when was the dutch golden age

Why was it called the Dutch Golden Age?

The Dutch Golden Age (17th century) was a period of great wealth for the Dutch Republic. The Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie (VOC) caused trade to expand quickly, which attracted immigrants and stimulated the growth of the main cities and ports.

When was the golden age of Dutch art?

17th centuryDutch Golden Age painting is the painting of the Dutch Golden Age, a period in Dutch history roughly spanning the 17th century, during and after the later part of the Eighty Years' War (1568–1648) for Dutch independence.

When were the Dutch at their peak?

The century from the conclusion of the Twelve Years' Truce in 1609 until either the death of Prince William III in 1702 or the conclusion of the Peace of Utrecht in 1713 is known in Dutch history as the “Golden Age.” It was a unique era of political, economic, and cultural greatness during which the little nation on ...

How did the Dutch Golden Age Begin?

In the 17th century the Dutch – traditionally able seafarers and keen mapmakers – began to trade with the Far East, and as the century wore on, they gained an increasingly dominant position in world trade, a position previously occupied by the Portuguese and Spanish.

Why is it called the Golden Age?

A golden age is a period considered the apotheosis in the history of a country or people, a field of endeavor when the greatest of tasks were accomplished. The term originated from early Greek and Roman poets, who used it to refer to a time when mankind lived in a better time and was pure (see Golden Age).

What years were the golden age?

Golden Age, in Latin literature, the period, from approximately 70 bc to ad 18, during which the Latin language was brought to perfection as a literary medium and many Latin classical masterpieces were composed.

Why are the Dutch so rich?

Beside trade, an early industrial revolution (powered by wind, water and peat), land reclamation from the sea, and agricultural revolution helped the Dutch economy achieve the highest standard of living in Europe (and probably the world) by the middle of the 17th century.

Why did Dutch Golden Age end?

The Golden Age continued in peacetime during the Dutch Republic until the end of the century, when costly conflicts, including the Franco-Dutch War and War of the Spanish Succession fuelled economic decline.

Do Dutch people live longer?

The life expectancy of Dutch men is almost two years higher than the EU average, namely 80.0 years. At 83.2 years, female life expectancy is close to the EU average....Explanation of symbols.empty cellNot applicable2018/2019Average for 2018 to 2019 inclusive6 more rows

Where did Dutch people descend from?

NetherlandsAs a consequence, over time, English-speaking people used the word 'Dutch' to refer to both people from Netherlands and Germany. 'High Dutch' referred to people living in the mountainous region (now southern Germany). 'Low Dutch' referred to people from the flatlands (now the Netherlands).

When did the golden age end?

Although there's some contention as to when the golden age began and ended, most critics agree that it “existed” in some capacity from the late 1910s into the early 1960s.

Where did the Dutch descend from?

The Dutch (Dutch: Nederlanders) are a Germanic ethnic group and nation native to the Netherlands. They share a common ancestry and culture and speak the Dutch language.

What did 17th century Dutch art focus on?

During the Baroque period, the Dutch painter studied the countryside. He created narrative landscapes and seascapes, which characterized 17th-century art. In the 1630s Van Goyen developed a new approach to landscape painting that focused on local subjects like fishing grounds, canals, and rivers.

Was the Dutch Golden Age during the Renaissance?

Dutch Golden Age painting is the painting of the Dutch Golden Age, a period in Dutch history roughly spanning the 17th century, during and after the later part of the Eighty Years' War (1568-1648) for Dutch independence....Renaissance to Neoclassicism - Dutch Golden Age.Movement:Renaissance to Neoclassicism - Dutch Golden AgeDates:c. 1585 - c. 1702

Who were the Dutch Golden Age painters?

Frans HalsJan SteenJohannes VermeerRembrandtPieter de HoochGerrit DouDutch Golden Age/Artists

Is Dutch Golden Age Baroque?

The characteristics of Dutch Golden Age art is often likened to the general European period of Baroque painting, which is most associated with grandeur, richness, drama, movement, and tension.

What were the characteristics of the Dutch Golden Age?

Dutch Golden Age was a period that took place mainly throughout the 17th century. The then Dutch Republic saw a thriving and flourishing economy, m...

Why was the Dutch Republic so successful?

The Dutch economy primarily flourished due to its efficient textile, shipbuilding, and agricultural industries; its development of an advanced fina...

