which is the insulin dependent diabetes

What would happen if a diabetic overdosed on insulin?

Taking too much insulin can lead to hypoglycemia This can become particularly serious if your insulin dose was significantly more than it should have been.

Is insulin better than pills for diabetes?

Pills may be easier to take than insulin, but each kind comes with potential side effects. It may take a little trial and error to find the one that works best for you. Pills can stop working even if they’ve been effective for some time. If you start out with only pills and your type 2 diabetes worsens, you may need to use insulin as well.

Can diabetes be managed without insulin?

In some cases, people with type 2 diabetes need insulin injections to manage their blood sugar levels. For others, type 2 diabetes can be managed without insulin. Depending on your health history, your doctor might recommend that you manage type 2 diabetes through a combination of lifestyle changes, oral medications, or other treatments.

Which type of diabetes do you take insulin for?

Taking insulin helps you manage your blood sugar levels. Everybody with type 1 and some people with type 2 diabetes need to use insulin as a treatment. You take it by injecting it using an insulin pen, or by using an insulin pump. Pumps aren’t available to everyone – only for people who have type 1 diabetes .

Is type 2 diabetes insulin Dependant?

In type 2 diabetes (which used to be called adult-onset or non-insulin-dependent diabetes) the body produces insulin, but the cells don't respond to insulin the way they should. This is called insulin resistance.

Is Type 3 diabetes insulin dependent?

Many people with type 3c diabetes require insulin at an earlier stage compared to people with type 2 diabetes to help manage their blood sugar levels.

What is Type 3 diabetes called?

“Type 3 diabetes” is a term some people use to describe Alzheimer's disease. Some scientists proposed the term because they believe insulin dysregulation in the brain causes dementia.

Why is it called Type 3 diabetes?

Type 3 diabetes is a proposed term to describe the interlinked association between type 1 and type 2 diabetes, and Alzheimer's disease. This term is used to look into potential triggers of Alzheimer's disease in people with diabetes.

When do you become insulin dependent?

Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), also known as type 1 diabetes, usually starts before 15 years of age, but can occur in adults also. Diabetes involves the pancreas gland, which is located behind the stomach (Picture 1).

Is there a Type 4 diabetes?

Type 4 diabetes is the proposed term for diabetes caused by insulin resistance in older people who don't have overweight or obesity. A 2015 study with mice suggested this type of diabetes might be widely underdiagnosed. This is because it occurs in people who aren't overweight or obese, but are older in age.

Why is Alzheimer's called Type 3 diabetes?

The exact connection between Alzheimer's disease (AD) and type 2 diabetes is still in debate. However, poorly controlled blood sugar may increase the risk of developing Alzheimer's. This relationship is so strong that some have called Alzheimer's “diabetes of the brain” or “type 3 diabetes (T3D)”.

What are the most appropriate treatments for type 3c diabetes?

Type 3c diabetes can be managed with insulin injections or sometimes oral medications/tablets. If you require insulin injections, your diabetes team will go through all the relevant information with you, and you will receive regular check-ups.

What is the blue circle in diabetes?

What is Insulin Dependent Diabetes? The blue circle is the international symbol for diabetes, both Type 1 and Type 2. Both are conditions marked by irregular blood sugar – as diseases, they live under the same roof – but they’re as different as Sherlock and Watson.

What is the function of beta cells in the pancreas?

These cells would be the beta cells of the pancreas, and their job is to make insulin, the hormone that enables sugar to pass from the bloodstream to our cells . Think of insulin as a key that unlocks the door through which sugar passes, and then distributes energy to the millions of cells all over the body.

What does it mean when your blood sugar is too high?

You are nearing – or already in – the state called hyperglycemia, in which your blood sugar level is too high.

Is insulin dependent diabetes sudden?

Because it is deadly if untreated and is on the rise worldwide, everyone should know the symptoms and how this autoimmune disease is managed. Unlike Type 2, which develops over time, the onset of insulin dependent diabetes is sudden..

Can you make insulin with beta cells gone?

