In osteonecrosis, blood flow to part of a bone is disrupted. This results in death of bone tissue, and the bone can eventually break down and the joint will collapse. Osteonecrosis is also called: Avascular necrosis. Aseptic necrosis.
What term describes the surgical suturing or wiring together of bones?
Which term means a degenerative disorder that can cause the loss of normal spinal structure and function?
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What disease has a extensive bone destruction followed by abnormal bone repair?
Paget disease is a disorder that involves abnormal bone destruction and regrowth. This results in deformity of the affected bones.
What is the cause of bone destruction?
As you age, your body may reabsorb calcium and phosphate from your bones instead of keeping these minerals in your bones. This makes your bones weaker. When this process reaches a certain stage, it is called osteoporosis. Many times, a person will fracture a bone before they even know they have bone loss.
What is destruction of bone?
1. Bone destruction: Osteolysis is a more or less consistent feature of malignancy. Loss of the normal trabecular pattern in the metaphysis of a bone may be the first sign of disease. The cortex at the site of the tumor is destroyed, or at least expanded and thinned, as a result of the growing neoplasm.
Is a bone disease characterized by the excessive breakdown of bone tissue?
Osteoporosis occurs when too much bone mass is lost and changes occur in the structure of bone tissue. Certain risk factors may lead to the development of osteoporosis or can increase the likelihood that you will develop the disease.
What diseases can cause bone loss?
Causes of Osteoporosis Bone Loss: Asthma, Arthritis, Diabetes, Celiac Disease, Hyperthyroidism, Lupus, Multiple Sclerosis.
What is the most common disease affecting the bone?
Generalized osteoporosis is the most common form of the disease, affecting most of the skeleton. Osteoporosis can also occur in localized parts of the skeleton as a result of injury or conditions that reduce muscle forces on the bone, such as limb paralysis. There are a variety of different types of osteoporosis.
Where does the destruction of bone cells occur?
Bone remodeling is a continuous process of resorption by osteoclasts and the subsequent formation of new bone by osteoblasts. In myeloma there is an increase in the number of osteoclasts and bone resorption in areas of the marrow adjacent to abnormal PC, but not in those areas adjacent to normal BM cells.
What is bone disintegration called?
Overview of Osteonecrosis The bones of the human body are made up of living cells that need a blood supply to stay healthy. In osteonecrosis, blood flow to part of a bone is disrupted. This results in death of bone tissue, and the bone can eventually break down and the joint will collapse.
What is it called when bones weaken?
Osteoporosis causes bones to become weak and brittle — so brittle that a fall or even mild stresses such as bending over or coughing can cause a fracture. Osteoporosis-related fractures most commonly occur in the hip, wrist or spine. Bone is living tissue that is constantly being broken down and replaced.
What are the 3 major bone diseases?
SummaryLow bone density and osteoporosis, which make your bones weak and more likely to break.Osteogenesis imperfecta makes your bones brittle.Paget's disease of bone makes them weak.Bones can also develop cancer and infections.More items...
What are 5 bone diseases?
Some common bone conditions include:Osteoporosis. Osteoporosis is a disease that results in a decrease in bone mass and mineral density. ... Osteopenia. ... Paget's disease. ... Osteogenesis imperfecta. ... Osteoarthritis. ... Osteomyelitis. ... Bone cancer and tumors. ... Osteomalacia.More items...•
What are the 3 major joint disorders?
Some of the diseases that affect the joints include:Arthritis. Arthritis may cause joint pain and swelling. ... Lupus. This autoimmune disease affects many parts of the body and can cause joint and muscle pain. ... Sjögren's Syndrome. This autoimmune disease affects glands that make moisture in many parts of the body.
What are 3 common causes of broken bones?
The most common causes of fractures are:Trauma. A fall, motor vehicle accident, or tackle during a football game can all result in fractures.Osteoporosis. This disorder weakens bones and makes them more likely to break.Overuse. Repetitive motion can tire muscles and place more force on bone.
Where does the destruction of bone cells occur?
Bone remodeling is a continuous process of resorption by osteoclasts and the subsequent formation of new bone by osteoblasts. In myeloma there is an increase in the number of osteoclasts and bone resorption in areas of the marrow adjacent to abnormal PC, but not in those areas adjacent to normal BM cells.
What term describes the surgical suturing or wiring together of bones?
arthrodesis. Select the term which describes the surgical suturing or wiring together of bones. osteorrhaphy. Malformation of the skull due to the premature closure of the cranial sutures is known as... craniostenosis. The term hemarthrosis means... blood within a joint.
Which term means a degenerative disorder that can cause the loss of normal spinal structure and function?
