which disease is caused by entamoeba histolytica

What disease is caused by Entamoeba?

• Entamoeba coli (Nonpathogen)
• Organism: This organism belongs to the amebae, is a nonpathogen, and causes no disease.
• Life Cycle: Intestine, organisms passed in feces.
• Acquired: Fecal-oral transmission via cyst form; contaminated food and water.
• Epidemiology:
• Clinical Features:
• Clinical Specimen:
• Laboratory Diagnosis:

What diseases does Entamoeba cause?

Entamoeba histolytica is an enteric protozoan parasite with worldwide distribution. It is responsible for amoebic dysentery (bloody diarrhea) and invasive extraintestinal amebiasis (such as liver abscess, peritonitis, pleuropulmonary abscess). Other species of Entamoeba; Entamoeba hartmanii, Entamoeba coli, and Entamoeba dispar do not cause diseases but their trophozoite is difficult to distinguish from those of E.histolytica by light microscopy.

What are diseases caused by amoebas?

• Influenza - virus
• Strep throat - bacteria
• Pneumonia - bacteria, virus or fungi (bacteria most common)
• Genital herpes - virus
• Sinusitis (sinus infection) - bacteria
• Urinary tract infection (UTI) - bacteria
• Meningitis - virus or bacteria (viral common, bacterial very dangerous)
• Candida - fungus
• Hepatitis - virus
• Tuberculosis - bacteria

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What is the treatment for Amoeba?

Treatment of intact amoeba. Some medications have been shown to treat ameba in children in the presence of amebas in the form of bags, these drugs include the following: Iodoquinol. Paromomycin. Diloxinide furoate. One of these drugs is often prescribed with metronidazole to cleanse the cysts from the intestine and not relapse due to re ...

Which disease is caused by Entamoeba and how it can be controlled?

Amebic dysentery and liver abscess are caused by Entamoeba histolytica. Amebae colonize the colon and cause disease by invading the intestinal epithelium. However, only one in five E. histolytica infections leads to disease.

What is the common name of Entamoeba histolytica?

Entamoeba histolytica is an anaerobic parasitic amoebozoan, part of the genus Entamoeba....Entamoeba histolyticaGenus:EntamoebaSpecies:E. histolyticaBinomial nameEntamoeba histolytica Schaudinn, 19036 more rows

What causes Entamoeba?

Amebiasis (am-uh-BYE-eh-sis) is an infection of the intestines with a parasite called Entamoeba histolytica (E. histolytica). The parasite is an amoeba (uh-MEE-buh), a single-celled organism. People can get this parasite by eating or drinking something that's contaminated with it.

How does Entamoeba histolytica infection?

Entamoeba histolytica is an invasive enteric protozoan [1, 2, 10]. Infection typically begins with the ingestion of mature, quadrinucleated cysts found in fecally contaminated food or water. Excystation occurs in the small intestine with the release of motile trophozoites, which migrate to the large intestine.

Where is Entamoeba histolytica found?

Entamoeba histolytica is an anaerobic parasite that is primarily found in the colon; however, for unknown reasons, it can become invasive, breaching the gut barrier and migrating toward the liver causing amoebic liver abscesses.

What are the types of amoebiasis?

Two forms of amoebiasis are recognized: luminal amoebiasis where no clinical signs or symptoms are apparent, and invasive amoebiasis where the trophozoites invade the intestinal mucosa to produce dysentery or amoeboma, and can spread in blood to give extraintestinal lesions such as liver abscess.

How common is Entamoeba histolytica?

Amebiasis, caused by the intestinal protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica, affects an estimated 50 million people and causes 100,000 deaths globally each year. The disease is common in tropical areas with poor sanitary conditions; however, amebiasis is endemic in the United States.

Which parasite causes dysentery?

Amoebic dysentery is caused by the protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica. Invasive intestinal parasitic infection can result in symptoms of fulminant dysentery, such as fever, chills, bloody or mucous diarrhoea, and abdominal discomfort.

Which bacteria causes dysentery?