With the beta cells gone, we don’t make insulin. The key is lost. And unable to open the door to the cells, sugar backs up in the bloodstream. It’s a biological failure that, if unaddressed, can lead to health issues and some pretty serious complications.

Is it easy to give insulin?

While giving insulin is easy enough, we have to frequently monitor our blood sugar levels to determine the amount that’s right for us during the day. The right amount of insulin when we’re first diagnosed won’t be the same as the right amount the next year.

Is insulin dependent diabetes an autoimmune disease?

In this, insulin dependent diabetes is similar to other autoimmune disorders. For whatever reason, our immune system gets confused, and instead of just annihilating things that truly do us harm, they also go after parts that help us, like the extraordinarily important beta cells.

How does diabetes affect the pancreas?

Type 1 diabetes, previously termed juvenile or insulin-dependent diabetes, which has both genetic and environmental risk factors, is caused by progressive autoimmune destruction of the insulin secreting beta cells in the pancreas. Once 80% to 90% of the beta cells are destroyed, hyperglycemia results and the patient can be diagnosed with diabetes. 19 The onset of type 1 diabetes is usually during puberty but can be as early as 9 months or as late as the fifth decade. Type 1 diabetes accounts for approximately 10% of all patients with diabetes.

How does type 1 diabetes affect the body?

Thus, patients with type 1 diabetes require exogenous insulin delivered by either regular injections or an implanted pump. Type 1 diabetes accounts for only 5–10% of all the diagnosed cases of diabetes. Although type 1 diabetes can occur at any age, this form of diabetes primarily affects children and adolescents. The cause of type 1 diabetes is not fully understood; however, autoimmunity, genetics, and environmental factors are thought to play a role in the onset of the disease. There is currently no way to prevent type 1 diabetes. Curing type 1 diabetes would ultimately require a means to restore β-cell function; thus, most research in this area focuses on promoting β-cell regeneration or transplantation. Until approaches to prevent or cure the disease become available, management of complications that arise from type 1 diabetes is the key clinical goal and an intense area of research.

What is the autoimmune disease that results from the activation of immune cells destroying the insulin-producing pancreatic?

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease that results from the activation of immune cells destroying the insulin-producing pancreatic β-cells. T1D accounts for nearly 90% of childhood-onset diabetes and 10% for adult-onset diabetes.

What are the symptoms of Type 1 diabetes?

The classical symptoms are polyuria (frequent urination), polydipsia (increased thirst), polyphagia (increased hunger), and weight loss. The disease may be diagnosed at any age but only in individuals who have certain HLA-DR-DQ-susceptibility haplotypes. Several non-HLA genetic factors either contribute to the genetic etiology or to the progression toward the clinical onset of the disease. Standardized tests for insulin autoantibodies (IAA) or GAD65 (GADA) have made it possible to demonstrate that the disease is triggered often during the first years of life. Environmental factors such as virus may be a triggering factor for IAA and GADA, which appear in a way that is associated with human leukocyte antigen (HLA). Individuals, who have developed IAA, GADA, or both, may develop yet other autoantibodies against IA-2 (IA-2A), ZnT8 transporter (ZnT8A), or both. Individuals with two or more islet autoantibodies will go on to develop type 1 diabetes (100%) but it may take 20 years. The pathogenesis is likely to be controlled by CD8 + T cells recognizing autoantigen–peptides on HLA class I proteins expressed on the beta cell surface. The progression toward clinical onset is associated with a loss of beta cells, and the disease is predictable through HLA typing and test of IAA, GADA, IA-2A, and ZnT8A. Prevention and intervention trials are aiming to halt the beta cell–autoimmune process but the results of these trials have not altered the way in which to treat patients with type 1 diabetes.

What is DM type 1?

Definition. Diabetes mellitus (DM) type 1 is an autoimmune disorder characterized by insulin deficiency resulting from progressive destruction of the insulin‐producing β cells of the pancreas. This insulin deficiency leads to hyperglycemia and ketosis. Chronic hyperglycemia is associated with long‐term damage, leading to dysfunction of the kidney, ...

What is the autoimmune origin of T1D?

