Composition of Anthracite Coal
- Carbon − 77%
- Ash − 6-16%
- Trace elements like:
- Sulfur − 0.23-1.2%
- Silica oxide − 2.2-5.4%
- Alumina − 2%
- Ferric oxide − 0.4%
| Names: anthracite, semi-anthracite coal, bituminous coal | |
|---|---|
| Chemical composition: carbon − 77%, ash − 6-16% | |
| Trace elements: sulfur − 0.23-1.2%, silica oxide − 2.2-5.4%, alumina − 2%, ferric oxide − 0.4% | |
| PHYSICAL PROPERTIES | |
| Density, g/cm3: 1.3-1.8 | Mohs hardness: 2.2-3.8 |
What is anthracite coal?
Anthracite, also known as hard coal, black coal, etc. is a hard, compact variety of coal that has a submetallic luster. It has the highest carbon content, the fewest impurities, and the highest energy density of all types of coal and is the highest ranking of coals.
Is anthracite a metamorphic rock?
Metamorphic rock. Anthracite coal. Composition. Carbon, 86–98%. Anthracite, also known as hard coal, is a hard, compact variety of coal that has a submetallic luster. It has the highest carbon content, the fewest impurities, and the highest energy density of all types of coal and is the highest ranking of coals.
What is the chemical formula for high-grade anthracite?
An example of a chemical formula for high-grade anthracite would be C 240 H 90 O 4 NS, representing 94% carbon. UHG anthracite typically has a minimum carbon content of 95%.
How many tons of anthracite are mined in a year?
Current U.S. anthracite production averages around five million tons per year. Of that, about 1.8 million tons were mined in the state of Pennsylvania. Mining of anthracite coal continues to this day in eastern Pennsylvania, and contributes up to 1% to the gross state product.
What is the composition of anthracite coal?
Anthracite contains a high amount of fixed carbon—80 to 95 percent—and very low sulfur and nitrogen—less than 1 percent each. Volatile matter is low at approximately 5 percent, with 10 to 20 percent ash possible. Moisture content is roughly 5 to 15 percent.
What is the mineral composition of coal?
The most common minerals in coal (for example, illite clay, pyrite, quartz, and calcite) are made up of these most common elements (in rough order of decreasing abundance): oxygen, aluminum, silicon, iron, sulfur, and calcium.
What is the composition of anthracite coal and what rock did it come from?
Anthracite coal forms when bituminous coal undergoes very low grade metamorphism, accompanied by structural deformation. The fixed carbon content under these conditions reaches 85-95%. If anthracite is metamorphosed further it turns into graphite.
What is the most common element in anthracite coal?
Anthracite coal is a dense, hard rock with a jet-86% and 98% carbon by weight, & it burns.Bituminous coal (in Indiana), contains between.69% & 86% carbon by weight.Sub-bituminous coal contains less carbon, more.Lignite coal, or brown coal, is a very soft coal that.contains up to 70% water by weight. Emits more.
What is anthracite The best type of coal?
Anthracite: The highest rank of coal. It is a hard, brittle, and black lustrous coal, often referred to as hard coal, containing a high percentage of fixed carbon and a low percentage of volatile matter. Bituminous: Bituminous coal is a middle rank coal between subbituminous and anthracite.
Where is anthracite coal found?
China dominates the mining of anthracite, accounting for almost three-quarters of anthracite coal production. Other anthracite-mining countries include Russia, Ukraine, Vietnam, and the United States (mostly Pennsylvania).
What type of rock is anthracite coal?
What type of rock is anthracite coal? Anthracite, also known as "hard coal," is a black, shiny, and hard metamorphic rock formed under intense pressure and temperature. It has the highest fixed carbon content (86–98%) and has the least volatile matter (2–12%) among the coal ranks.
What is the percentage of carbon in anthracite?
92 – 98Anthracite / Carbon content (%)
Why is anthracite coal the best?
Anthracite Coal is more normally known as “hard coal”. Anthracite coal is a highly-carbonated fossil fuel that will generate the highest heat of all the fossil fuels available, and the low sulfur content in Anthracite makes it an extremely clean-burning fuel.
How can you tell anthracite coal?
