD involving fetal or embryonic stem cells will meet the “National Institutes of Health Guidelines for Research Involving Human Pluripotent Stem Cells,” which was released in August 2000. The guidelines apply to all relevant initiatives in this strategic planning document.
What are some ways to describe normal and abnormal development?
These include use of statistics, socially accepted standards, a person’s feelings, or even biological injuries. Use of personality theories is one way of exploring normal and abnormal development (Laplanche & Pontalis, 1974). This is where different theories are used ...
What is the process of bringing to the surface the unconscious activities of the brain?
Normal and abnormal developments are both influenced by the conscious or unconscious parts of the mind. Psychoanalysis is the process used to bring to the surface the unconscious activities of the brain.
What happens when an archetype does not function properly?
When any of these archetypes does not function properly, the result is abnormal development. In conclusion, these three theories define an individual’s development. According to the specifics of each theory, this development can be either normal or abnormal.
Which theory states that social aspects can define an individual's behavior?
Another theory that defines development is Adlerian theory . This theory states that social aspects can define an individual’s behavior. The social aspects in this case include lifestyle, birth order, equality, parental education, among others (Gallagher, 2002). According to this theory, feelings of capability, encouragement, and appreciation encourage normal and positive development. On the contrary, feelings of discouragement and incapability may result in abnormal development.
What is the theory of personality?
In this case, three different personality theories will be used to define normal and abnormal development. The psychoanalytic theory of personality covers both normal and abnormal development. According to this theory, there are inner forces influencing one’s behavior. According to the theory, this is because the mind consists of two parts.
Prenatal Diagnosis
- Prenatal diagnosis are the clinical tools used to determine both normal and abnormal development. There are a growing number of new diagnostic techniques that are being applied to human embryonic development. Tests that occur after birth are described in Neonatal Diagnosis…
Genetic
- | meiosis | mitosis 1. Trisomy 21 2. Trisomy 18 3. Trisomy 13 4. Trisomy X 5. Monosomy 6. Fragile X Syndrome
Environmental
- While genetic abnormalities will have well-defined impacts upon development, environmentally derived effects can be harder to define and often variable depending on many different factors (timing, exposure level, and the combination effects with other factors). This combination effect can also be seen between genetic and environmental interacting to give an even broader spectr…
Undergraduate Science Projects
- The links below are to Science student group projects prepared on the topics of prenatal diagnosis (2010) and abnormal development (2011). 1. 2011 Student Projects: Turner Syndrome | DiGeorge Syndrome | Klinefelter's Syndrome | Huntington's Disease | Fragile X Syndrome | Tetralogy of Fallot | Angelman Syndrome | Friedreich's Ataxia | Williams-Beuren Syndrome | Duch…
Statistics
- Sex Bias
Some developmental abnormalities show a difference in distribution related to embryo sex, Male and Female. While other genetic abnormalities are related to maternal mitochondrial inheritance sex chromosomes {{ChrX)} and {{ChrY). Some examples of some abnormalities sex related stati… - Australia - Top 10
The ten most frequently reported birth defects in Victoria between 2003-2004. 1. Hypospadias 2. Obstructive Defects of the Renal Pelvis or Obstructive Genitourinary Defects 3. Ventricular Septal Defect 4. Congenital Dislocated Hip 5. Trisomy 21or Down syndrome 6. Hydrocephalus 7. Cleft …
Neural Tube Defects
- Neural tube defects that were just outside the top ten most common birth defects but are widely known. 1. spina bifida- (73%) of parents choose to discontinue a pregnancy affected by spina bifida. 1. anencephaly- (94%) of parents choose to discontinue a pregnancy affected by anencephaly. 1. 1.1. Data: from the Victorian Perinatal Data Collection Unit Links: folate | anence…
Teratology
- Now consider how different environmental effects during pregnancy may influence developmental outcomes. The terms listed below are often used to describe these environmental effects 1. Teratogen(Greek, teraton = monster) any agent that causes a structural abnormality (congenital abnormalities) following fetal exposure during pregnancy. The overall effect depends on dosag…
Australian Congenital Anomalies Monitoring System
- The following text is from AIHW National Perinatal Epidemiology and Statistics Unit Australian Congenital Anomalies Monitoring System (ACAMS) 1. "The Australian Congenital Anomalies Monitoring System (ACAMS) contains data based on notifications of major congenital anomalies to birth defects registers in New South Wales, Victoria, Western Australia and South Australia an…
New Zealand
- New Zealand Birth Defects Monitoring Programme (NZBDMP) 1. monitoring the occurrence of birth defects among livebirths and fetal deaths in New Zealand. 2. provide data on the prevalence of birth defects for ad hoc. 3. provide annual data to the Ministry of Health and International Clearinghouse for Birth Defects Surveillance and Research (ICBDSR) 4. investigate clusters of bi…