What is the evolutionary history of butterflies?
Evolution of butterflies. The earliest known butterfly fossils are from the mid Eocene epoch, between 40-50 million years ago. [dubious – discuss] Their development is closely linked to the evolution of flowering plants, since both adult butterflies and caterpillars feed on flowering plants. Of the 220,000 species of Lepidoptera,...
How many species of butterflies are there?
[1] [dubious – discuss] Their development is closely linked to the evolution of flowering plants, since both adult butterflies and caterpillars feed on flowering plants. Of the 220,000 species of Lepidoptera, about 45,000 species are butterflies, which probably evolved from moths.
Is there a TV series called butterflies?
Not to be confused with Butterfly (TV series). Butterflies is a British sitcom series written by Carla Lane that was broadcast on BBC2 from 1978 to 1983. The subject, the day-to-day life of the comfortable middle-class Parkinson family, is treated in a bittersweet style.
What is the taxon of a butterfly?
The butterflies form the clade Rhopalocera, which is composed of three superfamilies: Hedyloidea (the moth butterfly family Hedylidae ), the Hesperioidea (the skipper family Hesperiidae ), and the Papilionoidea (the true butterfly families Papilionidae, Pieridae, Nymphalidae, Lycaenidae, and Riodinidae ). All of these families are monophyletic.
Who were the butterflies in the Dominican Republic?
Mariposa, which means “butterfly” in Spanish, was chosen as the name for this organization to honor the three most famous sisters in the Dominican Republic – Patria, Minerva and Maria Teresa Mirabal – who were assassinated in the Dominican Republic on the orders of the Dominican ruler Rafael Trujillo on November 25, ...
Who were the 4 Mirabal sisters?
The Mirabal SistersPatria Mercedes Mirabal Reyes. Patria Mercedes Mirabal Reyes (27 February 1924 – 25 November 1960), commonly known as Patria was the oldest of the four Mirabal sisters. ... Bélgica Adela Mirabal Reyes. ... María Argentina Minerva Mirabal Reyes. ... Antonia María Teresa Mirabal Reyes.
How was Minerva assassinated?
November 25, 1960, Dominican RepublicMaría Argentina Minerva Mirabal / Assassinated
Who are the Mirabal sisters and what happened to them?
Patria, Minerva and Maria Teresa were three sisters who lived in the Dominican Republic whilst the country was under the dictatorship of Rafael Trujillo. Rafael Trujillo's reign was extremely brutal. Those who stood in his way were imprisoned, tortured and murdered.
Did Minerva slap Trujillo?
Minerva is forced to dance with Trujillo who suspects she's involved with Virgilio Morales, which she denies. When Trujillo obscenely thrusts himself at Minerva, she slaps him hard across the face.
How old was Minerva Mirabal when she died?
34 years (1926–1960)María Argentina Minerva Mirabal / Age at death
Who did Minerva fall in love with?
Dougal and Minerva shared a sense of humour, argued fiercely, and suspected mysterious depths in each other. Before either of them knew it, Dougal was on one knee in a ploughed field, proposing, and Minerva was accepting him.
Why is Minerva called butterfly?
When school is over, Minerva wishes to study to become a lawyer, but women are not allowed in law school. The sisters return to the farm, and Minerva soon meets and falls in love with Virgilio "Lio" (Marc Anthony), a member of the Dominican resistance, who gives her the nickname "Butterfly", or Mariposa in Spanish.
Is in the Time of the Butterflies a true story?
Her second novel, In the Time of the Butterflies, is based on the real story of the four Mirabal sisters of the Dominican Republic, three of whom became symbols of resistance after being murdered at the order of the dictator Rafael Trujillo.
How are the sisters killed in the Time of the Butterflies?
Three murderers confess to killing one each of the three sisters. A fourth confesses to killing Rufino, while a fifth kept watch on the road. After killing the sisters, they put them in the jeep and pushed it over a cliff.
What is unique about the Mirabal sisters?
For that reason, today we want to share the story of the Mirabal sisters. Three brave women who followed their convictions and fought for justice in their country. Patria, Minerva, and Maria Teresa Mirabal are symbols of both popular and feminist resistance in Latin America.
What do the Mirabal sisters symbolize?
In this environment of severe oppression, the Mirabal sisters were a symbol of courage and resistance. The three decades of Trujillo's rule were characterised by fear and violence.
Why did the Mirabal sisters oppose Trujillo?
The group's primary goal was to oppose Trujillo's regime. They informed the public about Trujillo's crimes and openly spoke about the injustices committed under his ruling. On the 25th of November in 1960 some henchmen, following the orders of Trujillo, killed them savagely and brutally.
Why were the Mirabal sisters called the butterflies?
