Whether you're a psychology student or practicing psychologist
Psychologist
A psychologist studies normal and abnormal mental states, perceptual, cognitive, emotional, and social processes and behavior by experimenting with, and observing, interpreting, and recording how individuals relate to one another and to their environments.
What are cultural variables in psychology?
For seasoned researchers and students in training alike, there are some important steps to take:
- Keep an open mind. ...
- Do our homework. ...
- Embrace our multicultural samples. ...
- Take culture into account. ...
- Appreciate “incidental” findings. ...
- Conduct hypothesis-based research. ...
- Do not settle. ...
- Consider nature X nurture. ...
- Be a cultural methodologist. ...
- Study culture within the person. ...
What is an example of multicultural?
How much knowledge do you have about each of your cultures?
- Monocultural: High level of knowledge of one culture
- Slightly multicultural: High level of knowledge about one culture and moderate knowledge about another culture
- Moderately multicultural: High level of knowledge of more than one culture
- Highly multicultural: high level of knowledge of more than two cultures
What are the rules of psychology?
Psychology is the science of mind and behavior.Psychology includes the study of conscious and unconscious phenomena, as well as feelings and thought.It is an academic discipline of immense scope. Psychologists also seek an understanding of the emergent properties of brains, linking the discipline to neuroscience.As a social science, psychologists aim to understand the behavior of individuals ...
What are multicultural competencies?
Doctors are unsure what causes the cancer, but risk factors include:
- Having multiple sexual partners
- Having sex at an early age
- Smoking
- A weakened immune system
What is the importance of multicultural psychology?
Multicultural psychology has helped in identifying a person within different cultures and also to facilitate interaction between individuals from different cultural backgrounds. In the United States, for instance, people from different parts of the world (immigrants) came together to form the present day America.
What is the effect of multicultural psychology?
One of the strange psychological effects of multiculturalism as a doctrine or ideology is that it renders people peculiarly uninterested in or insensitive to the ideas or feelings of people or cultures other than their own.
What is multicultural psychology and why is it important in discussions of Abnormal Psychology?
The multicultural theory of abnormal psychology recognizes that all psychology occurs within the framework of a culture or society. It also recognizes that all cultures have their strengths and weaknesses.
What is multicultural perspective in psychology?
The multicultural perspective is an ideological orientation that values the recognition and inclusion of diverse ethnic and cultural groups as sources of identity and culture that are favorable to society, because they promote positive intergroup relations and social equality.
What do you learn in multicultural psychology?
Multicultural Psychology is the systematic study of how culture influences affect, cognition, and behavior. In other words, Multicultural Psychology is about how culture influences the way people feel, think, and act.
What is the benefit of multiculturalism?
Diverse cultural perspectives can inspire creativity and drive innovation. Local market knowledge and insight makes a business more competitive and profitable. Cultural sensitivity, insight, and local knowledge means higher quality, targeted marketing.
Why is it important to identify cross-cultural differences in experience personality and behavior?
Why is it important to identify cross-cultural differences in experience, personality, and behavior? Correct Answer(s): Such cross-cultural differences tell us about variability in human experiences. Cross-cultural research informs us about the generalizability of research findings.
Why diversity is important in clinical psychology?
The diversity of the clinical psychology workforce is an important contributing factor in ensuring that clients are able to access services that can reflect their own particular culture and personal identities, and also to allow the possibility of choice surrounding diversity across therapists and psychologists.
What is the importance of cross-cultural perspective?
Cross-cultural studies main importance is to advance and expand our knowledge beyond the confinements of our particular surrounding context, encompassing a universal perspective in understanding human behavior. Cross-cultural research provides benefits that transcend the limits of the traditional research approaches.
How is multiculturalism affecting social psychology?
Furthermore, it has been suggested that multiculturalism can lead to reified and essentialist group distinctions that promote group stereotyping and negative out-group feelings and that endangers social unity and cohesion in society (e.g. Brewer, 1997).
What is the psychological principle in multicultural instruction?
Respect for individual and group differences is a major principle of multiculturalism. When this standard is extended to psychology, it applies to the role of psychologists and their knowledge, awareness, and skills.
How does culture impact human development?
Recognizing Cultural Influences on Child Development. Culture influences development from the moment we're born, making an impact on us as we grow. For instance, culture can affect how children build values, language, belief systems, and an understanding of themselves as individuals and as members of society.
What is multicultural psychology?
Multicultural psychology considers the influence of contextual variables (e.g., race or ethnicity) on human functioning in diverse societies. Cross-cultural psychology focuses on relationships between individuals and/or groups from different cultures.
What are the APA guidelines for multicultural counseling?
