Full Answer
What are the ingredients in procaine?
HOW SUPPLIEDIngredient NameStrengthSodium Chloride (UNII: 451W47IQ8X)Sodium Hydroxide (UNII: 55X04QC32I)Hydrochloric Acid (UNII: QTT17582CB)Chlorobutanol (UNII: HM4YQM8WRC)2.5 mg in 1 mL2 more rows
How is procaine formed?
A benzoate ester, formally the result of esterification of 4-aminobenzoic acid with 2-diethylaminoethanol but formed experimentally by reaction of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate with 2-diethylaminoethanol.
Which is the starting material for procaine?
The first consists of the direct reaction of the 4-aminobenzoic acid ethyl ester with 2-diethylaminoethanol in the presence of sodium ethoxide.
What is the chemical formula of procaine?
C13H20N2O2Procaine / Formula
What is another name for procaine?
procaine hydrochloride, also called Novocain, or Novocaine, synthetic organic compound used in medicine as a local anesthetic. Introduced in 1905 under the trade name Novocaine, it became the first and best-known substitute for cocaine in local anesthesia.
What type of drug is procaine?
Procaine belongs to a class of analgesic medications known as local anesthetics.
What does procaine mean?
: a drug that is used as a local anesthetic in dentistry and medicine. procaine. noun.
What is the use of procaine?
Penicillin G procaine injection is used to treat certain infections caused by bacteria. Penicillin G procaine injection should not be used to treat gonorrhea (a sexually transmitted disease) or early in the treatment of certain serious infections.
Where is procaine used for?
Procaine is taken by mouth or given as a shot for arthritis, “hardening of the arteries” in the brain (cerebral atherosclerosis), dementia, depression, hair loss, high blood pressure, and sexual performance problems. As a prescription-only injection, procaine is used for local anesthesia.
What is lidocaine made from?
First synthesized between 1943 and 1946 by Nils Löfgren and Bengt Lundquist, it is a tertiary amine derived from xylidine, and its use rapidly became widespread given its superior safety profile compared to older local anesthetic agents.
What is the difference between procaine and lidocaine?
When using the same milligram dosage, the effective duration of spinal anesthesia with procaine 10% is shorter than that with lidocaine 5%. Procaine 10% does not provide sensory or motor blockade equivalent to lidocaine 5%. Procaine 10% was associated with a clinical failure rate of 14.2%.
Is procaine an acid or base?
Procaine hydrochloride is a weak organic base, with a pKa of 8.9.
What does procaine mean?
: a drug that is used as a local anesthetic in dentistry and medicine. procaine. noun.
How is procaine metabolism?
Procaine is an ester anesthetic. It is metabolized in the plasma by the enzyme pseudocholinesterase through hydrolysis into para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), which is then excreted by the kidneys into the urine.
Is procaine an ester or amide?
Commonly used ester LAs include chloroprocaine, procaine, and tetracaine. The commonly used amide LAs include lidocaine, bupivacaine, ropivacaine, mepivacaine, and outside the United States, levobupivacaine. Articaine is an amide LA used primarily in dentistry.
What type of bond is procaine?
The procaine molecule contains a total of 37 bond(s) There are 17 non-H bond(s), 7 multiple bond(s), 7 rotatable bond(s), 1 double bond(s), 6 aromatic bond(s), 1 six-membered ring(s), 1 ester(s) (aromatic), 1 primary amine(s) (aromatic) and 1 tertiary amine(s) (aliphatic).
4.5 Other Spectra
Pfleger, K., H. Maurer and A. Weber. Mass Spectral and GC Data of Drugs, Poisons and their Metabolites. Parts I and II. Mass Spectra Indexes. Weinheim, Federal Republic of Germany. 1985., p. 226
7.5 Therapeutic Uses
PROCAINE SOLN ARE USED FOR INFILTRATION ANESTHESIA ..., NERVE BLOCK ..., & SPINAL ANESTHESIA (DOSE VARIES WITH TECHNIC EMPLOYED). FOR CONTINUAL CAUDAL ANALGESIA ... /HYDROCHLORIDE/
7.6 Drug Warnings
MAJOR CAUSE OF SYSTEMIC REACTIONS TO LOCAL ANESTHETICS IS HIGH BLOOD CONCN OF DRUG. ... BECAUSE OF THREAT OF HIGH BLOOD CONCN ... IT IS IMPORTANT TO ADMIN SMALLEST AMT THAT WILL BE EFFECTIVE. /LOCAL ANESTHETICS/
8.1 Pharmacology
Procaine is an anesthetic agent indicated for production of local or regional anesthesia, particularly for oral surgery. Procaine (like cocaine) has the advantage of constricting blood vessels which reduces bleeding, unlike other local anesthetics like lidocaine. Procaine is an ester anesthetic.
