Cue Dependent Theory of Forgetting (Tulving
Endel Tulving
Endel Tulving is an Estonian-born Canadian experimental psychologist and cognitive neuroscientist whose research on human memory has influenced psychological scientists, neuroscientists, and clinicians. He helped separate declarative memory into two distinct parts.
What is the cue dependent theory of forgetting?
Edexcel Psychology. Cue Dependent Theory of Forgetting (Tulving) This is a theory of why forgetting occurs in LTM. According to this theory proposed by Tulving, forgetting occurs when the right cue is not available for retrieving the memory.
What is Cue-dependent forgetting?
Cue-dependent forgetting is not the only explanation of forgetting in Psychology. For example, the interference theory of forgetting suggests that forgetting happens when memories interfere with and disturb one another; in other words, forgetting occurs when two pieces of information conflict.
What are context cues in psychology?
Context cues mean that if we are not in the same place as we were when learning, the memory may not be accessible. This is why when you revisit your old school you may recall more memories of being there.
What are state-dependent and context-dependent cues?
State-dependent cues are governed by the state of mind and being at the time of encoding. The emotional or mental state of the person, such as being inebriated, drugged, upset, anxious or happy are key cues. Research suggests there are also context-dependent cues which are dependent on environment and situation.
What is cue-dependent theory of forgetting?
Cue-dependent forgetting, or retrieval failure, is the failure to recall information without memory cues. The term either pertains to semantic cues, state-dependent cues or context-dependent cues.
Who proposed cue-dependent forgetting theory?
TulvingAccording to this theory proposed by Tulving, forgetting occurs when the right cue is not available for retrieving the memory. When a memory is encoded it leaves a memory trace which also stores information about the way we felt or the place we were in at the time of encoding.
What is a state dependent cue?
State-dependent memory refers to improved recall of specific episodes or information when cues relating to emotional and physical state are the same during encoding and retrieval. State retrieval clues may be based on state-the physical or psychological state of the person when information is encoded and retrieved.
What is meant by cues in relation to memory?
Memory cues are objects or events that help trigger an action or a memory of that action. Memory cues work by helping us retrieve an intention from our prospective memory, which is responsible for remembering things that we need to do.
What are the 3 theories of forgetting?
Abstract. There are at least three general categories of theories of memory which suggest reasons why we forget. The theories can be classified as psychological, neurochemical, and physiological. These theories, plus descriptions of aging studies that relate to them, constitute the text of the present chapter.
How can we avoid cue-dependent forgetting?
It is important to remember that cue-dependent forgetting can occur very easily. Keeping the information more accessible by developing a small set of unique cues such as mnemonics can provide assistance is preventing the possibility of you forgetting what you studied.
What is true of cue-dependent forgetting CDF )?
What is the definition of cue-dependent forgetting (CDF)? A type of forgetting based upon a failure to retrieve the prompts the trigger recall. Information is still in the brain, but unable to be retrieved. Works like the labels on files in a filing system.
What are the 4 types of forgetting?
The four main theories of forgetting apparent in the study of psychology are as follows:Cue-dependent forgetting.Organic causes.Interference theories.Trace decay theory.
What are context dependent cues in psychology definition?
"Context dependent cues are environmental cues in the specific situation ('context') where a memory was formed that act as retrieval cues to help access the memories formed in that context. Taking an eyewitness back to a crime scene (the 'context') will assist them in recalling events."
What is an example of state-dependent learning?
State-dependent memory is a phenomenon where people are more likely to retrieve memories that were created in similar states of consciousness. For example, if you learned something while drunk, you will have a higher chance of remembering it if you are also drunk.
How do context dependent cues work?
Context-dependent memory brings ideas, skills, and experiences to mind when they're in the same context as they were when you experienced them before. When you learn something in one context, you'll more easily remember it in that same context.
What are cues in psychology?
n. a stimulus, event, or object that serves to guide behavior, such as a retrieval cue, or that signals the presentation of another stimulus, event, or object, such as an unconditioned stimulus or reinforcement.
What is a cue in psychology and an example?
Cued recall, or cueing, is the action of giving a clue or prompt to another person in order to receive a reaction. For example, in acting, this is the action of reminding an actor of their lines by feeding them the first few words in the sentence to prompt their recall. This is essentially a retrieval cue.
How do cues help you to remember?
Retrieval cues are stimuli that assist in memory retrieval. In other words, retrieval cues help you access memories stored in long-term memory and bring them to your conscious awareness. The presence of retrieval cues can make recalling memories much easier.
What are the two theories of forgetting?
Forgetting information from short term memory (STM) can be explained using the theories of trace decay and displacement.
What is retrieval theory?
Retrieval due to absence of cues is sometimes also called cue-dependent forgetting. This is a theory as to why we cannot recall from long term memory. The suggestion is that internal (such as mood state) and external (such as temperature and smell) cues can help facilitate recall of a long term memory.
What are the five theories of forgetting?