Anthracites are black to steel gray and have a brilliant, almost metallic lustre. They can be polished and used for decorative purposes. Hard and brittle, anthracites break with conchoidal fracture into sharp fragments. Unlike many bituminous coals, they are clean to the touch.
What is the purest form of coal?
AnthraciteHence, The purest form of coal is Anthracite .
What are the 4 types of coal?
Coal is classified into four main types, or ranks: anthracite, bituminous, subbituminous, and lignite. The ranking depends on the types and amounts of carbon the coal contains and on the amount of heat energy the coal can produce.
What is the chemical composition of coal ash?
The principal components of bituminous coal fly ash are silica, alumina, iron oxide, and calcium, with varying amounts of carbon, as measured by the loss on ignition (LOI).
How do you determine the chemical composition of coal?
To begin with, the chemical composition of coal is analyzed by proximate and ultimate analyses (ASTM, 1993). Proximate analysis determines by using set procedures regarding moisture, volatile matter, fixed carbon, and ash content (Figure 5.21).
Why do different types of coal have composition?
Explanation: Coal is a nonrenewable resource known as a fossil fuel. It's the most abundant fossil fuel we have. The four types of coal include peat, lignite, bituminous, and anthracite, with anthracite being most desirable due to its high heat content.
What are the two types of analysis of coal composition?
Petrographic analysis: examines microscopic components of coal. Proximate analysis: determines moisture, volatile matter, ash yield, and fixed carbon content in coal.
How does anthracite differ from ordinary coal?
Anthracite differs from ordinary bituminous coal by its greater hardness (2.75–3 on the Mohs scale ), its higher relative density of 1.3–1.4, and luster, which is often semi-metallic with a mildly brown reflection. It contains a high percentage of fixed carbon and a low percentage of volatile matter.
Where is anthracite mined?
Anthracite accounts for about 1% of global coal reserves, and is mined in only a few countries around the world. China accounts for the majority of global production; other producers are Russia, Ukraine, North Korea, South Africa, Vietnam, the UK, Australia, Canada and the US.
What is the composition of metamorphic rock?
Metamorphic rock. Anthracite coal. Composition. Carbon, 86–98%. Anthracite, also known as hard coal, is a hard, compact variety of coal that has a submetallic luster. It has the highest carbon content, the fewest impurities, and the highest energy density of all types of coal and is the highest ranking of coals.
How is anthracite processed?
Anthracite is processed into different sizes by what is commonly referred to as a breaker. The large coal is raised from the mine and passed through breakers with toothed rolls to reduce the lumps to smaller pieces. The smaller pieces are separated into different sizes by a system of graduated sieves, placed in descending order. Sizing is necessary for different types of stoves and furnaces.
How much anthracite is produced in Pennsylvania?
Current U.S. anthracite production averages around five million tons per year. Of that, about 1.8 million tons were mined in the state of Pennsylvania. Mining of anthracite coal continues to this day in eastern Pennsylvania, and contributes up to 1% to the gross state product. More than 2,000 people were employed in the mining of anthracite coal in 1995. Most of the mining as of that date involved reclaiming coal from slag heaps (waste piles from past coal mining) at nearby closed mines. Some underground anthracite coal is also being mined.
What is the most metamorphosed type of coal?
Anthracite is the most metamorphosed type of coal (but still represents low-grade metamorphism), in which the carbon content is between 86% and 98%. The term is applied to those varieties of coal which do not give off tarry or other hydrocarbon vapours when heated below their point of ignition. Anthracite ignites with difficulty ...
Where was coal discovered?
Mining continues but now on a smaller scale. In the United States, anthracite coal history began in 1790 in Pottsville, Pennsylvania, with the discovery of coal made by the hunter Necho Allen in what is now known as the Coal Region.
How is the anthracite region similar to other coal regions?
The anthracite region is similar to other coal regions in that it has had an extensive history of coal fires. However, the anthracite region is different from many other coal regions in that all of its coal fires appear to have started from human activity. Learning how to fight the coal fires was a trial and error process as illustrated by some of the early coal fires.
What are the properties of anthracite?
It was found 1 that materials containing it have improved strength, stiffness, environmental stress cracking, heat deflection temperature, antistatic properties, weathering resistance, and chemical resistance even if filled with substantial quantities of anthracite (up to 60 wt%).
