What is the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934?
V § 461 et seq. The Indian Reorganization Act (IRA) of June 18, 1934, or the Wheeler–Howard Act, was U.S. federal legislation that dealt with the status of American Indians in the United States. It was the centerpiece of what has been often called the " Indian New Deal ".
What did the Reorganization Act of 1960 do?
The Reorganization Act remains the basis of federal legislation concerning Indian affairs. The act’s basic aims were reinforced in the 1960s and ’70s by the further transfer of administrative responsibility for reservation services to the Indians themselves, who continued to depend on the federal government to finance those services.
What was the significance of the Indian Relief Act of 1933?
The IRA was the most significant initiative of John Collier, who was President Franklin D. Roosevelt 's Commissioner of the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) from 1933 to 1945. He had long studied Indian issues and worked for change since the 1920s, particularly with the American Indian Defense Association.
What was the purpose of the Indian Allotment Act of 1947?
This legislation replaced the allotment policy that had dominated federal-American Indian affairs for nearly 50 years. It also promoted American Indian self-determination and the revival of tribal communities.
Who passed the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934?
President Franklin Roosevelt signs the Wheeler-Howard Act, better known as the Indian Reorganization Act, which pushes tribal governments to adopt U.S.–style governance.
Who promoted the Indian New Deal?
Roosevelt's Presidency to change the course of U.S.-American Indian relations. American Indian policy in the late 1800s undermined native culture by forcing Native Americans to assimilate into the European-American lifestyle.
What was the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934?
AN ACT To conserve and develop Indian lands and resources; to extend to Indians the right to form business and other organizations; to establish a credit system for Indians; to grant certain rights of home rule to Indians; to provide for voca- tional education for Indians; and for other purposes.
Who was John Collier and what did he do?
John Collier was the U.S. Commissioner of Indian Affairs from 1933 to 1945. In this position he “hacked away at Government policy that called for 'civilizing' the Indian. He tried instead, to re-awaken interest in Indian art and music, folklore and custom” [1].
What was the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 quizlet?
Indian Reorganization Act, also called Wheeler-Howard Act, (June 18, 1934), measure enacted by the U.S. Congress, aimed at decreasing federal control of American Indian affairs and increasing Indian self-government and responsibility.
When was the Indian Reorganization Act?
Indian Reorganization Act, also called Wheeler–Howard Act, (June 18, 1934), measure enacted by the U.S. Congress, aimed at decreasing federal control of American Indian affairs and increasing Indian self-government and responsibility.
Why did the great depression lead to the Indian Reorganization Act?
Why did the Great Depression lead to the Indian Reorganization Act? The Roosevelt administration wanted to alleviate the financial dependence of American Indians on the government.
What was the aim of Indian Reorganisation act when was it implemented?
Answer: Indian Reorganisation Act gave natives in reservations the right to buy land and take loans. It was implemented in 1934.
What was a lasting result of the Indian Reorganization Act passed in 1934?
The Indian Reorganization Act improved the political, economic, and social conditions of American Indians in a number of ways: privatization was terminated; some of the land taken was returned and new land could be purchased with federal funds; a policy of tribal self-government was implemented; tribes were allowed to ...
When did the Indian Reorganization Act end?
The IRA was the most significant initiative of John Collier, who was President Franklin D. Roosevelt's Commissioner of the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) from 1933 to 1945.
What role did John Collier play in the 1920s?
Reform was triggered by the efforts of John Collier, the Executive Secretary for the American Indian Defense Association. Publishing his own bulletin, American Indian Life, Collier launched a publicity crusade contrasting the extent of Indian poverty with the general prosperity of the 1920s.
What is the meaning of the chaser by John Collier?
'The Chaser' penned by John Collier is a modern commentary on the patriarchal system of the current day society, where men are parallel to animals while women a simple object to win over.
What was the Indian New Deal quizlet?
"Indian New Deal" 1934 partially reserved the individualistic approach and belatedly tried to restore the tribal basis of indian life, Government legislation that allowed the Indians a form of self-government and thus willingly shrank the authority of the U.S. government.
How did the New Deal affect Native Americans quizlet?
How did the New Deal policies affect Native Americans? Collier developed the Indian New Deal, a program that gave Indians money granted and have greater control over their events. The Bureau of Indian Affairs encouraged the practice of Indian religions, native languages, and traditional customs.
How did the Indian New Deal help Native Americans?
The law protected and restored land to American Indians, encouraged self-government, increased educational opportunities, and made available much-needed credit for small farms.
Why did the great depression lead to the Indian Reorganization Act?
Why did the Great Depression lead to the Indian Reorganization Act? The Roosevelt administration wanted to alleviate the financial dependence of American Indians on the government.
What was the Indian Reorganization Act?
The Indian Reorganization Act (IRA) of June 18, 1934, or the Wheeler–Howard Act, was U.S. federal legislation that dealt with the status of American Indians in the United States. It was the centerpiece of what has been often called the " Indian New Deal ".