Some of the most common bacteria that lead to bacillary dysentery are:Shigella, which leads to shigellosis.Salmonella, which causes salmonella poisoning (salmonellosis).Campylobacter, which causes campylobacteriosis.Escherichia coli, leading to E. coli infection.

What is the infective stage of Entamoeba histolytica?

Tetra nucleate cyst is the infective stage of Entamoeba that enters by contaminated food and water.

How common is Entamoeba histolytica?

Amebiasis, caused by the intestinal protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica, affects an estimated 50 million people and causes 100,000 deaths globally each year. The disease is common in tropical areas with poor sanitary conditions; however, amebiasis is endemic in the United States.

What is meant by Entamoeba histolytica?

Entamoeba histolytica is a protozoan that causes intestinal amebiasis as well as extra-intestinal manifestations. Although 90 percent of E. histolytica infections are asymptomatic, nearly 50 million people become symptomatic, with about 100,000 deaths yearly.

What is the family of Entamoeba histolytica?

EntamoebidaeEntamoeba histolytica / FamilyEntamoebidae is a family of Archamoebae. It includes Entamoeba and Entamoebites. Wikipedia

Which class does Entamoeba histolytica belong?

TubulineaEntamoeba histolytica / ClassThe Tubulinea are a major grouping of Amoebozoa, including most of the more familiar amoebae genera like Amoeba, Arcella, Difflugia and Hartmannella. Wikipedia

How does Entamoeba histolytica infect the body?

Infection by Entamoeba histolytica occurs by the ingestion of mature quadrinucleate cysts in fecally contaminated food, water, or hands. The quadrinucleate cyst is resistant to the gastric environment and passes unaltered through the stomach

Where does ameboma form?

Ameboma, a granulomatous lesion may form in the cecal or rectosigmoid areas of the colon in some patients. These lesions resemble an adenocarcinoma of the colon and must be distinguished from them.

What is the name of the parasite that causes bloody diarrhea?

Entamoeba histolytica is an enteric protozoan parasite with worldwide distribution. It is responsible for amoebic dysentery (bloody diarrhea) and invasive extraintestinal amebiasis (such as liver abscess, peritonitis, pleuropulmonary abscess). Other species of Entamoeba; Entamoeba hartmanii, Entamoeba coli, and Entamoeba dispar do not cause ...

What is the name of the liver abscess that causes weight loss?

Amoebic liver abscess. Amebic abscess of the liver is characterized by right upper quadrant pain, weight loss, fever, and a tender enlarged liver. Right-lobe abscesses can penetrate the diaphragm and cause lung disease (pulmonary amoebiasis) Other metastatic lesions: Cerebral amoebiasis.

What are the sites where trophozoites invade?

Intestinal disease: In some patients, the trophozoites invade the intestinal mucosa, Extra-intestinal disease : through the bloodstream, trophozoites invade extraintestinal sites such as the liver, brain, and lungs, with resultant pathologic manifestations.

Where do trophozoites live?

Habitat: Trophozoites of E. histolytica live in the mucosal and submucosal layers of the large intestine of man . Life cycle of Entamoeba histolytica has two-stage: motile trophozoite and non-motile cyst. Trophozoites are found in intestinal lesions, extra-intestinal lesions, and diarrheal stools whereas cyst predominates in non-diarrheal stools.

What parasite lyses the cells of the intestinal tract?

Lytica: lysis. As this protozoan parasite lyse the cells of the intestinal tract; there will be bleeding; so the stool contains blood and mucus (amoebic dysentry). Quadrinucleate cyst of Entamoeba histolytica. Infective form: Mature quadrinucleate cyst; it is spherical in shape with refractile wall.

Where does Entamoeba histolytica occur?

Infection typically begins with the ingestion of mature, quadrinucleated cysts found in fecally contaminated food or water. Excystation occurs in the small intestine with the release of motile trophozoites, which migrate to the large intestine.

What is amoebic dysentery?