The major discovery of the autoimmune origin of T1D is derived in large part from the availability of two spontaneous animal models of the disease—namely, the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse and the Bio-Breeding (BB) rat.

How long does it take for a diabetic to develop type 1 diabetes?

Individuals with two or more islet autoantibodies will go on to develop type 1 diabetes (100%) but it may take 20 years. The pathogenesis is likely to be controlled by CD8 + T cells recognizing autoantigen–peptides on HLA class I proteins expressed on the beta cell surface.

What is non insulin dependent diabetes?

Non-insulin-dependent (type II) diabetes mellitus is an inherited metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia with resistance to ketosis. The onset is usually after age 40 years. Patients are variably symptomatic and frequently obese, hyperlipidemic and hypertensive.

Why do people with type 1 diabetes need insulin?

They need to pay attention to how much physical activity they engage in, because physical activity can help the body use insulin better so it can convert glucose into energy for cells.Everyone with type 1 diabetes, and some people with type 2 diabetes, also need to take insulin injections.

What are the symptoms of diabetes?

[6] Common symptoms include increased thirst , frequent urination , and unexplained weight loss . [3] Symptoms may also include increased hunger , feeling tired, and sores that do not heal. [3] Often symptoms come on slowly. [6] Long-term complications from high blood sugar include heart disease , strokes , diabetic retinopathy which can result in blindness , kidney failure , and poor blood flow in the limbs which may lead to amputations . [1] The sudden onset of hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state may occur; however, ketoacidosis is uncommon. [4] [5] Universal blue circle symbol for diabetes [2] Maintaining normal weight, exercising , eating properly [1] Type2 diabetes primarily occurs as a result of obesity and lack of exercise. [1] Some people are more genetically at risk than others. [6] Type 2 diabetes makes up about 90% of cases of diabetes , with the other 10% due primarily to type 1 diabetes and gestational diabetes . [1] In type 1 diabetes there is a lower total level of insulin to control blood glucose, due to an autoimmune induced loss of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas . [12] [13] Diagnosis of diabetes is by blood tests such as fasting plasma glucose , oral glucose tolerance test , or glycated hemoglobin (A1C). [3] Type2 diabetes is partly preventable by staying a normal weight, exercising regularly, and eating properly. [1] Treatment involves exercise and dietary changes . [1] If blood sugar levels are not adequately lowered, the medication metformin is typically recommended. [7] [14] Many people may eventually also require insulin injections. [9] In those on insulin, Continue reading >>

What are the symptoms of diabetes type 1 and type 2?

Absence or insufficient production of insulin, or an inability of the body to properly use insulin causes diabetes. The two types of diabetes are referred to as type 1 and type 2. Former names for these conditions were insulin-dependent and non-insulin-dependent diabetes, or juvenile onset and adult onset diabetes. Symptoms of type 1 and type 2 diabetes include increased urine output, excessive thirst, weight loss, hunger, fatigue, skin problems slow healing wounds, yeast infections, and tingling or numbness in the feet or toes. Some of the risk factors for getting diabetes include being overweight or obese, leading a sedentary lifestyle, a family history of diabetes, hypertension (high blood pressure), and low levels of the "good" cholesterol (HDL) and elevated levels of triglycerides in the blood. If you think you may have prediabetes or diabetes contact a health-care professional. Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by high blood sugar (glucose) levels that result from defects in insulin secretion, or its action, or both. Diabetes mellitus, commonly referred to as diabetes (as it will be in this article) was first identified as a disease associated with "sweet urine," and excessive muscle loss in the ancient world. Elevated levels of blood glucose (hyperglycemia) lead to spillage of glucose into the urine, hence the term sweet urine. Normally, blood glucose levels are tightly controlled by insulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas. Insulin lowers the blood glucose level. When the blood glucose elevates (for example, after eating food Continue reading >>

How is diabetes different from type 1 diabetes?

