Are command-and-control regulations effective in protecting the environment?
Command-and-control regulation sets specific limits for pollution emissions and/or mandates that specific pollution-control technologies that must be used.
What is command command environmental policy?
Feb 08, 2022 · Command and control is a type of environmental regulation that allows policy makers to specifically regulate both the amount and the process by which a firm should maintain the quality of the environment.
What is an example of command and control regulation?
Command-and-control regulations, such as effluent standards, have been highly successful in protecting and cleaning up the U.S. environment. In 1970, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was created to oversee all environmental laws. In the same year, the Clean Air Act was enacted to address air pollution.
Who writes command-and-control regulations?
Command-and-control regulations, such as effluent standards, have been highly successful in protecting and cleaning up the U.S. environment. In 1970, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was created to oversee all environmental laws. In the same year, the Clean Air Act was enacted to address air pollution.
What is command and control environmental policy?
Command—and—control policy refers to environmental policy that relies on regulation (permission, prohibition, standard setting and enforcement) as opposed to financial incentives, that is, economic instruments of cost internalisation.Nov 2, 2001
What is an example of command-and-control regulation?
Command-and-control approach and environment standards It is a mandated level of performance enforced through a piece of legislation. A few examples are the limits set on the volume of timber that could be harvested, bans on the cutting of trees, and maximum levels legally allowed for pollution emissions.
What is command and control environmental regulation quizlet?
"Command and control" regulations focus on preventing environmental problems by specifying how a company will manage a pollution-generating process. This approach generally relies on detailed regulations followed up by an ongoing inspection program.
What is command and control environmental regulation What are the three problems that economists have noted with regard to command-and-control regulation?
Although such regulations have helped to protect the environment, they have three shortcomings: they provide no incentive for going beyond the limits they set; they offer limited flexibility on where and how to reduce pollution; and they often have politically-motivated loopholes.
What is the meaning of command and control?
Definition(s): Command and Control' is the exercise of authority and direction by a properly designated commander over assigned and attached forces in the accomplishment of the mission.
What is the difference between Command & Control?
Command: The exercise of authority based upon certain knowledge to attain an objective. Control: The process of verifying and correcting activity such that the objective or goal of command is accomplished.
What do command and control regulations for pollution refer?
In effect, command-and-control regulation requires that firms increase their costs by installing anti-pollution equipment; firms are thus required to take the social costs of pollution into account. Command-and-control regulation has been highly successful in protecting and cleaning up the U.S. environment.
What are the advantages of command and control regulation?
Command economy advantages include low levels of inequality and unemployment and the common objective of replacing profit with equality as the primary incentive of production. Disadvantages of command economies include lack of competition, which can lead to lack of innovation, and lack of efficiency.
What are the advantages of command and control regulation quizlet?
Command-and-control regulation sets specific limits for pollution emissions and/or mandates that specific pollution-control technologies that must be used. 3. they often have politically-motivated loopholes.
What is command and control in economic?
In environmental economics: Command and control. Command and control is a type of environmental regulation that allows policy makers to specifically regulate both the amount and the process by which a firm should maintain the quality of the environment.
Which of the following is an example of command-and-control regulation quizlet?
Which is an example of command and control regulation? The government imposes limits the amount of pollutant that can be released and charges fines to the firms who exceed those limits.
What is the focus of a command and control approach to reducing pollution?
What is the focus of a command-and-control approach to reducing pollution? The government imposing quantitative limits on the amount of pollution firms are allowed to generate.
What are the problems with command and control?
However, economists have pointed out three difficulties with command-and-control environmental regulation. First, command-and-control regulation offers no incentive to improve the quality of the environment beyond the standard set by a particular law. Once the command-and-control regulation has been satisfied, polluters have zero incentive ...
When did environmental laws start?
When the United States started passing comprehensive environmental laws in the late 1960s and early 1970s, a typical law specified how much pollution could be emitted out of a smokestack or a drainpipe and imposed penalties if that limit was exceeded. Other laws required the installation of certain equipment—for example, ...
What are effluent standards?
In effect, effluent standards require that firms increase their costs by installing anti-pollution equipment; firms are thus required to take the social costs of pollution into account. Command-and-control regulations, such as effluent standards, have been highly successful in protecting and cleaning up the U.S. environment.
When was the Clean Water Act passed?
Just two years later, in 1972, Congress passed and the president signed the far-reaching Clean Water Act. These command-and-control environmental laws, and their amendments and updates, have been largely responsible for America’s cleaner air and water in recent decades. However, economists have pointed out three difficulties with ...
What are the problems with command and control?
However, economists have pointed out three difficulties with command-and-control environmental regulation. First, command-and-control regulation offers no incentive to improve the quality of the environment beyond the standard set by a particular law. Once the command-and-control regulation has been satisfied, polluters have zero incentive ...
When did environmental laws start?