Together they led the Movement of the Fourteenth of June, a movement that ended up uniting the middle class against Trujillo's dictatorship. During this movement the sisters were labeled with an underground name, Las Mariposas (“The Butterflies”), a fitting name that really stuck.
What happened to the Mirabal sisters on November 25?
On November 25, 1960, after the Mirabal sisters were released from prison, their car was stopped on the highway. The three sisters and the driver were brutally beaten to death, and the car was pushed into a ravine to simulate an accident.
What do the Mirabal sisters symbolize?
In this environment of severe oppression, the Mirabal sisters were a symbol of courage and resistance. The three decades of Trujillo's rule were characterised by fear and violence.
What do butterfly caterpillars eat?
Most butterfly caterpillars eat one, or sometimes several, related species of plants. Usually the choice is made by the adult female when depositing eggs. Adults usually feed on nectar from flowers of plants, although many butterflies feed instead on rotting fruit, dung, etc., especially in the tropics. Migration.
What are caterpillars called?
Immatures. Caterpillars are the names given to the larvae of both butterflies and moths. They are usually very distinctive, and in some cases may be identified more easily than the adults. When they are developing, their skin may be shed four or more times, with each molt often changing the coloration and appearance of the caterpillar. They eat voraciously to transform plant material into tissues that they will need for metamorphosis.
What are the colors of butterflies wings?
Some of these are the Buckeye, the Painted Lady, the Purple Wing, the Great Southern White, the Cloudless Sulphur, and the Little Sulphur. Wing colors in butterflies appear in two types, pigment and structural, frequently combined in one individual.
How many species of butterflies are there in the world?
Butterflies. Numbers of species. Due to their bright colors and visits to flowers, butterflies are the most familiar of insects to humans. There are about 17,500 species of butterflies in the world, and around 750 species in the United States.
What are the colors of Lycaenidae?
Lycaenidae. Blues, Hairstreaks and Coppers. Colors and patterns of sexes often differ. Over 5,000 world species.
How many butterflies are there in the Lepidoptera Collection?
The Lepidoptera Collection of the Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History has over 4 million specimens—including butterflies, moths, and skippers.
What are the characteristics of butterflies?
Distinctive characteristics. Butterflies (and moths) are the only group of insects that have scales covering their wings, although some butterflies have reduced scales. They differ from other insects also by their ability to coil up their proboscis. Immatures.
What was the purpose of the movement of the fourteenth of June?
The primary goal of the group was to oppose the Trujillo regime.
Why were the Mirabal sisters killed?
The Mirabal Sisters: The three “butterflies” who were killed because of their activities against the dictatorship of Rafael Trujillo. Apr 19, 2017 Tijana Radeska.
Why was Minerva denied her law license?
In 1949, she was denied her license to practice law because she had declined the romantic advances of The Chief.
What did the sisters of Minerva do?
Their activities included distributing pamphlets which contained the names of the people killed by Trujillo and also obtaining materials for constructing guns and bombs in case of an open revolt. The sisters adopted the name “Las Mariposas,” which was Minerva’s underground name, and that’s how they called themselves.
Who were the three sisters in the 'The Butterflies'?
These three sisters, also known as “Las Mariposas” (“The Butterflies”), had another sister, Dede Mirabal. They were born in a family of farmers and grew up in ...
What happened to the butterflies in the 1960s?
So, on the 25th of November 1960, the butterflies went to the prison to visit their husbands along with their driver, Rufino de la Cruz. After the visit, on their way home, they were stopped by henchmen sent by Trujillo. Patria, Minerva, Maria Teresa, and de la Cruz were clubbed to death. Their bodies were gathered back in their Jeep, which was run off the mountain road so that their deaths would look like an accident.
When was the International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women?
Dede Mirabal conversing with journalists at the Mirabal Museum Photo credit. In 1999, the United Nations General Assembly designated 25th November as the International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women, in honour of the sisters.
How many of the Mirabal sisters earned college degrees?
As bright, young women they made it a point to keep education above all in a time where education wasn’t common for women. Three of the four sisters earned college degrees. Dedé Mirabal stayed home to take care of the household. All four were well-read outside of academia.
What did the Butterflies do in the 1950s?
Living through the ruling of Dominican dictator Rafael Trujillo in the 1950s, Las Mariposas fought tirelessly to put an end to his hateful, racist political ways. Knowing the possible outcome of their disloyalty, The Butterflies fearlessly led a movement that called for the liberation of their home country and its women, until their last breath.
Where did the Mirabal sisters come from?
Instagram. The Mirabal Family’s Origin. Raised in Salcedo, a town based in the northern region of the island known as the “Cibao” in the Dominican Republic, the Mirabal sisters come from a large family of middle class farmers.