Amoebiasis, or amoebic dysentery, is a term used to describe an infection caused by the protozoanEntamoeba histolytica [1]. Most infections are asymptomatic, but invasive intestinal disease may occur manifesting with several weeks of cramping, abdominal pain, watery or bloody diarrhea, and weight loss [1].

What is the ameboma in a colon?

Macroscopically, amebomas resemble a mass (or multiple masses) typically localized in the cecum or ascending colon and consist of localized hyperplastic granulation tissue [27, 32]. Ameboma formation has been generally associated with untreated or partially treated amoebic colitis [27]. Given that its appearance can resemble lymphoma, neoplasm, tuberculosis, abscess, or inflammatory bowel disease, colonoscopy and histopathological examination of the biopsied material are warranted to exclude other sinister lesions [27, 30].

What enzymes are involved in virulence?

For instance, glycosidases such as sialidase, N-acetylgalactosamidase, and N-acetylglucosaminidase are needed to remove the branched polysaccharides from mucin cells [15]. This allows the trophozoites to degrade the protective mucous barrier and subsequently penetrate the colonic epithelium increasing the risk of metastasis to distant sites [15]. In a transcriptone analysis study, virulence ofE. histolytica was also determined by the presence of the enzyme glycoside hydrolase B-amylase. Species lacking this enzyme were unable to breach the mucus barrier and cause invasive disease [15, 16]. Other mechanisms involved in the killing of the epithelial cells and inflammatory cells, including secretion of proteinases (cysteine proteinase), contact-dependent target cells lysis, apoptosis and the formation of amebapores causing cytolysis of infected cells [1, 7, 15, 16].

Is Entamoeba histolytica a parasite?

Entamoeba histolytica is the responsible parasite of amoebiasis and remains one of the top three parasitic causes of mortality worldwide. With increased travel and emigration to developed countries, infection is becoming more common in nonendemic areas. Although the majority of individuals infected withE.

Why are some patients asymptomatic?

Several hypotheses have been posited to explain why certain patients have asymptomatic disease, while others progress to invasive disease and are currently being tested. Strain virulence, environment, and the host's genetic susceptibility, immune status, age, and gender have all been found to predict disease severity [1, 5, 9].

Does histolytica mediate pathogenic behavior?

Recent studies have shown that the interaction between the host's intestinal flora andE. histolytica may mediate pathogenic behavior, generating more virulent strains [17–19]. Galvan-Moroyoqui and colleagues [20] demonstrated that enteropathogenic bacteria can increase Gal/GalNAc lectin expression inE. histolyticatrophozoites, resulting in increased adhesion capacity and cytopathic effects. Production of proinflammatory cytokines was also augmented in the presence of certain gut bacteria, causing further epithelial damage and facilitating trophozoite invasion [20].

What is the parasite that causes amebiasis?

Amebiasis is a disease caused by a one-celled parasite called Entamoeba histolytica.

What is the most common form of amebiasis in the United States?

In the United States, amebiasis is most common in: People who have traveled to tropical places that have poor sanitary conditions. Immigrants from tropical countries that have poor sanitary conditions. People who live in institutions that have poor sanitary conditions. Men who have sex with men.

How many antibiotics are needed for amebiasis?

You will be treated with only one antibiotic if your E. histolytica infection has not made you sick. You probably will be treated with two antibiotics (first one and then the other) if your infection has made you sick.

Can amebiasis be diagnosed under a microscope?

Diagnosis of amebiasis can be very difficult. One problem is that other parasites and cells can look very similar to E. histolytica when seen under a microscope. Therefore, sometimes people are told that they are infected with E. histolytica even though they are not. Entamoeba histolytica and another ameba, Entamoeba dispar, which is about 10 times more common, look the same when seen under a microscope. Unlike infection with E. histolytica, which sometimes makes people sick, infection with E. dispar does not make people sick and therefore does not need to be treated.

Can amebiasis be detected by blood?