What did the Indian Act restore?
The Act also restored to Indians the management of their assets—land and mineral rights —and included provisions intended to create a sound economic foundation for the inhabitants of Indian reservations. The law did not apply to Hawaii; Alaska and Oklahoma were added under another law in 1936.
When was Carcieri v. Kempthorne argued?
In 2008, Carcieri v Kempthorne was argued before the U.S. Supreme Court; the Court ruled on it in 2009, with the decision called Carcieri v. Salazar. In 1991, the Narragansett Indian tribe bought 31 acres (130,000 m 2) of land.
Why did the IRA help Indians?
The IRA provided a mechanism for the recovery of land that had been sold —including land that had been sold to tribal Indians.
What was John Collier's main goal?
He had long studied Indian issues and worked for change since the 1920s, particularly with the American Indian Defense Association. He intended to reverse the assimilationist policies that had resulted in considerable damage to American Indian cultures, and to provide a means for American Indians to re-establish sovereignty and self-government, to reduce the losses of reservation lands, and to build economic self-sufficiency. He believed that Indian traditional culture was superior to that of modern America, and thought it worthy of emulation. His proposals were considered highly controversial, as numerous powerful interests had profited from the sale and management of Native lands. Congress revised Collier's proposals and preserved oversight of tribes and reservations by the Bureau of Indian Affairs within the Department of Interior.
What was Collier's goal in 1934?
At the time the Act passed, it was United States policy to eliminate Indian reservations, dividing the communal territory and allotting 160-acre plots to individual heads of households, to be owned in severalty.
What was the process of Indian allotment?
The process of allotment started with the General Allotment Act of 1887.
What was the purpose of the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934?
Congress adopted the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934, which was designed to effect an orderly transition from federal control to native self-government. The essentials of the new law were as follows: (1) allotment of tribal lands was prohibited, but tribes might assign use rights to individuals; (2) so-called…
When did the Indians start asking for the franchise?
The act awakened a wider interest in civic affairs, and Indians began asking for the franchise, which they had been technically granted in 1924. The Reorganization Act remains the basis of federal legislation concerning Indian affairs.
How many tribes adopted written constitutions under the Act?
About 160 tribes or villages adopted written constitutions under the act’s provisions. Through the revolving credit fund, many Indians improved their economic position. With the funds for purchase of land, millions of additional acres were added to the reservations.
What was the significance of the Dawes General Allotment Act?
The shocking conditions under the regimen established by the Dawes General Allotment Act (1887), as detailed in the Meriam report of 1928, spurred demands for reform. Many of the Meriam report’s recommendations for reform were incorporated in the Indian Reorganization Act.
What was the purpose of the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934?from britannica.com
Congress adopted the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934, which was designed to effect an orderly transition from federal control to native self-government. The essentials of the new law were as follows: (1) allotment of tribal lands was prohibited, but tribes might assign use rights to individuals; (2) so-called…
How did the Indian Reorganization Act help the American Indians?from livingnewdeal.org
The Indian Reorganization Act improved the political, economic, and social conditions of American Indians in a number of ways: privatization was terminated; some of the land taken was returned and new land could be purchased with federal funds; a policy of tribal self-government was implemented; tribes were allowed to incorporate businesses and credit established to further such business; and education & employment opportunities were greatly enhanced [3]. While there were some problems with the law (particularly in its implementation), it showed some significant successes. For example, by 1940 “135 tribal constitutions [had] been written, voted upon, and put into operation”; millions of acres were restored or added to tribal lands; $4.4 million was loaned for livestock and farm equipment (about $73 million in 2014 dollars); and employment of American Indians in the federal Office of Indian Affairs (today called the “Bureau of Indian Affairs”) was greatly increased [4].
How many tribes adopted written constitutions under the Act?from britannica.com
About 160 tribes or villages adopted written constitutions under the act’s provisions. Through the revolving credit fund, many Indians improved their economic position. With the funds for purchase of land, millions of additional acres were added to the reservations.
How many tribes were allowed to vote on the Indian Reorganization Act?from livingnewdeal.org
Crucially, Indians were allowed to vote on whether the law would apply to their tribe. After the voting period was over, 266 tribes had accepted the Indian Reorganization Act and 77 had rejected it [6]. For some tribes, there were negative consequences from rejecting it.
What was the purpose of the Wheeler Howard Act?from britannica.com
The law was designed, “To conserve and develop Indian lands and resources; to extend to Indians the right to form business and other organizations; to establish a credit system for Indians; to grant certain rights of home rule to Indians;
Why did the IRA help Indians?from en.wikipedia.org
The IRA provided a mechanism for the recovery of land that had been sold —including land that had been sold to tribal Indians.