What happened to Minerva and Maria?
They were dragged to a sugarcane field where they fought for their lives. Minerva, Maria and Patria were beaten and then strangled to death. Their bodies were placed back in their car, before said henchmen pushed it over a cliff in attempt to make it seem like an accident. The Aftermath.
What happened to the sisters in the Revolution?
Although the revolution had been in many ways successful, it unfortunately came with a high cost. On November 25, 1960, the three sisters were cutoff by Trujillo’s henchmen on their journey to visit their husbands, who were still incarcerated. They were dragged to a sugarcane field where they fought for their lives.
Who were the feminists before their time?
Patria Mirabal, Minerva Mirabal and María Teresa Mirabal were truly feminist before their time. Living through the ruling of Dominican dictator Rafael Trujillo in the 1950s, Las Mariposas…
When was the day of non-violence against women?
In 1984, the United Nations named Nov. 25 the “Day of Non-Violence Against Women” in the honor of them. The last remaining Mirabal sister, Dedé, raised their six children and founded the Mirabal Sisters Foundation. She continued to keep their names alive, until her death in 2014. In The Time Of The Butterflies.
What is the clade of butterflies?
The butterflies form the clade Rhopalocera, which is composed of three superfamilies: Hedyloidea (the moth butterfly family Hedylidae ), the Hesperioidea (the skipper family Hesperiidae ), and the Papilionoidea (the true butterfly families Papilionidae, Pieridae, Nymphalidae, Lycaenidae, and Riodinidae ). All of these families are monophyletic. The Hedyloidea is the sister group to the other two superfamilies. Within the Papilionoidea, Papilionidae is the sister group to the other families, and Pieridae is the sister group to (Nymphalidae+ (Lycaenidae+Riodinidae)). Phylogenetic hypotheses within the Nymphalidae are still under discussion. Current research is concentrated on subfamilial and tribal relationships, especially in the Nymphalidae.
How did butterflies evolve?
Butterfly evolution is the origin and diversification of butterflies through geologic time and over a large portion of the Earth's surface. The earliest known butterfly fossils are from the mid Eocene epoch, between 40-50 million years ago. Their development is closely linked to the evolution of flowering plants, since both adult butterflies and caterpillars feed on flowering plants. Of the 220,000 species of Lepidoptera, about 45,000 species are butterflies, which probably evolved from moths. Butterflies are found throughout the world, except in Antarctica, and are especially numerous in the tropics; they fall into eight different families.
How many species of butterflies are there?
Their development is closely linked to the evolution of flowering plants, since both adult butterflies and caterpillars feed on flowering plants. Of the 220,000 species of Lepidoptera, about 45,000 species are butterflies, which probably evolved from moths. Butterflies are found throughout the world, except in Antarctica, ...
What is the modern study of butterflies?
The modern study of butterflies higher classification began with Ehrlich's phenetic use of hundreds of previously overlooked morphological characters in tabular form, across families and major groups (Ehrlich, 1958). Scoble (1995) and others continued the search for new characters, but with their application to cladism. Larval characters are now commonly integrated with those from adult butterflies. The addition of molecular data has allowed researchers to resolve clades in many lineages.
How many butterfly fossils are there?
Evidence is gleaned from paleontology where some 50 butterfly fossils have been identified, from morphology and the study of homologies, from molecular genetics and comparative biochemistry, from comparative ethology, and from present-day geographical distributions and ecology. Even though butterflies are among the most studied insects, new findings are coming to light almost every month, and the prospect of a stable butterfly classification based on strongly supported clades is seemingly within reach.
What are the factors that contribute to speciation in butterflies?
Mimicry, hybridization, and co-evolution with host plants have probably contributed to speciation in the butterflies (Lamas, 2008).
When did butterflies originate?
Some researchers theorize that butterflies most likely originated in the Cretaceous period when the continents were arrayed differently from their present positions and with climates unlike those of today. That is when the major angiosperm radiation took place. Thus, butterfly evolution must be studied throughout the elaboration and testing of phylogenetic hypotheses and through historical zoogeography. Researchers who accept a Cretace ous origin for the butterflies generally favor vicariant zoogeographic hypothesis for how the major lineages of butterflies came to be distributed over the world, whereas those who favor a Tertiary age rely on dispersalist hypotheses (Lamas, 2008).
What is the TV show Butterfly about?
Butterflies. (TV series) Not to be confused with Butterfly (TV series). Butterflies is a British sitcom series written by Carla Lane that was broadcast on BBC2 from 1978 to 1983 . The subject, the day-to-day life of the comfortable middle-class Parkinson family, is treated in a bittersweet style. There are traditional comedy themes (such as Ria's ...
What is the funny side of Christmas?