Select the term which means a degenerative disorder that can cause the loss of normal spinal structure and function. spondylosis. A chronic autoimmune disorder in which the joints and some organs of other body systems are attacked is known as... rheumatoid arthritis.
What is bone destruction?
Bone destruction is a hallmark for a number of inflammatory diseases. In such diseases, progressive inflammatory bone loss can be the major clinical manifestation underlying substantial patient morbidity and requiring early therapeutic intervention.
What is periapical bone destruction?
Periapical bone destruction is a hallmark of asymptomatic apical periodontitis. During the chronic stage of apical periodontitis, both osteoclast and osteoblast activity are decreased,268 so the periapical osteolytic lesion remains stationary.
What is the process of bone resorption?
Bone resorption is caused by osteoclasts. The formation of osteoclasts involves differentiation of the osteoclast precursor from the monocyte-macrophage cell lineage in bone marrow. Several cytokines and growth factors, such as granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), RANKL (receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand), osteoprotegerin (OPG), IL-1, IL-6, TNF, as well as prostaglandins, bradykinin, kallidin, and thrombin, have been shown to mediate osteoclast differentiation. 59,131,159,186,243 Parathyroid hormone is capable of stimulating osteoblasts to synthesize GM-CSF and RANKL. Bone stromal cells and T cells also produce RANKL. Osteoclast progenitor cells express receptor activator of nuclear factor κB (RANK). OPG, a decoy receptor for RANKL secreted by osteoblasts, negatively regulates the differentiation of osteoclasts by absorbing RANKL and reducing its ability to activate the RANK pathway. 114
What is bone remodeling?
Bone remodeling is a continuous process of resorption by osteoclasts and the subsequent formation of new bone by osteoblasts. In myeloma there is an increase in the number of osteoclasts and bone resorption in areas of the marrow adjacent to abnormal PC, but not in those areas adjacent to normal BM cells.
How do osteoclasts attach to bone?
The mature osteoclasts then attach to mineralized bone surface after osteoblasts have primed the unmineralized bone surface and released chemotactic factor to attract osteoclasts. 169 Osteoclasts attach to bone by the vitronectin receptor (integrin superfamily), expressed preferentially in the sealing zone.
What is H&E cartilage?
H&E shows neoplastic cartilage in the upper field infiltrating bone and native cartilage. There is cluster disarray.
Which ligaments are not affected by instability?
As an aside, the uncovertebral joints add stability during extension, lateral bending, and torsion 20 In general, if the following sections of the vertebrae remain intact, a significant instability does not develop: (1) the anterior longitudinal ligament, (2) the ventral section of the vertebral body, (3) dorsal column integrity, and (4) dorsal column ligaments.
What causes bone loss?
By contrast, the slower phase of bone loss is thought to be caused by a combination of factors including age-related impairment of bone formation, decreased calcium and vitamin D intake, decreased physical activity, and the loss of estrogen’s positive effects on calcium balance in the intestine and kidney as well as its effects on bone (Riggs et al. 2002). This leads to further impairment of absorption of calcium by the intestine and reduced ability of the kidney to conserve calcium. If the amount of calcium absorbed from the diet is insufficient to make up for the obligatory calcium losses in the stool and urine, serum calcium begins to fall. Parathyroid hormone levels will then increase, removing calcium from bone to make up for the loss, as illustrated in Figure 3-3. The net result of this process is an increase in bone resorption. It is important to realize that these mineral losses need not be great to result in osteoporosis. A negative balance of only 50–100 mgof calcium per day (far less than the 300 mg of calcium in a single glass of milk) over a long period of time is sufficient to produce the disease.
What is osteoporosis characterized by?
As pointed out in Chapter 2, osteoporosis is a disease characterized by low bone mass and deterioration of bone structure that causes bone fragility and increases the risk of fracture. For practical purposes, the World Health Organization has defined osteoporosis as a bone mineral density (BMD) value more than 2.5 standard deviations below the mean for normal young White women. Osteoporosis is a common disease affecting millions of Americans. As described in Chapters 4and 5, it can have devastating consequences. Individuals with osteoporosis are at high risk of suffering one or more fractures, injuries that can often be physically debilitating and potentially lead to a downward spiral in physical and mental health (Figure 3-1). Generalized osteoporosis is the most common form of the disease, affecting most of the skeleton. Osteoporosis can also occur in localized parts of the skeleton as a result of injury or conditions that reduce muscle forces on the bone, such as limb paralysis. There are a variety of different types of osteoporosis. The most common form of osteoporosis is known as “primary osteoporosis”—that is, osteoporosis that is not caused by some other specific disorder. Bone loss caused by specific diseases or medications (see below) is referred to as “secondary osteoporosis.” Each of these major categories of osteoporosis is discussed in more detail on the following pages.