A blood test is also available but is only recommended when your healthcare provider thinks that your infection may have spread beyond the intestine (gut) to some other organ of your body, such as the liver. However, this blood test may not be helpful in diagnosing your current illness because the test can be positive if you had amebiasis in the past, even if you are not infected now.

Does Entamoeba histolytica make you sick?

Unlike infection with E. histolytica, which sometimes makes people sick, infection with E. dispar does not make people sick and therefore does not need to be treated.

What is the life cycle of E. histolytica?

Amebiasis is a disease caused by infection with a parasitic amoeba that, when symptomatic, can cause dysentery and invasive extraintestinal problems. The cause of amebiasis is mainly the protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica. Some risk factors for amebiasis include consuming contaminated food or water, ...

What causes amebiasis?

The cause of amebiasis is infection by the protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica.

What is amebiasis?

Amebiasis is a parasitic disease (also known as amebic dysentery or amoebic dysentery and/or amoebiasis) caused by infection with Entamoeba histolytica or another amoeba (for example, E. dispar ).

What is the incubation period for amebiasis?

The incubation period for amebiasis is variable. Symptoms begin to appear in about one to four weeks after ingestion of the cysts; however, the range may be from a few days to years.

What are amebiasis symptoms and signs?

Although only about 10%-20% of people infected with the parasites become ill , those individuals may produce the following symptoms and signs:

What specialists treat amebiasis?

In addition to your primary care physician, the following specialists may be consulted:

What are medical treatment options for amebiasis?

Asymptomatic infections are not treated unless they are occurring in non-endemic areas. If patients are shedding E. histolytica cysts, the following luminal agents ( drugs that work on cysts that are not invading the gastrointestinal epithelium) are as follows:

What is amoebiasis?

Amoebiasis is a disease caused by Entamoeba histolytica, a protozoa which is found worldwide. Humans are the natural reservoir of E. histolytica, and infection occurs via faecal-oral transmission (e.g. contaminated hands, water, or food, and oral- anal sex ). The main symptom of infection is diarrhoea.

How is amoebiasis diagnosed?

The most common method of diagnosis of amoebiasis is microscopic identification of E. histolytica cysts and trophozoites in faeces, liver abscess aspirates, or biopsy samples. Note: E. histolytica cannot be distinguished microscopically from E. dispar, which is harmless. Confirmation of E. histolytica infection requires serology, antigen detection, or identification of E. histolytica genetic material:

What are the symptoms of amoebiasis?

The trophozoites can also invade the bloodstream and spread the infection to other organs including the liver (most common), lung, heart, brain, and skin.

What is the treatment for amoebiasis in the intestine?

Intestinal amoebiasis is treated with a luminal agent, such as iodoquinol, paromomycin, or diloxanide furoate. These agents are not approved by Medsafe for use in New Zealand but may be obtained by medical practitioners through their manufacturers under Section 29.

What is the treatment for invasive amoebiasis?

Treatment of invasive disease usually consists of oral or intravenous metronidazole as well as a luminal agent to eradicate colonisation of the intestine. Alternative treatments include tinidazole, emetine hydrochloride, and pentamidine. Following treatment, invasive amoebiasis carries a good prognosis.

Is amoebiasis a good prognosis?

Following treatment, invasive amoebiasis carries a good prognosis. Fulminant colitis and liver abscess rupture are associated with higher mortality rates.

Is amoebiasis endemic in developing countries?

There is a higher incidence of amoebiasis in developing countries where barriers between human faeces and food and water supplies are inadequate. Risk factors for amoebiasis in developed countries include travellers to endemic regions, men who have sex with men, and immunosuppressed or institutionalised people.

Mode of Transmission

Life Cycle of Entamoeba histolytica

• Infection by Entamoeba histolytica occurs by the ingestion of mature quadrinucleate cysts in fecally contaminated food, water, or hands. The quadrinucleate cyst is resistant to the gastric environmentand passes unaltered through the stomach 1. When the cyst of E.histolytica reaches caecum or lower part of ileum excystation occurs and anamoeba with ...

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Diseases

Clinical Findings

Laboratory Diagnosis