Horizonalization stems from the idea that the researcher should be receptive to and place equal value on every statement or piece of data. Being universally receptive allows the researcher initially to grant equal value to each statement uttered by the participant... Entry
What does bracketing mean in research?
Gearing (2004) explains bracketing as a 'scientific process in which a researcher suspends or holds in abeyance his or her presuppositions, biases, assumptions, theories, or previous experiences to see and describe the phenom- enon' (p. 1430).
What is Horizonalization in research?
Horizonalization is a method for understanding data through a phenomenological reduction by reducing the number of words and replacing the vocabulary with similar terms in which the researcher places equal value on each statement or piece of data.
What are the 4 stages of the phenomenological method?
While conducting a phenomenological research methodology, it often pertains the four necessary steps of Bracketing, Intuiting, Analyzing and Describing.
What is Moustakas method?
Moustakas (1994) defined all research participants as co-researchers because the essence of the phenomena is derived from participants' perceptions and experiences, regardless of the interpretation of the researcher. The participants' narratives of experiences provide the meaning of the phenomena.
What is Horizontalization in qualitative research?
Horizontalization: Is part of the phenomenological reduction process, whereby the researcher gives equal value to all of the participants` statements. The researcher will remove all repetitive statements as well as those that do not relate to the research questions.
What are the 2 types of reduction in phenomenology?
According to Fink and Husserl, the phenomenological reduction consists in these two “moments” of epoché and reduction proper; epoché is the “moment” in which we abandon the acceptedness of the world that holds us captive and the reduction proper indicates the “moment” in which we come to the transcendental insight that ...
What are the 3 examples of phenomenology?
Phenomenology focuses on manifold feature of conscious experience. Interpretation of the phenomenon is being applied to the area of Phenomenology from three main perspectives such as Husserl's transcendental phenomenology; Heidegger's hermeneutical phenomenology; and Merleau-Ponty's idea of perception.
What are the 3 methods in phenomenology?
Phenomenological studies can be divided into three categories:Transcendental phenomenology. The scientific study of appearance of things as they are seen and appear on one's consciousness.Hermeneutic phenomenology. Focus on making meaning of experiences as they are lived.Existential phenomenology.
Is phenomenology qualitative or quantitative?
qualitative researchPhenomenology is a form of qualitative research that focuses on the study of an individual's lived experiences within the world. Although it is a powerful approach for inquiry, the nature of this methodology is often intimidating to HPE researchers.
What is Moustakas phenomenology?
Phenomenology is a form of inquiry that seeks to understand human experience (Moustakas, 1994), to explore phenomena and how it is perceived and experienced by individuals in the phenomenological event (Lester, 1999).
Is Phenomenography a theoretical framework?
In this paper, phenomenography, developed by Marton (1986) as a qualitative research theoretical framework, is presented. According to Marton (1986), “Phenomenography is an empirical research tradition that was designed to answer questions about thinking and learning, especially for educational research.”
What are the three steps of the phenomenological reduction?
There are three basic stages in phenomenological reduction: (1) the epoche,(2) the eidetic reduction, and (3) the transcendental reduction. ... stage consists of setting aside (bracketing) all the beliefs, theories, and atti-tudes about oneself and the world which have so far been taken for granted.More items...
What is the phenomenological method?
Definition. The phenomenological method aims to describe, understand and interpret the meanings of experiences of human life. It focuses on research questions such as what it is like to experience a particular situation.
What is the main point of phenomenology?
phenomenology, a philosophical movement originating in the 20th century, the primary objective of which is the direct investigation and description of phenomena as consciously experienced, without theories about their causal explanation and as free as possible from unexamined preconceptions and presuppositions.
What is phenomenology research method?
Phenomenological research is a qualitative research approach that seeks to understand and describe the universal essence of a phenomenon. The approach investigates the everyday experiences of human beings while suspending the researchers' preconceived assumptions about the phenomenon.
What are the characteristics of phenomenological research?
