The key difference between proximate and ultimate analysis is that proximate analysis is the technique used to analyze the compounds in a mixture, whereas ultimate analysis is the technique used to analyze the elements present in a compound. The proximate analysis involves the determination of the different compounds present in a mixture.
What is the difference between proximate analysis and ultimate analysis of coal?
Proximate analysis of coal determines the contents of moisture, volatile matter, ash and fixed carbon of the fuel. On the other hand, ultimate analysis determines the elemental composition of the coal i.e. carbon, hydrogen, sulfur, oxygen, nitrogen…..
What is a proximate analysis?
The "proximate" analysis gives moisture content, volatile content (when heated to 950 C), the free carbon remaining at that point, the ash (mineral) in the sample and the high heating value (HHV) based on the complete combustion of the sample to carbon dioxide and liquid water.
What is the difference between Proximity Analysis and ultimate analysis?
The proximity analysis parameters are 4) Fixed carbon. Where as in Ultimate analysis, which is more comprehensive, is dependent on quantitative analysis of various elements present in the coal sample such as carbon, hydrogen, sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen. 3 toxic foods for cats. One meat you should never feed your cat. Warning for cat owners.
What is the fixed carbon in proximate analysis?
However, the fixed carbon in proximate analysis is different from the carbon in ultimate analysis. In proximate analysis, it does not include the carbon in the volatile matter and is often referred to as the char yield after devolatilization.
What do you mean by proximate and ultimate analysis?
The key difference between proximate and ultimate analysis is that proximate analysis is the technique used to analyze the compounds in a mixture, whereas ultimate analysis is the technique used to analyze the elements present in a compound.
What is ultimate analysis?
Ultimate analysis provides a convenient method for reporting the major organic elemental composition of coal. For this analysis, a coal sample is combusted in an ultimate analyzer, which measures the weight percent of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, and ash from a coal sample.
What is meant by proximate analysis?
Proximate analysis refers to the quantitative analysis of macromolecules in food. A combination of different techniques, such as extraction, Kjeldahl, NIR are used to determine protein, fat, moisture, ash and carbohydrates levels.
What is proximate and ultimate analysis of fuel?
Ultimate analysis. Proximate analysis of coal is an assay of the quantity of the coal. The ultimate analysis is the element analysis of the coal. The various parameter studied are percentages of moisture, volatile matter, ash and fixed carbon.
Why is proximate analysis so called?
Proximate analysis is one of the first analyses performed on coal after mining. The test involves heating the coal under various conditions for variable amounts of time to determine moisture, volatile matter, fixed carbon, and ash yield.
Why proximate analysis is done?
Proximate analysis allows us to make legitimate comparisons of feeds on the basis of specific nutrients. This makes it possible to know how much better one feed is than another in terms of specific nutrients.
What is ultimate analysis of biomass?
The scope of ultimate analysis is to determine the percentage content of carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen of the biomass. The analyses were conducted with a TrueSpec CHN LECO elemental analyzer observing ASTM D5373 protocol for analysis and the results were expressed as dry basis of biomass [11].
What is ultimate analysis of solid waste?
Ultimate analysis informs about the amount of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N), sulphur (S) and oxygen (O). Also, thermal characteristics such as heating value, in particular the higher heating value (HHV), are a key factor for the design of WTE plants (Kalogirou, 2017).
What are the 5 components of proximate analysis?
However, it is mandatory for the standardized nutritional labels to contain and present content information on the following five constituents - protein, fat, moisture, ash and carbohydrates, where the constituents themselves are known as “proximates” and the process of determination of their contents - as “Proximate ...
What is an ultimate analysis of coal?
The ultimate analysis of coal involves determination of the weight percent carbon as well as sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen (usually estimated by difference). Trace elements that occur in coal are typically included as a part of the ultimate analysis.
What is the difference between proximate and ultimate causes of behavior?
The ultimate level of causation refers to the behavior's evolutionary significance; how the behavior enhances reproductive fitness. The proximate cause refers to the immediate cause of a behavior, whether that be hormonal, neurological, cognitive, interpersonal, or cultural.
How are proximate and ultimate analysis related?
Ultimate analysis, on the other hand, involves the determination of the number and types of different chemical elements present in a particular compound. Therefore, these two techniques are related to each other.
What is the difference between proximate and ultimate analysis?
The key difference between proximate and ultimate analysis of coal is that proximate analysis is the technique used to analyze the moisture content, ash content and fixed carbon of coal whereas ultimate analysis is the technique used to analyze the chemical composition of coal.
What is Proximate Analysis of Coal?
