In the case of a vibrating string, there are three laws. 1.Laws of length 2.laws of tension 3.Law of mass 1.Law of length: When the tension and linear density remain constant, the frequency of the vibration is inversely proportional to the length, according to the first law.
What are the Three Laws of vibrating string?
From this formula, three laws of vibrating string can be given as follows: Law of length: The fundamental frequency of vibrations of a string is inversely proportional to the length of the vibrating string if tension and mass per unit length are constant. ∴ n α `1/l` ...........…. (if T and m are constant.)
What is the fundamental frequency of vibration of a string?
The fundamental frequency of vibration of a stretched string or wire of uniform cross-section is where L is the vibrating length, m the mass per unit length (linear density) of the string, and T the tension in the string. From the above expression, we can state the following three laws of vibrating strings.
How long is a string of string theory?
In theories of particle physics based on string theory, the characteristic length scale of strings is assumed to be on the order of the Planck length, or 10−35 meters, the scale at which the effects of quantum gravity are believed to become significant.
What are the fundamental objects of string theory?
The fundamental objects of string theory are open and closed strings. In the 20th century, two theoretical frameworks emerged for formulating the laws of physics. The first is Albert Einstein 's general theory of relativity, a theory that explains the force of gravity and the structure of spacetime at the macro-level.
When was string theory first proposed?
Who introduced string theory?
When did the second superstring revolution start?
Who discovered heterotic strings?
What is string theory?
How does string theory work?
What are the fundamental objects of string theory?
See 4 more
About this website
String Theory Explained: A Basic Guide to String Theory
Science & Tech String Theory Explained: A Basic Guide to String Theory. Written by MasterClass. Last updated: Jun 7, 2021 • 3 min read
When one end of a string linked to the stone is spun, the string snaps and the stoneflies off?
When one end of a string linked to the stone is spun. The string snaps and the stoneflies off in a tangent to the circle. This is because the stone was being forced to move in a circular manner by the string's pull. The pull diminishes as soon as the string breaks, and the stone flies off in a tangential direction.
What is the Law of Inertia?
The Law of Inertia, also known as Newton's first law, states that if a body is at rest or moving in a straight line at a constant speed, it will remain at rest or continue to move in a straight path at a constant speed until it is acted with by a force. Galileo Galilei first proposed the law of inertia for horizontal motion on Earth, and René Descartes later generalised it.
Who proposed that a body must be kept in motion by an external force?
Aristotle was the first who proposed the idea that a body must be kept in motion by an external force. However, he overlooked the fact that an opposing frictional force acts on the body to counteract the external force, resulting in a net force of zero on the body.
Which fundamental property of all bodies prevents them from changing their state of rest or uniform motion along a straight line on?
The fundamental property of all bodies that prevents them from changing their state of rest or uniform motion along a straight line on their own is known as inertia.
Reader Q&A
To ask other readers questions about The Law of Strings , please sign up .
Community Reviews
First Line: ”They gathered us all together, those of us who’d been here a while and those new to the game, and told us to go have a look.”
Who created the string tension equation?
The equation was first proposed by French mathematician and music theorist Marin Mersenne in his 1636 work Harmonie universelle. Mersenne's laws govern the construction and operation of string instruments, such as pianos and harps, which must accommodate the total tension force required to keep the strings at the proper pitch.
How much tension does a string need to be to be a pitch?
If the tension on a string is ten lbs., it must be increased to 40 lbs . for a pitch an octave higher.
Why is Mersenne's law called Mersenne's law?
"This result does not differ substantially from Galileo 's, yet it is rightly known as Mersenne's law," because Mersenne physically proved their truth through experiments (while Galileo considered their proof impossible).
What is the octave higher for a string?
Mersenne's laws. A string half the length (1/2), four times the tension (4), or one-quart er the mass per length (1/4) is an octave higher (2/1). If the tension on a string is ten lbs., it must be increased to 40 lbs. for a pitch an octave higher.
What are Mersenne's laws?
Mersenne's laws are laws describing the frequency of oscillation of a stretched string or monochord, useful in musical tuning and musical instrument construction .
What is the law of length?
Law of length: The fundamental frequency of vibrations of a string is inversely proportional to the length of the vibrating string if tension and mass per unit length are constant. #N#∴ n α `1/l` ...........…. (if T and m are constant.)
What is the law of linear density?
Law of linear density: The fundamental frequency of vibrations of a string is inversely proportional to the square root of mass per unit length (linear density), if the tension and vibrating length of the string are constant.
When was string theory first proposed?
String theory was originally developed during the late 1960s and early 1970s as a never completely successful theory of hadrons, the subatomic particles like the proton and neutron that feel the strong interaction. In the 1960s, Geoffrey Chew and Steven Frautschi discovered that the mesons make families called Regge trajectories with masses related to spins in a way that was later understood by Yoichiro Nambu, Holger Bech Nielsen and Leonard Susskind to be the relationship expected from rotating strings. Chew advocated making a theory for the interactions of these trajectories that did not presume that they were composed of any fundamental particles, but would construct their interactions from self-consistency conditions on the S-matrix. The S-matrix approach was started by Werner Heisenberg in the 1940s as a way of constructing a theory that did not rely on the local notions of space and time, which Heisenberg believed break down at the nuclear scale. While the scale was off by many orders of magnitude, the approach he advocated was ideally suited for a theory of quantum gravity.