8.2 MeSH Pharmacological Classification
Drugs that block nerve conduction when applied locally to nerve tissue in appropriate concentrations. They act on any part of the nervous system and on every type of nerve fiber. In contact with a nerve trunk, these anesthetics can cause both sensory and motor paralysis in the innervated area. Their action is completely reversible.
8.3 ATC Code
S76 | LUXPHARMA | Pharmaceuticals Marketed in Luxembourg | Pharmaceuticals marketed in Luxembourg, as published by d'Gesondheetskeess (CNS, la caisse nationale de sante, www.cns.lu), mapped by name to structures using CompTox by R. Singh et al. (in prep.).
8.4 Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
With normal kidney function, the drug is excreted rapidly by tubular excretion.
Local Anesthetics
Procaine, the 2-diethylaminoethyl ester of 4-aminobenzoic acid (2.1.1), better known as novocaine, is synthesized in two ways. The first way consists of the direct reaction of the 4-aminobenzoic acid ethyl ester with 2-diethylaminoethanol in the presence of sodium ethoxide.
Therapeutic Areas I: Central Nervous System, Pain, Metabolic Syndrome, Urology, Gastrointestinal and Cardiovascular
T.A. Bowdle, ... M. Williams, in Comprehensive Medicinal Chemistry II, 2007
Procainamide Hydrochloride
Mohammed S. Mian, ... Abdullah A. Al-Badr, in Analytical Profiles of Drug Substances and Excipients, 2001
Voltage-Gated Channels
55-43-02: Local anaesthetics, such as lidocaine and procaine, are generally lipid-soluble tertiary † amine compounds that inhibit propagated action potentials by blocking Na + channels.
RING TRANSFORMATIONS
Fig. 14.29 illustrates how simplified synthetic copies of cocaine were designed. The change from cocaine to procaine retains the local anaesthetic effects without the narcotic properties.
Pharmacophore
The technique of functional group inversion consists of using an ester or amide functional group, and reversing the order of the O or N atoms and the carbonyl functional group.
Phase I Biotransformation Reactions-Esterases, and Amidases
Carboxylesterases and cholinesterases are responsible for the hydrolysis of a large number of structurally diverse carboxylic acid esters and amides, as well as some thioesters.
Spinal, Epidural, and Caudal Anesthesia
Procaine is a short-acting ester local anesthetic and one of the oldest spinal anesthetics, having originally replaced cocaine as the drug of choice for spinal anesthesia in the early 20th century.
Procaine
Adrocaine; aethocaine; allocaine; alocaine; alokain; 4aminobenzoic acid 2 diethylaminoethyl ester; 4 aminobenzoic aciddiethylaminoethyl ester; aminocaine; anesthesol; anestil; anticort; arecane; atoxicocaine; bancaine; bernacaine; bernocaine; biocaine; cetain; chinese h3; chlorocaine; clinocaine; dentoraline; 2 diethylaminoethyl 4 aminobenzoate; 2diethylaminoethyl para aminobenzoate; duracaine; ethocaine; genocaine; geriocain; geriocaine; gerontex; gerontex h3; gerontix; gerovital; gerovitalh 3; gerovital h3; herocaine; isocaine bemburg; jenacain; jenacaine; juvocaine; kerocaine; mynol; naucaine; neocaine; neo dentoraline; neotonocaine; neotutocaine; novocain; novocaine; ommicaine; omnicaine; paraaminobenzoic acid 2 diethylaminoethyl ester; paraaminobenzoyldiethylaminoethanol hydrochloride; paracaine; parsetic; pharmaton; planocaine; polocaine; popokain p; procain; procainehydrochloride; rachineocaine; recorcaine; scurocaine; sevicaine; sex ex; syncaine; topokain; westocaine; Procaine; 2 diethylaminoethyl para aminobenzoate; 4 aminobenzoic acid 2 diethylaminoethyl ester; 4 aminobenzoic acid diethylaminoethyl ester; adrocaine; gerovital h 3; para aminobenzoic acid 2 diethylaminoethyl ester; para aminobenzoyldiethylaminoethanol hydrochloride; procaine hydrochloride.
Procaine
J.K. Aronson MA, DPhil, MBChB, FRCP, HonFBPhS, HonFFPM, in Meyler's Side Effects of Drugs, 2016
Procaine
The incidence of pruritus has been evaluated in a retrospective study of patients receiving procaine, lidocaine, or bupivacaine in combination with fentanyl for spinal anesthesia for a variety of different surgical procedures [13 ].
Local Anesthetics
The earliest injectable local anesthetic, procaine, enjoyed extensive use during the first half of the past century, primarily as a spinal anesthetic. Its instability and the considerable potential for hypersensitivity reactions resulted in limited use after the introduction of lidocaine.