What was John Collier's main goal?from en.wikipedia.org
He had long studied Indian issues and worked for change since the 1920s, particularly with the American Indian Defense Association. He intended to reverse the assimilationist policies that had resulted in considerable damage to American Indian cultures, and to provide a means for American Indians to re-establish sovereignty and self-government, to reduce the losses of reservation lands, and to build economic self-sufficiency. He believed that Indian traditional culture was superior to that of modern America, and thought it worthy of emulation. His proposals were considered highly controversial, as numerous powerful interests had profited from the sale and management of Native lands. Congress revised Collier's proposals and preserved oversight of tribes and reservations by the Bureau of Indian Affairs within the Department of Interior.
What were the effects of the Indian Reorganization Act?
The Indian Reorganization Act improved the political, economic, and social conditions of American Indians in a number of ways: privatization was terminated; some of the land taken was returned and new land could be purchased with federal funds; a policy of tribal self-government was implemented; tribes were allowed to
What was the effect of the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 quizlet?
Indian Reorganization Act, also called Wheeler-Howard Act, (June 18, 1934), measure enacted by the U.S. Congress, aimed at decreasing federal control of American Indian affairs and increasing Indian self-government and responsibility.
What is the Indian reservation act?
In 1851, Congress passed the Indian Appropriations Act which created the Indian reservation system and provided funds to move Indian tribes onto farming reservations and hopefully keep them under control. Indians were not allowed to leave the reservations without permission.
What did the Dawes Act do?
Approved on February 8, 1887, "An Act to Provide for the Allotment of Lands in Severalty to Indians on the Various Reservations," known as the Dawes Act, emphasized severalty, the treatment of Native Americans as individuals rather than as members of tribes.
What congressional act resulted in Native Americans gaining greater control over their own schools and welfare?
John Collier and the Indian New Deal. The 1924 Citizenship Act granted US citizenship to all Native Americans who had not already acquired it. In theory, this recognised the success of the assimilation policy, but the reality was different.
What was the purpose of the 1952 Urban Indian Relocation Program?
In 1952, the federal government created the Urban Relocation Program, which encouraged American Indians to move off reservations and into cities such as Chicago, Denver and Los Angeles. They were lured by the hope of a better life, but for many, that promise was not realized.
What was the purpose of the Bureau of Indian Affairs?
The mission of the Bureau of Indian Affairs is to enhance the quality of life, to promote economic opportunity, and to carry out the responsibility to protect and improve the trust assets of American Indians, Indian tribes, and Alaska Natives.
When did the bonus army happen?
In the Bonus Army incident in Washington, D.C., in 1932, federal troops
What happened to the assembled veterans?
forcefully evicted the assembled veterans and burned their encampment
What is the national share our wealth movement?
a national Share Our Wealth movement to redistribute income fairly.
Who cut spending and attempted to balance the budget?
Roosevelt, Congress, and the Federal Reserve cut spending and attempted to balance the budget.
Should the government intervene during a downturn?
The market is self-regulating and government should not intervene during a downturn.
How many tribes adopted the Indian Reorganization Act?
Over 200 tribes adopted constitutions under the Indian Reorganization Act. Although they exercised greater control over their own affairs under the act, tribes were still heavily controlled by Government officials.
What was the Wheeler Howard Act?
Also known as the Wheeler-Howard Act, this legislation replaced the allotment policy that had dominated Federal-Indian affairs for nearly 50 years, and promoted Native American self-determination and the revival of tribal communities.
Overview
The Indian Reorganization Act (IRA) of June 18, 1934, or the Wheeler–Howard Act, was U.S. federal legislation that dealt with the status of American Indians in the United States. It was the centerpiece of what has been often called the "Indian New Deal". The major goal was to reverse the traditional goal of cultural assimilation of Native Americans into American society and to strengthen, enc…
History
At the time the Act passed, it was United States policy to eliminate Indian reservations, dividing the communal territory and allotting 160-acre plots to individual heads of households, to be owned in severalty. Before allotment, reservation territory was not owned in the usual European-American sense, but was reserved for the benefit of entire Indian tribes. The communal benefits wer…
Legacy
Historians have mixed reactions to the Indian New Deal. Many praise Collier's energy and his initiative. Philp praised Collier's Indian New Deal for protecting Indian freedom to engage in traditional religious practices, obtaining additional relief money for reservations, providing a structure for self-government, and enlisting the help of anthropologists who respected traditional cultures. However, he concludes that the Indian New Deal was unable to stimulate economic pr…
See also
• Cultural assimilation of Native Americans
• Henry Roe Cloud
• Native Americans in the United States
• Navajo Livestock Reduction
Further reading
• Blackman, Jon S. Oklahoma's Indian New Deal. (University of Oklahoma Press, 2013)
• Clemmer, Richard O. "Hopis, Western Shoshones, and Southern Utes: Three Different Responses to the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934." American Indian culture and research journal (1986) 10#2: 15-40.
External links
• Indian Reorganization Act (PDF/details) as amended in the GPO Statute Compilations collection
• Indian Reorganization Act - Information & Video - Chickasaw.TV