Who introduced string theory?
Some of the structures reintroduced by string theory arose for the first time much earlier as part of the program of classical unification started by Albert Einstein. The first person to add a fifth dimension to a theory of gravity was Gunnar Nordström in 1914, who noted that gravity in five dimensions describes both gravity and electromagnetism in four. Nordström attempted to unify electromagnetism with his theory of gravitation, which was however superseded by Einstein's general relativity in 1919. Thereafter, German mathematician Theodor Kaluza combined the fifth dimension with general relativity, and only Kaluza is usually credited with the idea. In 1926, the Swedish physicist Oskar Klein gave a physical interpretation of the unobservable extra dimension—it is wrapped into a small circle. Einstein introduced a non-symmetric metric tensor, while much later Brans and Dicke added a scalar component to gravity. These ideas would be revived within string theory, where they are demanded by consistency conditions.
When did the second superstring revolution start?
Second superstring revolution. In 1995 , at the annual conference of string theorists at the University of Southern California (USC), Edward Witten gave a speech on string theory that in essence united the five string theories that existed at the time, and giving birth to a new 11-dimensional theory called M-theory.
Who discovered heterotic strings?
During this period, David Gross, Jeffrey Harvey, Emil Martinec, and Ryan Rohm discovered heterotic strings. The gauge group of these closed strings was two copies of E8, and either copy could easily and naturally include the standard model. Philip Candelas, Gary Horowitz, Andrew Strominger and Edward Witten found that the Calabi–Yau manifolds are the compactifications that preserve a realistic amount of supersymmetry, while Lance Dixon and others worked out the physical properties of orbifolds, distinctive geometrical singularities allowed in string theory. Cumrun Vafa generalized T-duality from circles to arbitrary manifolds, creating the mathematical field of mirror symmetry. Daniel Friedan, Emil Martinec and Stephen Shenker further developed the covariant quantization of the superstring using conformal field theory techniques. David Gross and Vipul Periwal discovered that string perturbation theory was divergent. Stephen Shenker showed it diverged much faster than in field theory suggesting that new non-perturbative objects were missing.
What is string theory?
String theory describes how strings propagate through space and interact with each other. In a given version of string theory, there is only one kind of string, which may look like a small loop or segment of ordinary string, and it can vibrate in different ways.
How does string theory work?
String theory describes how these strings propagate through space and interact with each other. On distance scales larger than the string scale, a string looks just like an ordinary particle, with its mass, charge, and other properties determined by the vibrational state of the string.
What are the fundamental objects of string theory?
The fundamental objects of string theory are open and closed strings. In the 20th century, two theoretical frameworks emerged for formulating the laws of physics. The first is Albert Einstein 's general theory of relativity, a theory that explains the force of gravity and the structure of spacetime at the macro-level.
Overview
Further reading
• Greene, Brian (2003). The Elegant Universe: Superstrings, Hidden Dimensions, and the Quest for the Ultimate Theory. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-05858-1.
• Greene, Brian (2004). The Fabric of the Cosmos: Space, Time, and the Texture of Reality. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. Bibcode:2004fcst.book.....G. ISBN 978-0-375-41288-2.
Fundamentals
In the 20th century, two theoretical frameworks emerged for formulating the laws of physics. The first is Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity, a theory that explains the force of gravity and the structure of spacetime at the macro-level. The other is quantum mechanics, a completely different formulation, which uses known probability principles to describe physical phenomena at th…
M-theory
Prior to 1995, theorists believed that there were five consistent versions of superstring theory (type I, type IIA, type IIB, and two versions of heterotic string theory). This understanding changed in 1995 when Edward Witten suggested that the five theories were just special limiting cases of an eleven-dimensional theory called M-theory. Witten's conjecture was based on the work of a numbe…
Black holes
In general relativity, a black hole is defined as a region of spacetime in which the gravitational field is so strong that no particle or radiation can escape. In the currently accepted models of stellar evolution, black holes are thought to arise when massive stars undergo gravitational collapse, and many galaxies are thought to contain supermassive black holes at their centers. Black holes are also important for theoretical reasons, as they present profound challenges for theorists attemp…
AdS/CFT correspondence
One approach to formulating string theory and studying its properties is provided by the anti-de Sitter/conformal field theory (AdS/CFT) correspondence. This is a theoretical result which implies that string theory is in some cases equivalent to a quantum field theory. In addition to providing insights into the mathematical structure of string theory, the AdS/CFT correspondence has she…
Phenomenology
In addition to being an idea of considerable theoretical interest, string theory provides a framework for constructing models of real-world physics that combine general relativity and particle physics. Phenomenology is the branch of theoretical physics in which physicists construct realistic models of nature from more abstract theoretical ideas. String phenomenology is the part of string the…
Connections to mathematics
In addition to influencing research in theoretical physics, string theory has stimulated a number of major developments in pure mathematics. Like many developing ideas in theoretical physics, string theory does not at present have a mathematically rigorous formulation in which all of its concepts can be defined precisely. As a result, physicists who study string theory are often guided by p…