Diabetes: Differences Between Type 1 and 2 Diabetes: Differences Between Type 1 and 2 In general, people with diabetes either have a total lack of insulin (type 1 diabetes) or they have too little insulin or cannot use insulin effectively (type 2 diabetes). Type 1 diabetes (formerly called juvenile-onset or insulin-dependent diabetes), accounts for 5 to 10 out of 100 people who have diabetes. In type 1 diabetes, the body's immune system destroys the cells that release insulin , eventually eliminating insulin production from the body. Without insulin, cells cannot absorb sugar (glucose), which they need to produce energy. Type 2 diabetes (formerly called adult-onset or noninsulin-dependent diabetes) can develop at any age. It most commonly becomes apparent during adulthood. But type 2 diabetes in children is rising. Type 2 diabetes accounts for the vast majority of people who have diabetes90 to 95 out of 100 people. In type 2 diabetes, the body isn't able to use insulin the right way. This is called insulin resistance. As type 2 diabetes gets worse, the pancreas may make less and less insulin. This is called insulin deficiency. Differences between type 1 and type 2 diabetes Symptoms usually start in childhood or young adulthood. People often seek medical help, because they are seriously ill from sudden symptoms of high blood sugar. The person may not have symptoms before diagnosis. Usually the disease is discovered in adulthood, but an increasing number of children are being diagnosed with the disease. Episodes of low blood sugar level (hypoglycemia) are common. There are no episodes of low blood sugar level, unless the person is taking insulin or certain diabetes medicines. It can be prevented or delayed with a healthy lifestyle, including maintaining a healthy weight, Continue reading >>

Why is type 2 diabetes bad for kids?

Now type 2 diabetes affects kids and teens as well as adults, mainly because of childhood obesity. Metabolic syndrome. People with insulin resistance often have a group of conditions including high blood glucose, extra fat around the waist, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol and triglycerides.

How do you know if you have diabetes?

In this case, people can live for months, even years without knowing they have the disease . This form of diabetes comes on so gradually that symptoms may not even be recognized. Diabetes can occur in anyone. However, people who have close relatives with the disease are somewhat more likely to develop it. Other risk factors include obesity, high cholesterol, high blood pressure, and physical inactivity. The risk of developing diabetes also increases as people grow older. People who are over 40 and overweight are more likely to develop diabetes, although the incidence of type 2 diabetes in adolescents is growing. Diabetes is more common among Native Americans, African Americans, Hispanic Americans and Asian Americans/Pacific Islanders. Also, people who develop diabetes while pregnant (a condition called gestational diabetes) are more likely to develop full-blown diabetes later in life. There are certain things that everyone who has diabetes, whether type 1 or type 2, needs to do to be healthy. They need to have a meal (eating) plan. They need to pay attention to how much physical activity they engage in, because physical activity can help the body use insulin better so it can convert glucose into energy for cells.Everyone with type 1 diabetes, and some people with type 2 diabetes, also need to take insulin injections. Some people with type 2 diabetes take pills called "oral agents" which help their bodies produce more insulin and/or use the insulin it is producing better.Some people with type 2 diabetes can manage their disease without medication by appropriate meal planning and adequate physical activity. Everyone who has diabetes should be seen at Continue reading >>

What is the name of the condition where the pancreas produces little or no insulin?

Type 1 diabetes, once known as juvenile diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes, is a chronic condition in which the pancreas produces little or no insulin. Insulin is a hormone needed to allow sugar (glucose) to enter cells to produce energy. Different factors, including genetics and some viruses, may contribute to type 1 diabetes.

Why is type 1 diabetes bad?

Usually, the body's own immune system — which normally fights harmful bacteria and viruses — mistakenly destroys the insulin-producing (islet, or islets of Langerhans) cells in the pancreas. Other possible causes include:

What is the process of allowing sugar to enter your cells?

Insulin circulates, allowing sugar to enter your cells.

What are the complications of diabetes?

Complications. Over time, type 1 diabetes complications can affect major organs in your body, including heart, blood vessels, nerves, eyes and kidneys. Maintaining a normal blood sugar level can dramatically reduce the risk of many complications.

How old is the peak of diabetes?