When did the Dutch Golden Age begin?

The beginning of the Dutch Golden Age is up for debate. Some argue that the Dutch Golden Age began with the establishment of the Dutch Republic in...

Middelburg in the Dutch Golden Age

Travel back to the Dutch Golden Age in Middelburg and explore its rich trading history.

Dordrecht: cradle of the Golden Age

Take a stroll through Golden Age Dordrecht and discover a city which shaped Dutch history.

Golden Age The Hague: art & power

Meet the ‘Girl with a Pearl Earring’ and see the palaces on a tour of Golden Age The Hague.

Amsterdam: capital of the Golden Age

Explore the Golden Age in Amsterdam, when world trade, incredible wealth and famous art converged.

Hoorn & Enkhuizen in the Golden Age

Return to 17th-century Hoorn and Enkhuizen. Relive this prosperous era in Holland’s history.

What were the characteristics of Dutch society?

One of the characteristic aspects of modern Dutch society began to evolve in this period—the vertical separation of society into “ pillars ” ( zuilen) identified with the different Dutch religions. Calvinist Protestantism became the officially recognized religion of the country, politically favoured and economically supported by government. But the Reformed preachers were thwarted in their efforts to oppress or drive out other religions, to which a far-reaching toleration was extended. Mass conversion to Calvinism had been confined mainly to the earlier decades of the Eighty Years’ War, when Roman Catholics still frequently bore the burden of their preference for the rule of the Catholic monarchs in the southern Netherlands. Sizable islands of Roman Catholicism remained in most of the United Provinces, while Gelderland and the northern parts of Brabant and Flanders conquered by the States General were overwhelmingly Roman Catholic, as they remain today.

What social structure evolved with the economic transformation of Dutch life?

Society. The social structure that evolved with the economic transformation of Dutch life was complex and was marked by the predominance of the business classes that later centuries called the bourgeoisie, although with some significant differences.

What was the Dutch East India Company?

The Dutch East India Company, like its rival English counterpart, was a trading company granted quasi-sovereign powers in the lands under its dominion.

What made the Dutch cost of living one of the highest in Europe?

Excise and other indirect taxes made the Dutch cost of living one of the highest in Europe, although there was considerable variance between the different areas of the republic.

What made the United Provinces a land of great riches?

Nonetheless, the wealth earned during a long century of prosperity made the United Provinces a land of great riches, with more capital by far than could find outlet in domestic investment. Yet the economic burden of repeated wars caused the Dutch to become one of the most heavily taxed peoples in Europe.

What was the Golden Age in Dutch history?

Golden Age (1609–1713) The century from the conclusion of the Twelve Years’ Truce in 1609 until either the death of Prince William III in 1702 or the conclusion of the Peace of Utrecht in 1713 is known in Dutch history as the “Golden Age.”.

Why did Jews settle in the Netherlands?

Jews settled in the Netherlands to escape persecution; the Sephardic Jews from Spain and Portugal were more influential in economic, social, and intellectual life, while the Ashkenazim from eastern Europe formed a stratum of impoverished workers, especially in Amsterdam.

How did Rembrandt transform portraiture?

In this work, Rembrandt innovatively transformed group portraiture by dramatically focusing on the event in mid-action, rather than merely presenting a posed scene. As a result the work becomes a mise-en-scene, a kind of graphic documentary, and a masterful portrait.

What is stilleven in Dutch art?

The stilleven, or still life surged in popularity, utilized to imaginatively express both objects of beauty and the philosophical climate of the times through carefully composed arrangements and groupings. This dominant element of Dutch art developed into a number of subtypes of which floral still life, presented with scientific accuracy, was the most popular.

What are the influences of Dutch Golden Age painting?

Dutch Golden Age painting was informed by a number of artistic influences, including the landscapes and village scenes of Pieter Bruegel the Elder, the work of the anonymous "Master of The Small Landscapes," and the Northern European Renaissance artists (such as Jan van Eyck, Albrecht Dürer, ...

What is Dutch Realism?

As a result, some scholars have referred to Dutch Golden Age painting as Dutch Realism. Landscape painting exploded during the Dutch Golden Age, bringing with it an emphasis upon the unique characteristics of Dutch landscape features, villages, and rural life connected with a rising esteem for Dutch values. Many of these scenes were based on ...

How did the influx of trade affect the Dutch economy?