Why is anthracite so slow?
Due to its low volatile matter (2–12%), anthracite's combustion process is slow. Most anthracites have low-moisture content (about 3–6%) and their heating value is 34.890 KJ/Kg. Anthracite combusts with hot, clean flame, containing low content of sulfur and volatiles. Due to these characteristics, anthracite is sometimes used in domestic ...
What is the highest rank coal?
Anthracite is the highest rank coal. It is a black, shiny, hard rock and is not friable. It is low in volatile matter and this makes it difficult to burn in rotary kilns. Anthracite is also relatively scarce; however, there are some locations in the world in which cement plants are located near anthracite deposits and thus it becomes economical to use this fuel.
What size burners do you use for anthracite?
These burn anthracite or coke—sizes 20 to 30 mm. They are similar in design to domestic boilers, but are automatically controlled as regards feed, draught, and ash disposal. Oil or gas fired —oil by atomization—gas by aerated or nonaerated burners.
What is the heating rate of anthracite?
Figure 2.10 shows anthracite from Donbas, Ukraine (a) and thermally treated product in inert atmosphere with heating rate of 5°C/min up to 2000°C and kept at final temperature for 1 h (b). 2 This treatment renders carbon flakes as seen from Figure 2.10b.
How many mine fires are there in Pennsylvania?
According to Steve Jones (Retired Chief, Division of Mine Hazards, Bureau of Abandoned Mine Reclamation, Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection) Pennsylvania has 39 active mine fires, more than anywhere in the nation. Of the fires that are being tracked by the Division of Mine Hazards, 14 occur in NE Pennsylvania.
What is the difference between anthracite and coal?
Difference between anthracite and coals with a lower rank is obvious not only because of luster but also because it does not soil fingers . It has a smooth shiny black surface that may resemble obsidian but the material it not as dense and lacks the look of a glass.
Which country produces the most anthracite?
Total world production of anthracite was 606 million metric tons in 2011 and it is rising fast. It was only 445 million tons just five years earlier. China is by far the largest producer, followed by Ukraine and Russia 2. Bituminous coal has lower rank and calorific value but it is more common than anthracite.
What is the highest rank of coal?
Anthracite is a type of coal with a highest rank. Coal rank measures the carbon content which is in correlation with calorific value and metamorphic grade. It has a very high carbon (over 90%) and low volatile content (below 5%) 1. Anthracite is a shiny black rock.
Which type of coal is the most environmentally friendly?
Anthracite is the most desirable type of coal because it contains more energy than other types and it is also the most environmentally friendly of them because of purity. Unfortunately, only approximately 1% of all the coal is anthracite.
Is anthracite a metamorphic rock?
Anthracite, unlike other coal types which are sedimentary rocks, is a metamorphic rock. It was buried so deep that no plant remains have survived. I don’t want to say that coal contains easily recognizable plant remains ...
Is bituminous coal more common than anthracite?
Bituminous coal has lower rank and calorific value but it is more common than anthracite. The sample is from the Donets Basin, Ukraine. Width of sample is 8 cm. Lignite or brown coal is even poorer than bituminous coal but it is still extensively mined. Width of the sample from Germany is 6 cm.
Composition of Anthracite Coal
Classification of Anthracite
High-Grade Forms of Anthracite
Terms Related to Anthracite
How Is Anthracite Different from Bituminous?
- Anthracite differs from ordinary bituminous coal in that it has a higher hardness (2.75–3), a higher relative density of 1.3–1.4, and a semi-metallic lustre with a mildly brown reflection. It has a high proportion of fixed carbon and a low proportion of volatile carbon. It's also free of any soft or fibrous notches, and it doesn't soil your fingers...
Features of Anthracite
Use of Anthracite Coal
Reserves of Anthracite
Different Forms of Anthracite Fuel
Mining Sites of Anthracite
Overview
Anthracite, also known as hard coal, and black coal, is a hard, compact variety of coal that has a submetallic luster. It has the highest carbon content, the fewest impurities, and the highest energy density of all types of coal and is the highest ranking of coals.
Anthracite is the most metamorphosed type of coal (but still represents low-gra…
Names
Properties
History of mining and use
Anthracite today
Sizing and grading
Underground fires
Major reserves