Pharmacology
Novocain (Breon): 1% procaine in 2-ml and 6-ml ampules and 30-ml vials. Each milliliter of solution of 1% procaine contains the following:
Pharmacology
Although emergence delirium is an uncommon complication of sedation procedures, it does occur. It is most often seen following administration of scopolamine to a patient who is under 6 years old or older than 65 years old. Management of emergence delirium is based primarily on symptomatic treatment.
What is procaine?
Procaine is a local anesthetic. Procaine causes loss of feeling (numbness) of skin and mucous membranes.
What is the most important information I should know about procaine?
Since there will be decreased sensation of the area where procaine is injected, use caution to avoid injury to the area during and following treatment.
What happens if I miss a dose?
Procaine is administered as an injection in a hospital or clinic setting. Missing a dose should not apply.
What should I avoid while using procaine?
Since there will be decreased sensation of the area where procaine is injected, use caution to avoid injury to the area during and following treatment.
Procaine side effects
Stop using procaine and seek emergency medical attention or contact your doctor immediately if you experience any of the following rare but serious side effects:
What other drugs will affect procaine?
Before using procaine, talk to your doctor if you are taking any of the following medicines:
Further information
Your pharmacist has additional information about procaine written for health professionals that you may read.
Overview
Procaine is a chemical. People use it for medicine. Be careful not to confuse the procaine used by mouth with the prescription procaine given by injection only under the supervision of a healthcare professional.
Uses & Effectiveness
Pain, when used as a prescription shot. Procaine injection is an FDA-approved prescription product used as a local anesthetic.
Side Effects
It is not known whether procaine is safe when taken by mouth. It can cause some side effects including heartburn, migraines, and a serious condition called systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). SLE causes a variety of symptoms including joint pain, rashes, lung problems, and many other symptoms.
Special Precautions & Warnings
Pregnancy and breast-feeding: It's UNSAFE to use procaine for self-medication if you are pregnant. If you are breast-feeding, it is also best to avoid using procaine. Not enough is known about how it might affect the nursing infant.
Interactions
Digoxin ( Lanoxin) Interaction Rating: Major Do not take this combination.
Report Problems to the Food and Drug Administration
You are encouraged to report negative side effects of prescription drugs to the FDA. Visit the FDA MedWatch website or call 1-800-FDA-1088.
DESCRIPTION
Procaine hydrochloride is benzoic acid, 4-amino-, 2- (diethylamino) ethyl ester, monohydrochloride, the ester of diethylaminoethanol and para-aminobenzoic acid, with the following structural formula:
CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY
Local anesthetics block the generation and the conduction of nerve impulses, presumably by increasing the threshold for electrical excitation in the nerve, by slowing the propagation of the nerve impulse, and by reducing the rate of rise of the action potential.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
NOVOCAIN is indicated for the production of local or regional analgesia and anesthesia by local infiltration and peripheral nerve block techniques.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
NOVOCAIN is contraindicated in patients with a known hypersensitivity to procaine, drugs of a similar chemical configuration, or para-aminobenzoic acid or its derivatives.
WARNINGS
Contains acetone sodium bisulfite, a sulfite that may cause allergic-type reactions including anaphylactic symptoms and life-threatening or less severe asthmatic episodes in certain susceptible people. The overall prevalence of sulfite sensitivity in the general population is unknown and probably low.
PRECAUTIONS
The safety and effectiveness of local anesthetics depend on proper dosage, correct technique, adequate precautions, and readiness for emergencies. Resuscitative equipment, oxygen, and other resuscitative drugs should be available for immediate use.
ADVERSE REACTIONS
Reactions to procaine are characteristic of those associated with other ester-type local anesthetics. A major cause of adverse reactions to this group of drugs is excessive plasma levels which may be due to overdosage, rapid absorption, inadvertent intravascular injection, or slow metabolic degradation.
How Is Cocaine Made?
Cocaine processing involves many chemicals, and the drug is cut with other substances by dealers to extend batches. Some of these substances, such as fentanyl, are extremely dangerous.
Are There Uses for the Coca Plant Other Than Producing Cocaine?
Indigenous peoples in South America use the coca leaves to relieve a number of ailments, including upset stomach, nausea, altitude sickness, coldness, and hunger. 8
When Did They Stop Putting Cocaine in Coca-Cola?
Coca-Cola originally contained cocaine, but it was phased out beginning in 1903. However, it still contains non-narcotic coca leaf extract for flavoring. 9
What Adulterants Are Used in Cocaine, and What Are Their Effects?
Pure cocaine is expensive, and dealers often want to stretch a batch so they can make more money. As a result, they often mix the powder with other substances. According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse, common diluting agents include cornstarch, talcum powder, baking soda, or flour. 4
Treatment for Cocaine Addiction
Treatment can help people with cocaine addictions avoid health effects and possible overdose. Counselors and treatment providers can help users work through their reasons for using cocaine and find ways to manage their triggers and cravings.