Proximate analysis of coal is the process of determining the presence of different compounds and their amounts in coal. The technique of proximate analysis was developed by Henneberg and Stohmann (German scientists) in 1860. This analysis technique involves the partitioning of compounds into different categories depending on the chemical properties of these compounds. Mainly, there are six categories of compounds as moisture, ash, crude protein, crude lipid, crude fibre, and nitrogen-free extracts. In the process of proximate analysis of coal, the moisture content of coal, ash content of coal and the fixed carbon content of coal are determined.
Ultimate analysis
Ultimate analysis is useful during mass balance calculations for a chemical or thermal process. Ultimate analysis of waste is carried out to determine the proportions of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur.
Proximate analysis
Proximate analysis is important in evaluating the combustion properties of waste or waste derived fuel. The fractions of greatest interest are: moisture content, ash, volatile matter and fixed carbon
Why is proximate analysis flawed?
However, proximate analysis is flawed as a rank indicator because at low ranks the contributions of the maceral groups are divergent, with the relatively aliphatic liptinite macerals contributing more to the volatile matter than the more aromatic vitrinite and inertinite macerals.
What are the proximate and ultimate parameters of biomass fuels?
General parameters such as fixed carbon, volatile matter, ash concentration, moisture, and others provide a crude estimate of how the fuel will behave when it is burned and can provide certain traditional measures such as ash loading and estimates for emission constituents such as sulfur. Proximate and ultimate analysis along with higher heating values for several of the biomass fuels was given in the preceding tables. These parameters are necessary but are not sufficient to define and detail the behavior of a particular fuel and/or fuel blend. Other measures such as reactivity for both the organic and inorganic fractions will be discussed later.
Is carbon in proximate or ultimate?
However, the fixed carbon in proximate analysis is different from the carbon in ultimate analysis. In proximate analysis, it does not include the carbon in the volatile matter and is often referred to as the char yield after devolatilization.
What is the importance of proximate analysis?
Significance / Importance of proximate analysis: The proximate analysis plays a vital role in the selection of a specific variety of coal for a specific purpose and thereby in deciding the quality of coal. A. Moisture: i) The high percentage of moisture reduces the calorific value of coal since a significant amount of liberated heat is wasted in evaporating the moisture. Therefore the net useful heat is less. ii) Since the moisture is transported at the same cost as coal, fuel becomes expensive. iii) Due to excessive surface moisture, handling of coal becomes troublesome. iv) However a small quantity of surface moisture up to 10% is desirable in coal as it improves yield and quantity of metallurgical coke. v) It also produces a more uniform fuel bed and reduces the amount of fly ash. Hence a good quality of coal should have less amount of moisture. B. Volatile matter: i) The volatile matter is produced as a result of thermal decomposition of coal. ii) The volatile matter consists of combustible gases like CO, H2, CH4 and other hydrocarbons and incombustible gases like CO2 and N2. iii) The incombustible gases do not have any heating value and are undesirable. iv) Some coals having large amount of volatile matter burn with long, sooty (smoky) flame and have low heating value. Hence lesser the percentage of volatile matter better will be the rank of coal. v) Coals with low volatile matter burn with a shorter flame. Thus information regarding the percentage of volatile matter is essential while designing a furnace, as combustion space required depends upon the nature of the flame. C. Ash: i) Ash is a non-combustible inorganic matter left after complete combustion of organic matter in the coal. Ash reduces the calorific value of coal. ii) Ash also causes hindrance in the burning of coal. Hence lower the ash content, better the quality of coal. iii) The presence of ash also increases the transporting, handling and storage costs. It also involves additional cost in ash disposal. 7 iv) The presence of ash also causes early wear of furnace walls, burning of apparatus and feeding mechanism. D. Fixed carbon: 1. Higher the percentage of fixed carbon, greater is its calorific value and better will be the quality of coal. Hence high percentage of carbon is desirable. 2. It also helps in designing the furnace and shape of fire box because it is the fixed carbon that burns in solid state.
What is the purpose of proximate analysis of coal?
Proximate analysis of coal determines the moisture content of coal,volatile matter,ash content and fixed carbon of coal.Ultima te analysis determines the chemical composition of coal i.e Carbon,hydrogen,oxygen,nitrogen,sulphur along with moisture and ash.
What does the proximate analysis of coals indicate?
Proximate analysis used to ascertain “Rank” of coals as the above parameters will indicate the Heating value of the coal.
How does the ultimate analysis of coal help us to know about the quality of coal?
Ultimate analysis of coal help us to know about the quality of coal by knowing about sulphur content.
What is the chemical analysis of coal?
Coal is an abundant natural resource that can be used as a source of energy. The chemical analysis of coal includes both Proximate and Ultimate analysis. Proximate analysis of coal examines the chemical composition of a coal sample. The proximity analysis parameters are. 1) Moisture,