In August 2002, the APA adopted the Guidelines on Multicultural Education, Training, Research, Practice, and Organizational Change for Psychologists. These guidelines were an important step in a long history of work on multicultural counseling competencies. This work began in 1982 when D. W. Sue and others in the Society of Counseling Psychology (APA Division 17) proposed the Cross-Cultural Counseling Competencies. The purpose of the APA guidelines is to provide a rationale for the need to address multiculturalism and diversity, specifically those involving racial/ethnic interactions, in addition to reviewing relevant research and providing standards for integrating cultural concerns into the varied work of psychologists.
Why is acculturation important?
Understanding the process of acculturation is important when working with immigrant clients because they are adjusting to the dominant culture. Moreover, other racial/ethnic groups undergo an acculturation process because the dominant culture does not include the multiple racial and ethnic groups that are a part of the United States. For example, many African Americans experience an acculturation process when growing up in Black communities and then attending schools or working in predominantly White settings. John W. Berry describes various acculturation strategies, including assimilation and marginalization. Acculturation can lead to acculturative stress as individuals navigate multiple cultural norms and try to meet group expectations that often conflict. However, as with racial and ethnic identity development, acculturation is not a linear process that occurs in the same ways or directions for all people and groups. Research on acculturation has shown that in some contexts, acculturation to the dominant culture can have positive psychological effects, but in many others, acculturation to the dominant culture is detrimental to development as individuals and groups lose support from their culture and communities of origin.
What are the dimensions of bicultural competence?
LaFromboise and colleagues proposed six dimensions of bicultural competence: knowledge of cultural beliefs and values, positive attitudes toward majority and minority groups, bicultural efficacy, communication ability, role repertoire, and a sense of being grounded.
What political movement influenced psychologists?
Political movements and subsequent legislation and policies, such as the Civil Rights Act of 1964, exerted an influence on psychologists’ integration of multicultural issues in research and practice.
What are the relationships between racial and ethnic identity?
For people of color, less “mature” or sophisticated identity statuses (i.e., pre-encounter, encounter) have been linked to high anxiety, low self-esteem, depression, and psychological distress.
Is multiculturalism a part of psychology?
Although great strides have been made regarding the acceptance of multicultural issues in psychology, there is still debate regarding the definition and focus of the term multicultural. According to D. Sue, some scholars define multicultural psychology broadly, stating that every interpersonal encounter is multicultural because all individuals are cultural beings. This approach considers multiple dimensions of diversity to be a part of the purview of multicultural psychology (e.g., religion, gender, sexual orientation, age, and social class). This definition also considers the cultural experiences of the majority group to be a part of multicultural psychology. At a minimum, some scholars argue that racial/cultural contexts of these other dimensions should be a focus of both research and practice in multicultural psychology.
Why is multicultural counseling important?
Multicultural counseling seeks to understand how cultural and identity issues impact an individual’s mental health ...
What is multicultural counseling?
Multicultural counseling seeks to understand how cultural and identity issues impact an individual’s mental health and how those factors might influence a patient’s relationship with counseling itself.
What are the factors that affect multicultural counseling?
Relevant factors can include issues of race, ethnicity, immigration status, religion, socioeconomic background, and gender identity. “Multicultural counseling is, at its heart, about appreciating that individuals are not all the same and that their personal background—their ethnicity, their race, and their cultural context—is an important component ...
How to develop multicultural counseling skills?
Developing Multicultural Counseling Skills. To effectively work with individuals from various cultural and socioeconomic backgrounds, mental health professionals must develop a deep sense of cultural awareness that empowers them to understand the different cultural factors contributing to a patient’s wellbeing.
Why is multicultural counseling important?
Why Multicultural Counseling Is So Important. Due to increasing globalization, multi cultural counseling is more important than ever. The scope of people going to therapy is also much broader than it was in previous decades. As such, the therapist must respond to the diverse range of individuals seeking mental health services, ...
What is multicultural counseling?
Multicultural counseling is an approach to therapy that takes racial and ethnic diversity into consideration as well as spirituality, class, sexual orientation and disability. Multicultural theory was developed to explore different contexts surrounding the counseling journey and the potential bias of practitioners.
Why is self awareness important in multicultural therapy?
It is essential for both individuals to understand his or her cultural experience, as well as how it contributes to any privilege, bias or prejudice.
What is the importance of communication in a therapeutic relationship?
Communication: this is a vital part of the therapeutic relationship, so both verbal and non-verbal communication (i.e. body language and facial expressions) will be encouraged. Sensitive approach: No matter the approach, a multicultural therapist should always consider your attitudes, beliefs and values during treatment.
Differences between cross-cultural and cultural psychology
Cultural psychology studies how social traditions and practices transform and regulate psychological functioning. In contrast, cross-cultural psychology considers that, due to cultural experiences, there are predictable and significant differences between different ethnocultural groups.