Age. Although type 1 diabetes can appear at any age, it appears at two noticeable peaks. The first peak occurs in children between 4 and 7 years old, and the second is in children between 10 and 14 years old.

Does diabetes affect your family?

Family history. Anyone with a parent or sibling with type 1 diabetes has a slightly increased risk of developing the condition.

Can diabetes be life threatening?

Eventually, diabetes complications may be disabling or even life- threatening.

Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM)

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus is commonly known as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). It usually begins before the age of 15, but it can strike adults as well.

Clinical Signs and Symptoms of Insulin-dependent Diabetes Mellitus

At the time of diagnosis, people with type 1 diabetes (Insulin-dependent diabetes) often present with:

The onset of Insulin-dependent Diabetes Mellitus

The rate of beta-cell destruction is variable among infants and adults. Normally, the beta cells produce much more insulin than is needed by the body.

Causes of Insulin-dependent Diabetes Mellitus

The actual cause of type 1 diabetes is still not known. The pancreas’ insulin-producing (islets of Langerhans) cells are usually mistakenly destroyed by the body’s immune system, which is designed to battle harmful bacteria and viruses.

What is The Role of Insulin?

Insulin is a hormone that is released from the beta cells of the pancreas. Normally, the pancreas secretes insulin when a person starts eating, even when the blood glucose levels are not high.

Complications of Insulin-dependent Diabetes Mellitus

A variety of other complications can occur if type 1 diabetes is not managed. Some of the common complications include:

Can you prevent yourself from developing Insulin-dependent Diabetes mellitus

Till now, there is no known way to prevent type 1 diabetes as it is a genetic and autoimmune disease.

Why do you need insulin every day?

If you have type 1 diabetes, you’ll need to take insulin shots (or wear an insulin pump) every day to manage your blood sugar levels and get the energy your body needs. Insulin can’t be taken as a pill because the acid in your stomach would destroy it before it could get into your bloodstream.

Who manages diabetes?

Unlike many health conditions, diabetes is managed mostly by you, with support from your health care team (including your primary care doctor, foot doctor, dentist, eye doctor, registered dietitian nutritionist, diabetes educator, and pharmacist), family, teachers, and other important people in your life.

What is a DKA?

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a serious complication of diabetes that can be life-threatening. DKA develops when your body doesn’t have enough insulin to allow blood sugar into your cells for use as energy. Very high blood sugar and low insulin levels lead to DKA. The two most common causes are illness and missing insulin shots.

What is the hormone that helps blood sugar enter the cells in your body?

Insulin is a hormone that helps blood sugar enter the cells in your body where it can be used for energy. Without insulin, blood sugar can’t get into cells and builds up in the bloodstream. High blood sugar is damaging to the body and causes many of the symptoms and complications of diabetes. Type 1 diabetes (previously called insulin-dependent ...

How does Type 1 diabetes happen?

Type 1 diabetes is thought to be caused by an autoimmune reaction (the body attacks itself by mistake) that destroys the cells in the pancreas that make insulin, called beta cells. This process can go on for months or years before any symptoms appear. Some people have certain genes (traits passed on from parent to child) ...

How to prevent diabetes complications?

Keeping your blood sugar levels as close to target as possible will help you prevent or delay diabetes-related complications. Stress is a part of life, but it can make managing diabetes harder, including managing your blood sugar levels and dealing with daily diabetes care.

How to check blood sugar?

Recognize the signs of high or low blood sugar and what to do about it. Give yourself insulin by syringe, pen, or pump. Monitor your feet, skin, and eyes to catch problems early. Buy diabetes supplies and store them properly.

How does insulin help with diabetes?

