What does respiratory stimulant stand for?
Here are all the possible meanings and translations of the word RESPIRATORY STIMULANT. A respiratory stimulant is a drug which acts to increase the action of the respiratory system. An example is doxapram.
How do respiratory stimulants work?
Respiratory stimulants improve the respiratory drive and oxygen inflow as a result. Respiratory stimulants drive respiration by stimulating the brain ’s respiratory center in the medulla oblongata, located at the base of the brain.
How are stimulants used to treat apnea of prematurity?
Respiratory stimulants have been used routinely for the treatment of apnea of prematurity for the past 30 years. Respiratory stimulants reduce the frequency of apneic spells. Respiratory stimulants may have adverse effects on the developing brain.
What are the most commonly used respiratory stimulants?
The methylxanthines theophylline and caffeine are the most frequently used respiratory stimulants.
What are examples of respiratory stimulants?
Respiratory stimulants, such as progesterone, theophylline, protriptyline, and buspirone, can enhance the central drive to breathe and normalize the arterial tension of CO2 (Paco2) in the obesity-hypoventilation syndrome.
What is the most powerful respiratory stimulant?
Carbon dioxideCarbon dioxide is one of the most powerful stimulants of breathing. As the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood rises, ventilation increases nearly linearly.
Is caffeine a respiratory stimulant?
Caffeine is globally the most widely used psychoactive stimulant1. In addition to its central nervous system (CNS) stimulant effect, caffeine and other methyxanthines are respiratory stimulants. Due to its effects on breathing, caffeine is used in preterm infants for treatment and prevention of apneas2,3.
Which of the following is act as a respiratory stimulant drug?
Doxapram acts by stimulating chemoreceptors in the aortic and carotid bodies, thereby stimulating respiratory centers with resultant increased rate and depth of respiration.
What drug causes slow breathing?
Opioids such as morphine or fentanyl are powerful substances used to relieve pain in medical settings. However, taken in too high a dose they can depress breathing – in other words, they can lead to slow, shallow breaths that cannot sustain life.
Is oxygen a respiratory stimulant?
OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE AS RESPIRATORY STIMULANTS.
What is the usual stimulant of the respiratory center?
Respiratory stimulants such as aminophylline and caffeine have been shown to be effective to increase respiratory center activity in preterm infants and to decrease the incidence of severe apneic episodes.
Why is caffeine used for apnea?
Moreover, caffeine enhances peripheral chemoreceptors activity, thus it can terminate apnea and initiate normal breathing[26]. Caffeine may also have an anti-inflammatory action in the immature lung[27].
Do amphetamines help breathing?
Amphetamines reduce hunger and increase breathing, heart rate and blood pressure.
What are stimulants?
What are stimulants? Stimulants are a class of drugs that speed up messages travelling between the brain and body. They can make a person feel more awake, alert, confident or energetic. 1. Stimulants include caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines and cocaine.
Are there medications to increase appetite?
The most commonly prescribed appetite stimulants are megestrol acetate (Megace), oxandrolone (Oxandrin), dronabinol (Marinol), mirtazapine (Remeron), and cyproheptadine (Periactin), each varying in effectiveness and safety.
What are appetite stimulant drugs?
Appetite stimulants are medications, supplements, or other substances that increase a person's feeling of hunger. An appetite stimulant is also known as an orexigenic. Some manufacturers specifically market their medications to increase appetite.
What stimulates respiratory center?
An increased concentration of carbon dioxide normally stimulates the body's respiratory center in the medulla, and to a lesser extent, by decreased levels of oxygen in arterial blood.
Do amphetamines help breathing?
Amphetamines reduce hunger and increase breathing, heart rate and blood pressure.
What type of drug is doxapram?
Doxapram is an analeptic agent (a stimulant of the central nervous system). The respiratory stimulant action is manifested by an increase in tidal volume associated with a slight increase in respiratory rate. A pressor response may result following doxapram administration.
What is the stimulus that causes the respiratory control Centre to increase respiratory rate?
When CO 2 from the plasma enters the cerebrospinal fluid, it forms HCO 3 – and H +, and the pH of the fluid drops (becomes more acidic). In response to the decrease in pH, the central chemoreceptors stimulate the respiratory center to increase the inspiratory rate.
How long have respiratory stimulants been used?
Respiratory stimulants have been used routinely for the treatment of apnea of prematurity for the past 30 years.
What stimulants are used to increase respiratory activity in preterm infants?
Respiratory stimulants such as aminophylline and caffeine have been shown to be effective to increase respiratory center activity in preterm infants and to decrease the incidence of severe apneic episodes. These drugs have also been shown to facilitate successful weaning from mechanical ventilation and decrease the need for reintubation. For this reason most preterm infants receive a loading dose of caffeine or aminophylline before extubation, and they are maintained on these stimulants at least during the first days after extubation while they are also maintained on N-CPAP or nasal ventilation (Henderson-Smart and Davis, 2003).