An eight-and-a-half-minute sketch aired as part of a Christmas special called The Funny Side of Christmas on BBC1 on 27 December 1982. The family are happy for a seasonal excuse to avoid eating Ria's food. She reveals to Adam privately that Leonard has gone to New York, but he is instead outside in his car, until Thomas reminds him that his former wife is waiting for him at home. Leonard calls Ria on the home phone and Adam answers. Asking for Ria, Leonard is told that Ria is kissing Ben under the mistletoe. When Ria gets to the phone, Leonard hears her voice and hangs up without speaking.
Where was Butterflies filmed?
Filming locations. Unlike most Carla Lane sitcoms, Butterflies is not set in Liverpool, but in the prosperous town of Cheltenham, Gloucestershire. (Ben refers to this in the final episode, "Loose Ends". Although the Parkinson's live in Jade Road, this is a fictitious address actually filmed at 30 Bournside Road).
When did Butterflies come out?
19 October 1983. ( 1983-10-19) Butterflies is a British sitcom series written by Carla Lane that was broadcast on BBC2 from 1978 to 1983. The subject, the day-to-day life of the comfortable middle-class Parkinson family, is treated in a bittersweet style. There are traditional comedy themes (such as Ria's terrible cooking, ...
Who played Ria in the original movie?
An American remake was piloted but never commissioned. NBC broadcast the pilot in August 1979, with little change to the original scripting. It starred Jennifer Warren as Ria Parkinson and John McMartin as her husband, Ben Parkinson. Film actor Jim Hutton was featured as Leonard Dean in this version. It was Hutton's last acting job. He died suddenly from liver cancer at the age of 45 in June 1979, several weeks before the pilot aired.
Where is Parkinson's House in Cheltenham?
The apparent office block that could often be seen behind the Parkinson's house at 30 Bournside Road was, in fact, the rear of the catering block of the then North Gloucestershire College of Technology in The Park, Cheltenham, and is now a housing estate.
Who plays Ria Parkinson in Butterflies?
Wendy Craig and Geoffrey Palmer, pictured on Butterflies Region 1 DVD cover. The show stars Wendy Craig as Ria Parkinson, a frustrated 'stay-at-home' housewife, and Geoffrey Palmer as her reserved and hard-working dentist husband, Ben, who is also an amateur lepidopterist.
What is the mural on the Malecon in Santo Domingo?
Now covered with a mural depicting images of the Mirabal sisters—the three martyred ones and the survivor Dedé—it no longer honors the long-dead and disgraced dictator. The work was sponsored by the national telephone company Codetel, whose president said that honoring the sisters this way offered a eulogy to "the struggle of many men and women for Dominican liberty," while also atoning for "the ignominious motive that gave birth to this monument." Dominicans, particularly the nation's women, had long regarded the phallic obelisk as an embodiment of both the Trujillo dictatorship and the machismo values that permeated his life and regime, and which continue to flourish in Latin America. Its replacement by a mural honoring women was interpreted by Minou Tavárez Mirabal as "a victory that is not only political but one of gender."
Why did Mirabal sisters join the Underground?
The eldest sister Patria joined the underground because of an essentially religious thirst for justice and peace.
What was Trujillo demanding?
In the final years of his dictatorship, Trujillo was demanding that the Roman Catholic Church bestow on him the title of "Benefactor of the Church," but—possibly sensing that his days were numbered—it refused to do so. One of the Mirabal sisters, Minerva, had firsthand knowledge of the dictator's nature.
What is the significance of the Mirabal sisters?
Throughout Latin America, the Mirabal sisters became feminist icons, with the anniversary of their deaths being commemorated every November 25 as the International Day of Violence Against Women. A powerful novel by Dominican-born poet and writer Julia Alvarez , whose parents had gone into exile with her in 1960 to escape Trujillo's wrath, appeared in 1994 as In the Time of the Butterflies.
How old was Minerva when she was arrested?
One of the Mirabal sisters, Minerva, had firsthand knowledge of the dictator's nature. At age 22, having turned down sexual overtures from Trujillo, she was jailed and banned from continuing her law studies. During three years under house arrest at her parents' home in Ojo de Agua, she passed the time painting watercolors and writing poetry about the suffering endured
What did Trujillo do to raise the price of salt?
With the monopoly in place, he raised the price of salt from 60 cents to $3 for a hundred pounds.
Where are the Mirabal sisters from?
Born into a family of landowners, the four Mirabal sisters—Patria, Minerva, María Teresa, and Dedé —grew up in a highly conservative and sheltered environment in the rural town of Ojo de Agua in Salcedo Province, Dominican Republic. Their father Enrique kept them on a tight rein. Although their mother Mercedes was barely literate, ...