Phenomenology as a method has four characteristics, namely descriptive, reduction, essence and intentionality.
What is qualitative method?
Qualitative methods take a critical stance toward knowledge. They recognize the influence of history and culture and appreciate how such knowledge is constructed intersub-jectively. One set of qualitative methods is inspired by phenomenological philosophy. For the phenomenological methods, focus is on rich description of some aspects of experience, described through language. However, phenomenological philosophy has developed in different directions. Therefore each phenomenologically inspired approach has a different emphasis depending on the specific strand of phenomenological philosophy that informs the methodology (Langdridge 2007).
What was Husserl's project?
Husserl's project was primarily epistemological (Husserl 1982). He did not believe that it was possible to separate the experiencing subject from what is experienced in the world. The world can only appear for a subject and the condition for its appearance lies outside the world itself, namely in the subject (Zahavi 2003).
How did Heidegger interpret phenomenology?
Further, Heidegger opened up phenomenology to interpretation through language. Through language he anticipated the narrative approach, which was later formulated by Ricoeur, who saw narrative and time as mutually related. In his considerations about time, Ricoeur takes a point of departure in Heidegger's thinking (Ricoeur 1980).
What is the aim of qualitative phenomenological research?
The aim of phenomenological qualitative research is to deal with experiences and meanings and “to capture as closely as possible the way in which the phenomenon is experienced within the context in which the experience takes place” (Giorgi & Giorgi 2003, p. 27). The different methods study this through rich descriptions or narratives that can illuminate the lived world. The aim is to see things in their appearance.
What is phenomenologically inspired research?
In phenomenologically inspired methods research findings are analyzed using concepts from phenomenological philosophy to interrogate the findings and to enable greater theoretical analysis. However, the phenomenological approach covers different approaches, from pure description to approaches more informed by interpretation. The different methods do not use all philosophical concepts, or they have reworked them. There seems to have been a development over time toward a greater recognition that “thick descriptions” (Lincoln & Guba 1985) are unavoidably conditioned by cultural, social, and interpersonal contingencies and that theory and method must necessarily be conflated. This is the view that makes up the new language of qualitative research (Gubrium & Holstein 1997).
How to achieve phenomenological reduction?
In phenomenological reduction efforts should be made to treat all details with equal value. This is achieved through horizontalization, trying to understand all phenomena at the same level by not prioritizing phenomena (Langdridge 2007). Insight can also be gained through eidetic variation, which means attempting to imagine the object being different from how it currently is (Zahavi 2003). This can be done by imaginatively varying features of the phenomenon, for example, when analyzing data about medical issues imagining doctors are nurses and vice versa.
What was the aim of Heidegger's investigation of existence?
Heidegger introduced the existential turn in phenomenology. His aim was to understand existence. According to Heidegger, being always presupposes the being of something. The investigation of Being must choose a thematized being for analysis. This includes analyzing one's own Being in a circular process where the formulation of the investigative method also articulates the kind of Being to be investigated (Stolorow 2006). Heidegger uses the word ‘Dasein’ about this kind of Being:
Why are qualitative methods so popular?
The increasing popularity of qualitative methods is a result of failure of quantitative methods to provide insight into in-depth information about the attitudes, beliefs, motives, or behaviours of people , for example in understanding the emotions, perceptions and actions of people who suffer from a medical condition. Qualitative methods explore the perspective and meaning of experiences, seek insight and identify the social structures or processes that explain people”s behavioural meaning.1,3Most importantly, qualitative research relies on extensive interaction with the people being studied, and often allows researchers to uncover unexpected or unanticipated information, which is not possible in the quantitative methods. In medical research, it is particularly useful, for example, in a health behaviour study whereby health or education policies can be effectively developed if reasons for behaviours are clearly understood when observed or investigated using qualitative methods.4
What is the most important step in qualitative data analysis?
Coding or categorising the data is the most important stage in the qualitative data analysis process. Coding and data analysis are not synonymous, though coding is a crucial aspect of the qualitative data analysis process.
Why is qualitative data analysis limited?