What stimulants are used for extubation?
Respiratory Stimulants for Extubation. Respiratory stimulants such as aminophylline and caffeine have been shown to be effective in increasing respiratory center activity in preterm infants and in decreasing the incidence of severe apneic episodes.
What is doxapram used for?
Doxapram, a central and peripheral respiratory stimulant, has been used primarily to counteract postanesthetic respiratory depression. Clinical trials of doxapram and almitrine bismesylate have not shown consistent improvement in spontaneous ventilatory or gas exchange parameters. 132,133.
Is there a long term effect of respiratory stimulants?
The long-term efficacy and safety of respiratory stimulants remain uncertain.
Is pharmacotherapy recommended in OHS?
Given the lack of data and safety concerns, routine pharmacotherapy cannot be recommended in OHS. However, in those who do not adequately respond to PAP therapy, the addition of pharmacotherapy may be considered in selected patients. View chapter Purchase book. Read full chapter.
Is respiratory stimulation absent in tissue hypoxia?
Respiratory stimulation is absent in certain states of tissue hypoxia , such as moderate to severe anemia and carbon monoxide poisoning;
Which drug is a neurotransmitter that leads to wakefulness and produces an analeptic response?
Drugs like buspirone and mosapride are serotonin agonists. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter which leads to wakefulness and produces an analeptic response.
What is the name of the drug that is used to treat a spinal overdose?
The drugs in this category include: Historically, strychnine which is a spinal poison was used to treat the overdose with sedative-hypnotic drugs. It antagonizes the action of glycine which is itself an inhibitory neurotransmitter. Bicuculline and Picrotoxin are other drugs.
What is the role of doxapram in the central nervous system?
This leads to increased positivity inside the cell, calcium entry and depolarization.
Why are saline sulfates used in emergency cases?
Thus, their primary use is to treat respiratory depression in emergency cases and post-anesthesia recovery.
Which neurotransmitter is antagonized by bicuculline?
Bicuculline and Picrotoxin are other drugs. They antagonized the action of GABA, which is another inhibitory neurotransmitter. Thus, inhibition of an inhibitory transmitter leads to excitation.
Is doxapram a convulsant?
Doxapram- It is a selective respiratory center stimulant with little convulsant potential. It is a short-acting drug and is excreted rapidly. It promotes the excitation of neurons in the central nervous system. Respiration is stimulated through activation and discharge of aortic and carotid chemoreceptors.
Is caffeine an antagonist?
Caffeine is an adenosine antagonist. Adenosine causes CNS depression through various pathways, leading to sleepiness and fatigue. Caffeine, being an antagonist reverses these effects. The side effects include insomnia, diuresis, tinnitus (ringing in the ears), and psychological dependence.
What is amphetamine used for?
After the discovery of amphetamine's CNS stimulant properties, it was used as a respiratory stimulant in form of an inhaler to treat nasal congestion. Benzedrine was the first pharmaceutical amphetamine which was used to enlarge nasal and bronchial passages. At that time, amphetamine was prescribed by medical professionals to cure the range of ailments like narcolepsy, weight reduction, depression, alcohol hangover, hyperactivity in children, and vomiting during pregnancy. During World War II, amphetamines were used extensively by the military personnel of the United States, Great Britain, Germany, and Japan to induce alertness and endurance as well as to improve mood. Currently, pharmaceutical amphetamine is prescribed as racemic amphetamine, Adderall, dextroamphetamine, or the inactive prodrug lisdexamfetamine, and prescribed to use through oral and intravenous means. In practice, amphetamine has more limited medical uses due to its side effects and addictive nature. 3
What is 1,4 dihydropyridine used for?
Compounds such as nifedipine ( 208 ), felodipine (209) and nicardipine ( 210) are the standard clinically used medicines and are commonly used to treat cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension . 1,4-Dihydropyridines have been discovered to have numerous other biological activities and their diverse use as medicinal compound has been reviewed. 143
1. Ammonium Carbonate N.F
It contains variable proportion of ammonium bicarbonate and ammonium carbonate to yields 30 to 34 % NH 3.
Aromatic spirit of ammonia
Aromatic spirit of ammonia contain about 2% w/v free Ammonia and 3% w/v of ammonium carbonate, 64 to 70% w/v of alcohol besides lemon oil and nutmeg oil as a flavouring agent.
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a. Doxapram (Carbopram)
Properties and uses: It exists as white or almost white crystalline powder, soluble in water, in alcohol, and in methylene chloride. It is a respiratory stimulant possessing slight vasopressor characteristics. It stimulates the peripheral carotid chemoreceptor.
b. Nikethamide (Coramine)
Properties and uses: It is an oily liquid or a crystalline mass, colourless, or slightly yellowish, miscible with water and with alcohol. It is a weak analeptic employed as respiratory stimulant.
c. Bemigride
Uses: This agent is used in the treatment of barbiturate intoxication. It causes a rapid stimulation of the CNS.