The importance of the discipline
According to recent figures, there are 258 million migrants in the world. Out of these, 150.3 million migrate for work reasons and 68.5 million forcibly, due to conflicts or human rights violations.
Implications of cross-cultural psychology findings
Today, we have a relatively extensive knowledge of what influence a person’s culture exerts at the individual level. Furthermore, regarding the adaptation processes of an individual as a natural mechanism.
Differences between cross-cultural and cultural psychology
Cultural psychology studies how social traditions and practices transform and regulate psychological functioning. In contrast, cross-cultural psychology considers that, due to cultural experiences, there are predictable and significant differences between different ethnocultural groups.
The importance of the discipline
According to recent figures, there are 258 million migrants in the world. Out of these, 150.3 million migrate for work reasons and 68.5 million forcibly, due to conflicts or human rights violations.
Implications of cross-cultural psychology findings
Today, we have a relatively extensive knowledge of what influence a person’s culture exerts at the individual level. Furthermore, regarding the adaptation processes of an individual as a natural mechanism.
What is cross cultural psychology?
Cross-cultural psychology analyzes characteristics and behavior across different cultural groups, with an interest in variation as well as human universals. Cultural psychology involves comparison as well, but has been described as more focused on psychological processes within a particular culture. In another approach, indigenous psychology, ...
How does culture influence happiness?
While happiness seems to be one of the most cross-culturally recognizable emotions in terms of individual expression, culture can influence how one thinks about happiness. Research indicates that people in different cultures vary in how much value they place on happiness and how much they focus on their own well-being.
What is the difference between a collectivist and an individualistic culture?
Those in relatively individualistic cultures are thought to emphasize independence and to favor personal attitudes and preferences to a greater degree.
What is culture in art?
While various definitions are used, culture can be understood as the collection of ideas and typical ways of doing things that are shared by members of a society and have been passed down through generations. These can include norms, rules, and values as well as physical creations such as tools.
What is cross cultural research?
Cross-cultural research demonstrates that experimental effects, correlations, or other results that are observed in one cultural context —for example, the tendency of Western participants to rate their abilities as better-than-average—do not always appear in the same way, or at all, in others.
What is the weirdness of psychology?
The WEIRDness of Psychology. The psychological findings that get the most attention are disproportionately derived from a fraction of the world’s population. Some scientists call this relatively well-examined subgroup of human societies WEIRD: that is, Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic.
What are some examples of WEIRD cultures?
While there is not a single agreed-upon list of WEIRD cultures—and populations within particular countries can show different levels of these characteristics—commonly cited examples of WEIRD countries include the U.S., Canada, the U.K. and other parts of Western Europe, and Australia.
History of Multicultural Psychology
Prejudice and Stereotypes
- Research on prejudice and stereotyping in social psychology has contributed to understanding the links between individual cognition, prejudice (i.e., negative social attitudes), and discriminatory behaviors toward various groups, providing an essential cornerstone to multicultural psychology. John F. Dovidio, Ana Validzic, and Samuel L. Gaertner cite research on the “contact hypothesis” i…
Racial/Ethnic Identity Development Models
- In Counseling the Culturally Diverse, D. W. Sue and David Sue review both racial-cultural minority and White racial identity development as these apply to the work of psychologists and counselors. Such models address individual differences within racial/ethnic groups, going beyond demographic or phenotypic definitions of race and ethnicity to address the psychological meani…
Acculturation and Biculturalism
- Considering the increasing diversity of the United States and most other modern societies, acculturation is an important topic in multicultural psychology. Acculturation is a process of individual and group change that occurs when cultural groups come into contact. Understanding the process of acculturation is important when working with immigrant ...
Multicultural Competence
- In August 2002, the APA adopted the Guidelines on Multicultural Education, Training, Research, Practice, and Organizational Change for Psychologists. These guidelines were an important step in a long history of work on multicultural counseling competencies. This work began in 1982 when D. W. Sue and others in the Society of Counseling Psychology (APA Division 17) proposed the Cr…
Multicultural Training
- To facilitate the development of multicultural competence in counseling and other forms of applied psychology, multicultural psychologists such as D. Sue have focused on effective multicultural training. D. Sue reviewed various models of multicultural training, including a generic approach that assumes traditional techniques are applicable to all cultures; the etic approach, w…
Focus of Multicultural Psychology
- Although great strides have been made regarding the acceptance of multicultural issues in psychology, there is still debate regarding the definition and focus of the term multicultural. According to D. Sue, some scholars define multicultural psychology broadly, stating that every interpersonal encounter is multicultural because all individuals are cultural beings. This approac…