An influx of trade boosted commerce, leading to the rise of a large middle and merchant class in the market for the proliferation of art that had cropped up in response to the burgeoning celebration of Dutch life and identity.

What was the Dutch Golden Age?

The Dutch Golden Age is one of the finest examples of independence breeding cultural pride. During the 17 th century, driven by new freedom from Spanish Catholic rule, the Dutch Republic experienced a surge in economic and cultural prominence. An influx of trade boosted commerce, leading to the rise of a large middle and merchant class in the market for the proliferation of art that had cropped up in response to the burgeoning celebration of Dutch life and identity. Painting flowered as artists focused on everyday scenes of ordinary life, expressed through a growing cadre of genre works, all indicative of the thriving creative period.

What is Frans Hals' technique?

Frans Hals' painting technique, dubbed the "rough style," was innovative, as he used quick loose brushwork to create energetic movement. His work transformed the genre that was introduced by Dirck van Buburen, as his figures moved realistically, caught in the midst of action.

What was Holland's role in the wars?

The role of Holland in the wars and diplomacy of the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries was out of all proportion to the country's size and population. First in point of time were the wars with England, incident to that country's attempted restriction of the Dutch carrying trade. In the dramatic naval contest of 1652-1653 with Cromwell's Commonwealth the Dutch were defeated, although not until after Admiral van Tromp had raided the Sussex coast and swept the Channel triumphantly with a broom at the top of his mast. The defeat was not decisive, and the proposal of the English that there should be established a political union between the two republics was met with contemptuous refusal.

What happened to the English in 1688?

Holland had thrown down the gauntlet to the mightiest nation of continental Europe, and the outcome might have been disastrous had not it curiously come about that, upon the deposition of James II, in 1688, the English people welcomed as their joint sovereigns the Stadholder William III and his wife, Mary, eldest daughter of James. This stroke of fortune brought the undivided strength of England into union with that of Holland and insured the eventual defeat of French ambition.

What happened to Holland in the 18th century?

In consequence, the history of Holland through the eighteenth century became about as prosaic as can be imagined. Its armies were disbanded. Its fleet was allowed to rot in the harbors. Its generals and admirals were pensioned off and sent home to cultivate their vegetable gardens, and their places were taken by diplomats, long-wigged and well provided with funds. Stocks and bonds, coupons and dividends, business, peace at any price - this became the new national creed.

What was the role of Holland in the Spanish Succession?

Here, however, the role of Holland as an important military, diplomatic, and political power was terminated. Their security no longer menaced, the Dutch people turned afresh to trade, industry, and finance; and in the eighteenth century they became the great money-lenders of the world, with Amsterdam as the chief international stock-market.

What was the Dutch position in the seventeenth century?

A cardinal fact of European history in the seventeenth century is the commanding position taken by the new Dutch republic in commerce, industry , and learning. As fishers, ship-builders, carriers, and traders the Dutch made the seas their own. Their situation upon a deeply indented coast, their central position among the large nations, a natural aptitude for navigation, the preoccupation of other peoples with other interests, and their native enterprise and thrift brought into their hands the bulk of the carrying trade of the world.

What countries did the Dutch invest in?

A very large part of the English national debt fell into the hands of the Dutch, their investments in the securities of France, Spain, Sweden, Russia, and other countries were enormous. Having loaned money to everybody, the republic felt obliged to remain friendly with everybody; for war with any nation would have meant the cutting off of dividends, and the Dutch would have been fought with their own capital.

Why was the West less satisfactory?

In the West achievement was less satisfactory and permanent, mainly because of the lack of emigrants and the keen competition of the English. In the Dutch settlement of Manhattan Island and the Hudson Valley, none the less, the Dutch were enabled to leave a lasting impress upon the history of America.

Summary of Dutch Golden Age Painting

Key Ideas & Accomplishments

Beginnings of Dutch Golden Age Painting

Dutch Golden Age Painting: Concepts, Styles, and Trends

Later Developments - After Dutch Golden Age Painting

• The Dutch Golden Age began to decline with the start of the Franco-Dutch War, when the French invaded the Netherlands in 1672. To expel the invaders the Dutch broke the dykes, flooding much of the land, and, as a result, the Dutch still refer to 1672 as "The Disaster Year." As the economy crashed, so did the art market, impacting artists including ...

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