What causes rickets in the body?
A number of childhood diseases cause rickets, a condition that results from a delay in depositing calcium phosphate mineral in growing bones, thus leading to skeletal deformities, especially bowed legs. In adults, the equivalent disease is called osteomalacia. Since longitudinal growth has stopped in adults, deficient bone mineralization does not cause skeletal deformity but can lead to fractures, particularly of weight-bearing bones such as the pelvis, hip, and feet. Even when there is no fracture, many patients with rickets and osteomalacia suffer from bone pain and can experience severe muscle weakness.
What are the causes of osteoporosis?
Young adults and even older individuals who get osteoporosis often do so as a byproduct of another condition or medication use. In fact, there are a wide variety of diseases (Table 3-1) along with certain medications and toxic agents (Table 3-2) that can cause or contribute to the development of osteoporosis (Stein and Shane 2003). Individuals who get the disease due to these “outside” causes are said to have “secondary” osteoporosis. They typically experience greater levels of bone loss than would be expected for a normal individual of the same age, gender, and race. Secondary causes of the disease are common in many premenopausal women and men with osteoporosis (Khosla et al. 1994); in fact, by some estimates the majority of men with osteoporosis exhibit secondary causes of the disease (Orwoll 1998). In addition, up to a third of postmenopausal women with osteoporosis also have other conditions that may contribute to their bone loss (Tannenbaum et al. 2002). This section briefly describes some of the more common diseases, disorders, and medications that can cause or contribute to the development of osteoporosis.
What medications can cause osteoporosis?
Other Medications That Can Cause Osteoporosis. Cyclosporine A and tacrolimus are widely used in conjunction with glucocorticoids to prevent rejection after organ transplantation, and high doses of these drugs are associated with a particularly severe form of osteoporosis (Cohen and Shane 2003). Bone disease has also been reported with several frequently prescribed anticonvulsants, including diphenylhydantoin, phenobarbital, sodium valproate, and carbamazepine (Stein and Shane 2003). Patients who are most at risk of developing this type of bone disease include those on long-term therapy, high medication doses, multiple anticonvulsants, and/or simultaneous therapy with medications that raise liver enzyme levels. Low vitamin D intake, restricted sun exposure, and the presence of other chronic illnesses increase the risk, particularly among elderly and institutionalized individuals. In contrast, high intakes of vitamin A (retinal) may increase fracture risk (Michaelsson et al 2003). Methotrexate, a folate antagonist used to treat malignancies and (in lower doses) inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, may also cause bone loss, although research findings are not consistent. In addition, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists, which are used to treat endometriosis in women and prostate cancer in men, reduce both estrogen and testosterone levels, which may cause significant bone loss and fragility fractures (Smith 2003).
What are the diseases associated with osteoporosis?
This condition commonly affects the ends of the femur and the humerus. The precise cause is unknown, but at least two theories have been suggested. One is that blood supply to the bone is blocked by collapsing bone. The other is that microscopic fat particles block blood flow and result in bone cell death. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (emphysema and chronic bronchitis) is also now recognized as being associated with osteoporosis and fractures even in the absence of glucocorticoid therapy. Immobilization is clearly associated with rapid bone loss; patients with spinal cord lesions are at particularly high risk for fragility fractures (Kiratli 2001). However, even modest reductions in physical activity can lead to bone loss (see Chapter 6). Hematological disorders, particularly malignancies, are commonly associated with osteoporosis and fractures as well. These are discussed in more detail later in the chapter.
What are the problems that affect the skeleton?
These include problems that can occur at or before birth, such as genetic abnormalities and developmental defects, as well as diseases such as osteoporosis and Paget’s disease of bone that damage the skeleton later in life. In addition to conditions that affect bone directly, there are many other disorders that indirectly affect bone by interfering with mineral metabolism. This chapter reviews some of the more common diseases, disorders, and conditions that both directly and indirectly affect bone.
What term describes the surgical suturing or wiring together of bones?
arthrodesis. Select the term which describes the surgical suturing or wiring together of bones. osteorrhaphy. Malformation of the skull due to the premature closure of the cranial sutures is known as... craniostenosis. The term hemarthrosis means... blood within a joint.
Which term means a degenerative disorder that can cause the loss of normal spinal structure and function?
Select the term which means a degenerative disorder that can cause the loss of normal spinal structure and function. spondylosis. A chronic autoimmune disorder in which the joints and some organs of other body systems are attacked is known as... rheumatoid arthritis.
