One of these processes is called elaboration, and it is understood as enriching the memory representation of an item by activating many aspects of its meaning and by linking it into the pre-existing network of semantic associations (Craik and Tulving, 1975, Greene, 1987).
What is elaboration memory strategy?
What is elaboration memory strategy? Elaboration is a cognitive learning strategy that involves any enhancement of information that clarifies or specifies the relationship between information to-be-learned and related information, i.e., a learner’s prior knowledge and experience or contiguously presented information. What is word chunking?
What is elaboration in psychology?
Elaboration is a cognitive learning strategy that involves any enhancement of information that clarifies or specifies the relationship between information to-be-learned and related information, i.e., a learner’s prior knowledge and experience or contiguously presented information. What is word chunking?
What is the difference between rehearsal and elaboration?
Where rehearsal strategies use exact words, elaboration strategies use different words or methods as associations for learning. In a sense, they provide alternate pathways to retrieve information from memory.
Does elaboration improve working memory in older adults?
Elaboration improves episodic long-term memory but not working memory. Elaboration is not underlying the beneficial effect of free time on working memory. Enriched representations fail to improve episodic memory in older adults. Elaboration thereby contributes to the age-related long-term memory deficit.
What is an example of elaboration in memory?
Essentially, elaboration is encoding the original content in a different but related way. There are primarily two kinds of elaboration: visual and verbal. For example, to learn the pair “cow-ball” a person could form a visual image of a cow kicking a ball.
What is elaboration in working memory?
Whereas refreshing refers to the attentional focussing on representations, elaboration refers to linking representations in working memory into existing semantic networks.
What is an example of elaborative?
Examples of elaborative encoding include the peg word system and the method of loci ways of recalling information. An easy example would be meeting a person for the first time whose name you need to remember.
What is elaboration how does it affect memory?
Elaboration improves episodic long-term memory but not working memory. Elaboration is not underlying the beneficial effect of free time on working memory. Enriched representations fail to improve episodic memory in older adults. Elaboration thereby contributes to the age-related long-term memory deficit.
What does elaboration mean in psychology?
n. 1. the process of interpreting or embellishing information to be remembered or of relating it to other material already known and in memory.
How does elaboration help improve memory?
In cognitive psychology, elaboration is about linking information that we want to remember to information that we already know. The purpose of elaboration is primarily to improve our memory for the new information. An additional benefit is that it begins to organize our knowledge in a more coherent way.
How do you elaborate memory?
There are two types of memory rehearsal: maintenance and elaborative. Both involve repetition to move new information from your short-term memory to your long-term memory....Strategies may include:Organizing information.Thinking of examples.Creating an image in your head.Using a mnemonic device.
What is the purpose of elaboration?
It can be defined as adding details or "expanding on" an idea. It involves developing an idea by incorporating details to amplify the original simple idea. Elaboration enhances ideas and objects by providing nuance and detail.
What is an elaboration study?
However, when we are talking about studying using elaboration, it involves explaining and describing ideas with many details. Elaboration also involves making connections among ideas you are trying to learn and connecting the material to your own experiences, memories, and day-to-day life.
What is elaborative rehearsal example?
As an example of elaborative rehearsal, imagine meeting someone whose name is Sandy, then making an association with a sandy beach to remember that name. The goal is to create a memorable, personalized association with a new piece of information one wants to remember.
Which of the following is true of elaboration in memory?
Which of the following is true of elaboration in memory? Elaboration can occur at any level of processing.
What does elaborative rehearsal mean?
an encoding strategy to facilitate the formation of memory by linking new information to what one already knows. For instance, when trying to remember that someone is named George, one might think of five other things one knows about people named George.
Why is elaboration important?
Elaboration: an effective strategy for learning. One of the most important things to know about memory is that whenever we learn new information, it tends to stick better if we can connect it to what we already know.
What is the most important thing about memory?
by Bradford Research School. on the 18th November 2018. One of the most important things to know about memory is that whenever we learn new information, it tends to stick better if we can connect it to what we already know. Pieces of information are not isolated, rather they are held in schemas, complex architectures of knowledge stored in ...
Is elaborative interrogation better for you?
The benefits from elaborative interrogation seem to be greater for those with greater prior knowledge.
How does elaboration affect memory?
Other studies have shown that distinctiveness drives the beneficial effects of elaboration on memory. For instance, well elaborated items are less likely to be confused with similar stimuli ( Gallo, Meadow, Johnson, & Foster, 2008 ), and items that are associable to more features are better remembered than items with less associable features ( Hargreaves, Pexman, Johnson, & Zdrazilova, 2012 ). Taken together, according to the literature to date, the mechanism underlying elaboration is the enrichment of a memory trace with item-specific features. This makes the elaborated memory trace accessible through multiple retrieval cues. In addition, it results in a unique representation that is easily distinguishable because the distinct representation does not compete with other memory traces. In the same vein, Klein and Loftus, (1988) proposed that elaboration benefits memory through the creation of multiple routes for retrieval but also through inference-based reconstruction in case the retrieval effort fails.
What is the difference between working memory and long term memory?
