What is spray-drying?
It is a convenient method to produce (coprocessed) excipients. Spray drying is applied to improve the compactability of drugs and to perform microencapsulation, granulation and complex formation.
Can spray drying be used in the pharmaceutical industry?
... Spray drying is a widely applied method used in the food, chemical, electronics, pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical industry (Jain et al., 2012). In the pharmaceutical industry, this technique could be applied in case of microencapsulation, granulation and complex formation. ...
What are some examples of spray drying?
Some examples of some of these include Cesamet (nabilone, Valeant Pharmaceuticals), Intelence (etravirine, Janssen Therapeutics) and Incivek (telaprevir, Vertex Pharmaceuticals). The enabling features of spray drying are also being applied in the reformulation of existing drugs and for life cycle management purposes.
How often are new drugs formulated using spray drying?
So it is no surprise to see that every two years, or more recently every year, a new chemical entity is formulated using spray drying technology. Some examples of some of these include Cesamet (nabilone, Valeant Pharmaceuticals), Intelence (etravirine, Janssen Therapeutics) and Incivek (telaprevir, Vertex Pharmaceuticals).
What is spray drying process?
The spray drying process involves the atomization of a solution, slurry, or emulsion containing one or more components of the desired product into droplets by spraying followed by the rapid evaporation of the sprayed droplets into solid powder by hot air at a certain temperature and pressure.
What is a spray dryer used for?
Some common applications of spray-drying in food processing include conversion of fruit and vegetable juices into instant powders and mixes, preparation of instant coffees and teas, drying of eggs and dairy products, ice cream mixes, and encapsulated flavors and bioactive nutraceuticals.
What is spray drying granulation?
In spray granulation particles are successively coated by multiple layers. The fluid is sprayed onto the powder in the fluidised bed plant and gently dried onto the particles. This gradually builds wear-resistant grains with an onion-skin structure.
What is the difference between spray drying and freeze drying?
Product temperatures in freeze drying are generally below 0°C in primary drying and 20-30°C during secondary drying, whereas product temperatures in spray drying are regularly above 80°C.
What is the first step of spray drying?
There are three fundamental steps involved in spray drying. 1) Atomization of a liquid feed into fine droplets. 2) Mixing of these spray droplets with a heated gas stream, allowing the liquid to evaporate and leave dried solids. 3) Dried powder is separated from the gas stream and collected.
What are the two types of granulation?
Granulation process can be divided into two types: wet granulation that utilize a liquid in the process and dry granulation that requires no liquid. The type of process selection requires thorough knowledge of physicochemical properties of the drug, excipients, required flow and release properties, to name a few.
What is the principle of granulation?
Granulation is a process in which powder particles are made to adhere to each other, resulting in larger, multi-particle entities, so called granules. If such a process is performed without adding liquids, this is called dry granulation.
Which product is dried by spray dryer?
Spray drying is used in the production of a variety of dried dairy products, including, but not limited to, skim milk powder, whole milk powder, whey protein powder, whey protein concentrates, milk-based infant foods, cheese powder, powdered cream mixes and dried caseinate preparations.
Does spray drying remove water?
The process involves atomization of a liquid into sprays of droplets with a spray nozzle atomizer. Solutions, suspensions, and emulsions can be used for spray drying. The droplets lose moisture rapidly and dry when they meet a stream of hot gas.
Which is more suitable drum dryer or spray dryer?
≡ The technology is based on indirectly heating of the product which makes energy consumption very low. Drum drying is one of the most thermal efficient drying solutions. ≡ Contrary to a spray dryer, a drum dryer works better with higher solids in the feed stock so long it is still pump-able.
Which dryer is used for drying of antibiotics?
Antibiotics are often highly sensitive to heat and other environmental factors. Freeze drying is used to stabilise antibiotics without compromising their physical structure or effectiveness.
What is spray drying?
Spray-drying is a widely used industrial technique and has shown an immense potential in the fields of nanoscience and technology. This is due to its ability to synthesize microgranules consisting of correlated nanostructures using evaporation induced assembly through bottom-up approach.
What is the best nitrogen fixing strain for white clover?
Rhizobium leguminosarum bv trifolii strains TA1 and CC275e have been widely used as effective nitrogen fixing strains for white clover in New Zealand, but rhizobia survival on seeds is usually poor due to different stress conditions. The aim of this study was to select one of those commercial strains grown in a solid carrier (core) and study the influence of the core:polymer ratio in a microencapsulation process by spray drying using guar gum as coating material. First, strains TA1 and CC275e grown on peat and diatomaceous earth were exposed to temperature and desiccation stress. Both strains were stable at 40 °C and completely died after five minutes at 80 °C, while CC275e was more stable than TA1 at 60 °C. TA1 and CC275e slightly decreased viability after six hours drying with either carriers, with no differences between strains. A central composite design was used to develop the microencapsulation process. Independent variables were: inlet temperature (130 °C) and feed flow rate (5 mL/min). Microparticles presented rhizobia loading in 107 CFU/g and mean particle size between 10 and 30 μm. Optimized process reached 50% yield and 107 CFU/g loading. Rhizobia viability dropped two logarithmic units during the microencapsulation/drying process, possibly due to the negative effects of dehydration and high outlet temperature (≈70 °C), suggesting the need to continue optimizing the process by improving the thermal profile in the drying chamber.