When the United States started passing comprehensive environmental laws in the late 1960s and early 1970s, a typical law specified how much pollution could be emitted out of a smokestack or a drainpipe and imposed penalties if that limit was exceeded. Other laws required the installation of certain equipment—for example, ...
What are effluent standards?
In effect, effluent standards require that firms increase their costs by installing anti-pollution equipment; firms are thus required to take the social costs of pollution into account. Command-and-control regulations, such as effluent standards, have been highly successful in protecting and cleaning up the U.S. environment.
When was the Clean Water Act passed?
Just two years later, in 1972, Congress passed and the president signed the far-reaching Clean Water Act. These command-and-control environmental laws, and their amendments and updates, have been largely responsible for America’s cleaner air and water in recent decades. However, economists have pointed out three difficulties with ...
What is a multiple choice question?
Multiple Choice Question. The government imposes limits the amount of pollutant that can be released and charges fines to the firms who exceed those limits. The government passes a law designed to eliminate pollution and takes controls of firms which do not comply.
What is the role of command and control in environmental economics?
Command and control is a type of environmental regulation that allows policy makers to specifically regulate both the amount and the process by which a firm should maintain the quality of the environment.
What is CAC regulation?
Command and Control (CAC) Regulation can be defined as “the direct regulation of an industry or activity by legislation that states what is permitted and what is illegal”.
What is a command and control regulation?
Many environmental regulations in the United States are prescriptive in nature (and are often referred to as command-and-control regulations).3 A prescriptive regulation can be defined as a policy that prescribes how much pollution an individual source or plant is allowed to emit and/or what types of control equipment it must use to meet such requirements. Such a standard is often defined in terms of a source-level emissions rate. Despite the introduction of potentially more cost-effective methods for regulating emissions, this type of regulation is still commonly used and is sometimes statutorily required. It is almost always available as a “backstop” if other approaches do not achieve desired pollution limits.
Why is disclosure important in environmental regulation?
Requiring disclosure of environmental information has been increasingly used as a method of environmental regulation. Disclosure strategies are most likely to work when there is a link between the polluting firm and affected parties such as consumers and workers.28 Disclosure requirements attempt to minimize ineciencies in regulation associated with asymmetric information, such as when a firm has more and better information on what and how much it pollutes than is available to the government or the public. By collecting and making such information publicly available, firms, government agencies, and consumers can become better informed about the environmental and human health consequences of their production and consumption decisions. In some cases, the availability of this information may also encourage more environmentally benign activities and discourage environmentally detrimental ones. For example, warning labels on hazardous substances
What are the four approaches to environmental policy making?
The goals of this chapter are to introduce several important analytic terms, concepts, and approaches; to describe the conceptual foundations of each approach; and to provide additional references for those interested in a more in-depth discussion.1 Specifically, this chapter discusses the following four general approaches to environmental policy making: (1) command-and-control regulation; (2) market-based incentives; (3) hybrid approaches; and (4) voluntary initiatives. While command-and-control regulations have been a commonly used method of environmental regulation in the United States, EPA also employs the three other approaches. Market-based incentives and hybrid approaches offer the regulated community an opportunity to meet standards with increased flexibility and lower costs compared to many command-and-control regulations, while voluntary initiatives may allow environmental improvements in areas not traditionally regulated by EPA. The chapter also includes a discussion of criteria used to evaluate the effectiveness of regulatory and non-regulatory approaches to pollution control.
How does federal action affect environmental issues?
Once federal action is deemed necessary to address an environmental problem, policy makers have a number of options at their disposal to influence pollution levels. In deciding which approach to implement, policy makers must be cognizant of constraints and limitations of each approach in addressing specific environmental problems. It is important to account for how political and information constraints, imperfect competition, or pre-existing market distortions interact with various policy options. Even when a particular approach is appealing from a social welfare perspective, it may not be consistent with statutory requirements, or may generate additional concerns when considered along with other
When is government intervention necessary?
Government intervention for the control of environmental externalities is only necessary when parties cannot work out an agreement between themselves. Coase (1960) outlined conditions under which a private agreement between affected parties might result in the attainment of a social welfare maximizing level of pollution without government intervention. First, property rights must be clearly defined. In situations where the resource in question is not “owned” by anyone, there are no incentives to negotiate, and the offending party can “free ride,” or continue to pollute, without facing the costs of its behavior.
What is economic eciency?
Economic eciency can be defined as the maximization of social welfare. An ecient market is one that allows society to maximize the net present value (NPV) of benefits: the difference between
How does eciency differ from cost effectiveness?
The eciency of a policy option differs from its cost-effectiveness. A policy is cost-effective if it meets a given goal at least cost, but cost-effectiveness does not encompass an evaluation of whether that goal has been set appropriately to maximize social welfare. All ecient policies are cost-effective, but it is not necessarily true that all cost-effective policies are ecient. A policy is considered cost-effective when marginal abatement costs are equal across all polluters. In other words, for any level of total abatement, each polluter has the same cost for their last unit abated.