Insulin acts as a “key.” It allows the glucose to go from the blood into the cells. It also helps you store energy. Insulin is a vital part of metabolism. Without it, your body isn’t able to function or perform properly. Uncontrolled diabetes can lead to serious complications. It can cause damage to small and large blood vessels and organs. This can often lead to heart disease, stroke, kidney disease, nerve damage, and eye disease. Managing diabetes requires keeping track of blood glucose levels. Treatment may include taking insulin or other medications. Healthy eating habits and regular exercise can also help manage diabetes. Types of Diabetes There are different types of diabetes. Each has something to do with insulin and blood glucose. Type 1 diabetes Type 1 diabetes is a disorder in which the pancreas cannot longer produce insulin. It used to be called juvenile diabetes. It’s also sometimes called insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. There is no cure. If you have it, you must take insulin to survive. Type 2 diabetes In type 2 diabetes, the pancreas can produce insulin, at least initially. But the body doesn’t respond to it or use it effectively. This is called insulin resistance. Over time, the ability of the pancreas to make insulin decreases. Then blood sugars go up. Some, but not all people with type 2 diabetes need to take insulin. Most of the time a proper diet, exercise, and medications can manage the disease. Gestational diabetes Gestational diabetes develops during pregnancy. According to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), women with gestational diabetes have a 35 to 60 percent chance of developing type 2 diabetes within 20 years. Prediabetes When blood glucose levels are higher than they should be, but no Continue reading >>

What Does The Military Say About Insulin Dependent Diabetics In Active Service?

You can't be in a combat role with insulin dependent diabetes. The reason being, there is a high likelihood that you will be placed in a position where you will not have access to fresh exogenous insulin or the time to administer it properly. This will put you in diabetic crisis which will jeopardize your life, the life and safety of your platoon, and the mission. Even non-combat roles might me difficulty depending on where you are deployed. Properly storing and administering insulin can be incredibly challenging, even in civilian life. The issue is only compounded by the rigors of military duty. Continue reading >>

How Does One Get Type I Versus Type Ii Diabetes?

I will try to answer this question at a deeper level and explain what actually happens inside the body. I will not be using any medical jargon as I want people without any medical background to be able to understand it. Please do not hesitate to ask questions if you do not completely understand any of the concepts I try to explain. Let us look at some basic concepts first: Role of Insulin: Insulin is a biochemical substance produced inside our body. It is made inside an organ called the pancreas. The pancreas sits in the abdomen between our liver and our stomach. Insulin has many different functions in the body but it's main role is to regulate blood sugar. Insulin forces blood glucose into our body tissues where they can be used as fuel to generate energy. Insulin also tells liver to take up more sugar and convert it into fat for storing the excess fuel. In the meantime, it also tells the liver not to convert any fat into glucose when it is not needed. 2. Role of Insulin Resistance: The degree to which the body tissues and the liver actually listen to and follow the commands given by insulin varies. Some people require a higher level of insulin to get the same effect. This is called insulin resistance. Usually, the body tissues get less sensitive to insulin if they are exposed to a higher level of insulin for a longer period of time. To understand the difference between Type 1 and type 2 diabetes, it is very important to understand this concept of insulin resistance. Insulin resistance is as important as the insulin itself. 3. Type 1 Diabetes: Absolute Lack of Insulin In type 1 diabetics, the main problem is that they do not produce enough insulin. For various reasons, mostly out of their control, the cells of the pancreas that produce insulin get destroyed. As a resul Continue reading >>

What are the symptoms of diabetes mellitus?

[6] Common symptoms include increased thirst, frequent urination, and unexplained weight loss. [3] Symptoms may also include increased hunger, feeling tired, and sores that do not heal. [3] Often symptoms come on slowly. [6] Long-term complications from high blood sugar include heart disease, strokes, diabetic retinopathy which can result in blindness, kidney failure, and poor blood flow in the limbs which may lead to amputations. [1] The sudden onset of hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state may occur; however, ketoacidosis is uncommon. [4] [5] Type 2 diabetes primarily occurs as a result of obesity and lack of exercise. [1] Some people are more genetically at risk than others. [6] Type 2 diabetes makes up about 90% of cases of diabetes, with the other 10% due primarily to diabetes mellitus type 1 and gestational diabetes. [1] In diabetes mellitus type 1 there is a lower total level of insulin to control blood glucose, due to an autoimmune induced loss of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. [12] [13] Diagnosis of diabetes is by blood tests such as fasting plasma glucose, oral glucose tolerance test, or glycated hemoglobin (A1C). [3] Type 2 diabetes is partly preventable by staying a normal weight, exercising regularly, and eating properly. [1] Treatment involves exercise and dietary changes. [1] If blood sugar levels are not adequately lowered, the medication metformin is typically recommended. [7] [14] Many people may eventually also require insulin injections. [9] In those on insulin, routinely checking blood sugar levels is advised; however, this may not be needed in those taking pills. [15] Bariatri Continue reading >>

What is the difference between T1D and T2D?