In theories of human memory, a distinction is often made between working memory (WM) and long-term memory (LTM). WM is understood as a system that holds mental representations temporarily available for processing, with limited capacity. In LTM information is stored more permanently with presumably unlimited capacity ( Cowan, 2008 ). What is thought to be common to both memory systems is the central role of control processes ( Atkinson & Shiffrin, 1968 ). Control processes refer to those that control what is retained in WM and in LTM. Researchers have tried to isolate these processes and investigate their underlying mechanisms as well as their benefits for both WM and LTM. Furthermore, control processes have been proposed to undergo changes throughout the lifespan, and have been hypothesized to be at least partly responsible for age-related declines in memory functioning ( Bartsch et al., 2019, Dunlosky and Hertzog, 1998, Loaiza and McCabe, 2013, Shing et al., 2010 ).
How many subjects spontaneously elaborate in WM?
We know from self-report studies that only one fourth of the subjects indicate to spontaneously elaborate in WM tasks (e.g. Bailey et al., 2011, Dunlosky and Kane, 2007 ). Experiment 1 confirmed this modest proportion of spontaneous elaboration: The increased free time in the long baseline was used in around 16% of the trials for mental imagery, and an additional 5% of trials were accompanied by sentence generation alone or in combination with imagery.
How does free time affect working memory?
Free time to attend to and process information in working memory is key in promoting immediate and delayed retention. One candidate process to cause this benefit is elaboration. We conducted three experiments with young adults – two of which included older adults – to investigate whether free time is used for elaboration, and whether elaboration causes the free-time benefit. Participants remembered lists of nouns, interleaved with short or long free-time intervals, or with filler words connecting all the nouns into a meaningful sentence to assist elaboration. For young adults, assisted elaboration through sentences, and the additional instruction to form a mental image, benefited performance in a working-memory test as much as longer free time, but not more. In contrast, for a delayed test of long-term memory, the benefits of sentence elaboration exceeded those of longer free time. Older adults did not benefit from assisted elaborations in the delayed test, providing further evidence that the long-term memory deficit of older adults arises at least in part from a deficit in elaboration. This elaboration deficit is not driven by a deficit in generating richer representations.
Why do young adults benefit from free time interleaving the to-be-remembered items in?
Our results confirm that young adults benefit from free time interleaving the to-be-remembered items in WM, and so do older adults when performance is not close to ceiling. One potential explanation for this effect is that people use free time to elaborate the memoranda, and that helps immediate recall.
Does sentence imagery surpassed the long baseline?
We found that the sentence imagery condition never surpassed the long baseline in young adults (and in fact always ended up a bit short). The older adults, instead of being able to compensate their elaboration deficit, performed more poorly with assisted elaboration than in the long baseline.
Does assisted elaboration help with long term memory?
In contrast, for a delay ed test of long-term memory, the benefits of sentence elaboration exceeded those of longer free time.
What are the different types of elaboration strategies?
Another name for these strategies is memory aids. There are five different types of elaboration strategies—mnemonics, rewriting, note-making, comparisons, and self-questioning. We’ll examine each one and provide examples.
How to remember a story?
Gestures. Use a motion of body or hand to help remember. For example, touch your head (beginning of story), touch your middle (middle), and touch your feet (end).
What is rewriting in writing?
Rewriting includes paraphrasing and summarizing. Rewriting information in a student’s own words makes it more meaningful to them. To paraphrase means to restate the ideas in a text in your own words. It includes all the same information as the original source but is reworded.
How to write a Cornell paper?
Cornell Method. Write key points from a talk or text in a 6-inch area on the right of your paper. Skip a few lines, where you can complete thoughts and sentences after the talk. Put some kind of cue in the left margin for significant points or questions. Review by covering the notes and looking at your cues.
What is the purpose of note making?
Note-making has three purposes: 1) to help students make sense of information; 2) to help them plan for an assignment; and 3) to refresh their memory for assessments.
What does summarizing mean in a text?
It includes all the same information as the original source but is reworded. Summarize means to describe only the main ideas of the text. It avoids specific details or examples, and should be shorter than the original. Students should be explicitly taught how to do each of these methods.
What is the term for a graphic way to relate ideas to each other?
Mapping . This is a graphic way to relate ideas to each other. It is also called concept mapping , topic mapping , or mind mapping . There are subtle differences between each one.
What is elaborative encoding?
Elaborative encoding is both semantic and echoic. Semantic encoding has to do with the structure, and oftentimes, meaning of information. For example, in learning the letters of the alphabet, you probably didn’t start with the letter Q. Instead, you learned your A, B, Cs through song, in alphabetical order (a structure).
What Else Can This Style of Mnemonic Elaboration Be Used For?
Not, you may think that this all sounds fine and dandy for names. But here’s the thing:
What is the goal of the elaborative encoding exercise?
The goal of this exercise is to practice the elaborative encoding of concepts.
Do you have to stop elaborating your mental imagery?
You don’t have to stop with elaborating your mental imagery. You can also…
Can you memorize anything?
If you can take that knowledge, make associations and manipulate size, color, speed, duration, distance, mood, emotion, and space… you can memorize anything.
Who is the founder of Magnetic Memory?
Anthony Metivier is the founder of the Magnetic Memory Method, a systematic, 21st Century approach to memorizing foreign language vocabulary, names, faces, numbers, poetry and any information in ways that are easy, elegant and fun.
Is elaborative encoding elementary?
Defining elaborative encoding is elementary! Yes, really! And it’s not so much a thing, as it is a thing you do when using memory techniques. This simple mental task starts with linking information that you want to remember with existing knowledge.