What is the stability of lactate dehydrogenase?
The stability of the model protein lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) during spray-drying and also on subsequent dry storage was examined. Trehalose was used as a carrier. The spray-drying temperatures Tinlet and Toutlet have a measurable effect on LDH inactivation. Low Tinlet produced the least process inactivation, but gave a high residual moisture content making the protein's storage stability poor. High Tinlet reduced residual moisture and improved storage stability, but at the cost of high process inactivation. As already found for other systems, addition of a surfactant (in this case polysorbate 80) could ameliorate process inactivation of LDH at Tinlet = 150 degreesC. Surfactant had, however, a deleterious effect on storage stability of LDH, the vital factor being the molar ratio of surfactant/protein in the dried product. By using electron spectroscopy it was shown that LDH has a 10 times higher surface concentration in the dried trehalose particles than expected for a homogeneous distribution. Surface tension measurements at the water/air interface proved that LDH is surface active, although the Gibbs equation appeared to be inapplicable. Calculations of spray-droplet formation time and drying time indicate than the extent of diffusion-driven LDH adsorption to the liquid/air interface is sufficient to account for the measured amount of LDH inactivation during spray-drying. The presence of 0.1% polysorbate 80 to the spray solution prevents LDH from appearing at the surface of the dried particles. As a negative control, the phosphatide Lipoid E 80 does not prevent the appearance of LDH in the surface according to electron spectroscopy and does not therefore prevent LDH inactivation during spray-drying at Tinlet = 150 degreesC.
How many basic designs of atomisers are there?
collectors [1]. The are 3 basic designs of atomisers,
What are the key response variables for spray drying beta-galactosidase?
The key response variables evaluated were product yield, residual enzymatic activity, moisture content and particle size and appearance. The residual enzymatic activity and product yield were significantly affected by the processing variables. The highest product yields were obtained when the drier outlet temperature was relatively high, resulting in extensive protein denaturation. Subsequent experiments, therefore, compared the relative effectiveness of four stabilizers (mannitol, sucrose, arginine hydrochloride and trehalose) in terms of their ability to preserve enzymatic activity during the spray-drying process and during long-term storage. Trehalose was the most suitable stabilizer. The effect of a number of other formulation variables (total solids level, ratio of stabilizer to protein, presence of surfactant and presence of buffer) was also investigated. A final formulation consisting of 6% beta-galactosidase and 10% trehalose in deionized water was selected. Spray-drying at inlet and outlet temperatures of 140 and 95 degrees C, respectively, results in greater than 70% yields of a fully active product with a moisture content of 2-5% and a mean particle size of 2-4 microns.
What is pulmonary route?
The pulmonary route has long been used for drug administration for both local and systemic treatment . It possesses several advantages, which can be categorized into physiological, i.e., large surface area, thin epithelial membrane, highly vascularized, limited enzymatic activity, and patient convenience, i.e., non-invasive, self-administration over oral and systemic routes of drug administration. However, the formulation of dry powder for pulmonary delivery is often challenging due to restrictions on aerodynamic size and the lung’s lower tolerance capacity in comparison with an oral route of drug administration. Various physicochemical properties of dry powder play a major role in the aerosolization, deposition, and clearance along the respiratory tract. To prepare suitable particles with optimal physicochemical properties for inhalation, various manufacturing methods have been established. The most frequently used industrial methods are milling and spray-drying, while several other alternative methods such as spray-freeze-drying, supercritical fluid, non-wetting templates, inkjet-printing, thin-film freezing, and hot-melt extrusion methods are also utilized. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the respiratory tract structure, particle deposition patterns, and possible drug-clearance mechanisms from the lungs. This review also includes the physicochemical properties of dry powder, various techniques used for the preparation of dry powders, and factors affecting the clinical efficacy, as well as various challenges that need to be addressed in the future.
How does spray drying affect food?
Using spray drying process, extracted bioactive compounds from food wastes and by-products can be transferred into powder form, and returned to the food chain. Spray drying technique showed to be the most convenient, energy efficient and timesaving process, where a liquid is directly transformed into stable powder, which can be stored for a prolonged time or easily incorporated into other products. This review article focuses on the application of processing parameters of spray drying with specific emphasis on the production of dry extracts of food waste and their influence on powder properties. Research gaps and challenges along with possible applications are also discussed.
Spray Drying in Pharmaceutical Industry — Applications
Spray Drying in Pharmaceutical Industry — Current Status
- At the macro-level: Out of the high demand for pharmaceutical products and the support of advanced technology, the global spray drying market in pharmaceutical industry is currently dominated by North America, followed by Europe and Asia. The industry insider believes that due to the improvement of health care facilities, increasing research and development, and the conti…
Spray Drying in Pharmaceutical Industry — Trends
- Some obvious trends in the application of spray drying in pharmaceutical industry have also made it promising: first, the application of “freeze spray drying” is more widespread; second, spray drying is used more and more in drug research and development. Spray drying in pharmaceutical industry has a bright future and only by the efforts both from countries (at the macro-level) and …