As a consequence, patients become insulin-dependent and must follow a rigid, daily regimen of exogenous insulin replacement. In contrast , type 2 diabetes (T2D) is typically a disease of adulthood (although more cases are now being seen earlier in life), where a relative insulin deficiency arises due to insulin resistance and abnormal pancreatic β cell function [1]. The American Diabetes Association (ADA) estimates that there are 17.9 million individuals diagnosed with diabetes in the U.S. [2], with 5 to 10 percent representing those with T1D [3]. Epidemiologic studies suggest that the incidence rate of T1D has been growing worldwide, especially amongst young children [4]. With the increasing focus on the T2D epidemic, the impact of T1D in this country is often overlooked, particularly from an economic perspective. Many cost-of-illness (COI) studies have been performed on diabetes, but most combine the costs for T1D and T2D over just one year. The Agency for Health Research Quality (AHRQ), using the Medical Expenditures Panel Survey (MEPS), a nationally representative data set [5], reports that $34 billion in health expenditures were related to diabetes in 2005 [6]. A frequently quoted study by the ADA improves upon this number by using the attributable risk methodology to calculate the portion of expenditures on related comorbidities that is due to diabetes [7]. The researchers also include other non-medical costs (i.e. lost work days, bed days, and increased mortality), which are important factors in the cost of diabetes. The study finds that diabetes is responsible for $92 billion in medical ex Continue reading >>

Why is insulin resistance important?

Insulin resistance is as important as the insulin itself. 3. Type 1 Diabetes: Absolute Lack of Insulin In type 1 diabetics, the main problem is that they do not produce enough insulin. For various reasons, mostly out of their control, the cells of the pancreas that produce insulin get destroyed.

How many people have diabetes in the world?

Key facts The number of people with diabetes has risen from 108 million in 1980 to 422 million in 2014 (1). The global prevalence of diabetes* among adults over 18 years of age has risen from 4.7% in 1980 to 8.5% in 2014 (1). Diabetes prevalence has been rising more rapidly in middle- and low-income countries. Diabetes is a major cause of blindness, kidney failure, heart attacks, stroke and lower limb amputation. In 2015, an estimated 1.6 million deaths were directly caused by diabetes. Another 2.2 million deaths were attributable to high blood glucose in 2012**. Almost half of all deaths attributable to high blood glucose occur before the age of 70 years. WHO projects that diabetes will be the seventh leading cause of death in 2030 (1). Healthy diet, regular physical activity, maintaining a normal body weight and avoiding tobacco use are ways to prevent or delay the onset of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes can be treated and its consequences avoided or delayed with diet, physical activity, medication and regular screening and treatment for complications. What is diabetes? Diabetes is a chronic disease that occurs either when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or when the body cannot effectively use the insulin it produces. Insulin is a hormone that regulates blood sugar. Hyperglycaemia, or raised blood sugar, is a common effect of uncontrolled diabetes and over time leads to serious damage to many of the body's systems, especially the nerves and blood vessels. In 2014, 8.5% of adults aged 18 years and older had diabetes. In 2015, diabetes was the direct cause of 1.6 million deaths and in 2012 high blood glucose was the cause of another 2.2 million deaths. Type 1 diabetes Type 1 diabetes (previously known as insulin-dependent, juvenile or childhood-onset) is charact Continue reading >>

Symptoms

Causes

• To add insult to injury, your own body has done this to itself, by destroying essential cells. In this, insulin dependent diabetes is similar to other autoimmune disorders. For whatever reason, our immune system gets confused, and instead of just annihilating things that truly do us harm, they also go after parts that help us, like the extraordinar...

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