There are five popular theories of forgetting in psychology. They are trace decay theory, retrieval failure theory, interference theory, consolidation theory, and displacement theory.
What does Freud say about forgetting?
According to Freud (1901), forgetting is motivated rather than being the result of a failure to learn or other processes. Memories that are likely to induce guilt, embarrassment, shame or anxiety are actively, but unconsciously, pushed out of consciousness as a form of ego defence.
What is the tip of the tongue phenomenon?
The “tip of the tongue” (TOT) phenomenon is a state in which one cannot quite recall a familiar word but can recall words of similar form and meaning. Several hundred such states were precipitated by reading to Ss the difinitions of English words of low frequency and asking them to try to recall the words.
What is the 3 stage model of memory?
Three Stages of the Learning/Memory Process Psychologists distinguish between three necessary stages in the learning and memory process: encoding, storage, and retrieval (Melton, 1963).
What are memory theories?
Theory of General Memory Process: This theory explains that the memory consists of the three cognitive processes. These are— An encoding process, a storage process and a retrieval process. Encoding is the process of receiving a sensory input and transforming it into a form, or a code which can be stored.
Which of the 4 theories of forgetting is based on the fact that we may deliberately forget upsetting information we do not want to remember?
The main theory, the motivated forgetting theory, suggests that people forget things because they either do not want to remember them or for another particular reason.
What are the main causes of forgetting?
7 common causes of forgetfulnessLack of sleep. Not getting enough sleep is perhaps the greatest unappreciated cause of forgetfulness. ... Medications. ... Underactive thyroid. ... Alcohol. ... Stress and anxiety. ... Depression.
Learning Theory and Behaviour
Cue-dependent amnesia studies lead to the conclusion that memory in an active state is labile and can be disrupted by a wide range of treatments, many of which are effective in producing amnesia when applied after new learning, as well.
Memory Reconsolidation and Extinction in Invertebrates
The concept of memory consolidation was established by pioneer studies on human memory by Müller and Pilzecker (1900) and was further formalized after the accumulation of experimental evidence on retrograde amnesia in rodents ( McGaugh, 1966 ).
Memory Reconsolidation and Drugs of Abuse
The traditional consolidation hypothesis postulated that memories are initially labile after acquisition but become strengthened over time and, as a result, are less susceptible to amnestic treatment.
The persistence of maladaptive memory: Addiction, drug memories and anti-relapse treatments
The traditional and dominant view of memory is that it is stable and immutable following its initial consolidation ( McGaugh, 1966).
Reconsolidation of drug memories
The traditional consolidation hypothesis postulated that memories are initially labile after acquisition but become strengthened over time and, as a result, are less susceptible to amnestic treatment ( McGaugh, 1966 ).
State-Dependent Cues
These are dependent on your state of mind and being at the time: if you were inebriated, drugged, upset, anxious, happy, in love, or in any other state such as these when you processed a memory, you are more likely to be able to retrieve the memory if you are in the same state.
Context -Dependent Cues
These are dependent on the environment and situation: if you were cold, with a certain person, smelt a certain smell, heard a certain phrase, at a certain place, experiencing a certain type of weather, or in any context like those when you processed the memory, you are more likely to be able to retrieve the memory if you are in the same context.
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What are state dependent cues?
State-dependent cues. State-dependent cues are governed by the state of mind and being at the time of encoding. The emotional or mental state of the person, such as being inebriated, drugged, upset, anxious or happy are key cues.
What is cue dependent forgetting?
Cue-dependent forgetting, or retrieval failure, is the failure to recall information without memory cues. The term either pertains to semantic cues, state-dependent cues or context-dependent cues. Upon performing a search for files in a computer, its memory is scanned for words. Relevant files containing this word or string of words are displayed.
Is context dependent cues dependent on environment?
Context-dependent cues. Research suggests there are also context-dependent cues which are dependent on environment and situation. In an experiment conducted in 1975, deep sea divers were divided into two groups. Each group had the same list of 36 unrelated words to learn.
Why is displacement theory important?
Displacement theory provides a very simple explanation of forgetting. Because of its limited capacity, suggested by Miller to be 7+/- 2 items, STM can only hold small amounts of information.
Which theory provides a good account of how forgetting might take place in Atkinson and Shiffrin'
Displacement theory provided a good account of how forgetting might take place in Atkinson & Shiffrin's (1968) model of short-term memory. However, it became clear that the short-term memory store is much more complex than proposed in Atkinson and Shiffrin's model (re: working memory).
What are the problems with decay theory?
One of the problems with decay theory is that it is more or less impossible to test it. In practice, it is not possible to create a situation in which there is a blank period of time between presentation of material and recall. Having presented information participants will rehearse it. If you prevent rehearsal by introducing a distracter task, it results in interference.
Is a song a retrieval cue?
The song is a retrieval cue - it was present when the information was encoded and retrieved. Tulving suggested that information about the physical surroundings ( external context) and about the physical or psychological state of the learner ( internal context) is stored at the same time as information is learned.