The use of computer software in qualitative data analysis is limited due to the nature of qualitative research itself in terms of the complexity of its unstructured data, the richness of the data and the way in which findings and theories emerge from the data. 10The programme merely takes over the marking, cutting, and sorting tasks that qualitative researchers used to do with a pair of scissors, paper and note cards. It helps to maximise efficiency and speed up the process of grouping data according to categories and retrieving coded themes. Ultimately, the researcher still has to synthesise the data and interpret the meanings that were extracted from the data. Therefore, the use of computers in qualitative analysis merely made organisation, reduction and storage of data more efficient and manageable. The qualitative data analysis process is illustrated in Figure 1.
What is the use of pens in qualitative research?
Traditionally, researchers ‘cut and paste’ and use coloured pens to categorise data. Recently, the use of software specifically designed for qualitative data management greatly reduces technical sophistication and eases the laborious task, thus making the process relatively easier.
What is qualitative data?
Qualitative data is often subjective, rich, and consists of in-depth information normally presented in the form of words. Analysing qualitative data entails reading a large amount of transcripts looking for similarities or differences, and subsequently finding themes and developing categories. Traditionally, researchers ‘cut and paste’ ...
Is qualitative research a medical field?
Qualitative research has seen an increased popularity in the last two decades and is becoming widely accepted across a wide range of medical and health disciplines, including health services research, health technology assessment, nursing, and allied health.1There has also been a corresponding rise in the reporting of qualitative research studies in medical and health related journals.2
What is the best data collection strategy for phenomenological research?
The most appropriate data collection strategy for a phenomenological research is the profound interview. Existing literature (Kyale & Brinkman, 2009; Marshall & Rossman, 2010) coincides in that the phenomenological interview should be open or semi-structured. These two types of interviews allow the researcher to address the phenomenon profoundly, providing a space of aperture for the informants to express their experiences in detail, approaching reality as faithfully as possible. The detailed descriptions or interpretations brought by the participant in the profound-phenomenological interview should be as representative of experienced reality as possible. The main focus of the phenomenological interview is the description of the meanings of phenomena (Rubin and Rubin, 2012). These authors point out that is recommendable to carry out some additional interviews in order to: verify the information obtained, allow the participant the opportunity to provide further detail or expand on the information offered and, lastly, for the participant’s final approval. As exposed, phenomenological interview is complex and requires a great deal of time to scrutinize the studied phenomenon with the necessary depth. It is therefore vital for the researcher to have excellent skills and/or competency in interviewing.
What is data analysis in phenomenology?
Data analysis in phenomenology is characterized by the following procedures: epokhé, identifying common meanings and essences, “horizontalization” of data, textual and structural analysis (Moustakas, 1994). These procedures are discussed in this section, with the exception of epokhé, which was previously discussed in this essay.
Is phenomenology a qualitative research design?
Phenomenology has become an useful and meaningful design among educational and social sciences researches. Most of them, have understood that phenomenology is a genuine manner of representing the realities that participants experience in their lives. Although this premise is true, one of the biggest misconceptions about phenomenology (as a research design) is that it can be applied to all qualitative approaches. Indeed, perception is an element in all qualitative research designs, however, it is very important to consider the intention of the research and the problem to be resolved, before selecting phenomenology as a design. Usually, the type of problem best suited for this design is the study of lived/common experiences. The researcher has to understand the philosophical assumptions that are implied in the use of phenomenology.
The Researcher Begins
Write a central idea or question in the center of a blank sheet of paper; you could also draw a meaningful symbol. This central term or image should relate to the research project.
Researcher and Participant Engage
Arrange a pre-interview with the research participant (s), individually. Explain this informal pre-interview is intended to help you both explore and isolate your preconceptions about the subject of the research.
Warning
Researchers typically record interviews, and you may find it helpful to record the bracketing pre-interview. If you do so, your participant (s) may find the setting to be more formal and less conversational, so undertake the recording with sensitivity and, of course, with your participants' consent.
