10 Leaders of the French Revolution
- 1. Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821)
- 2. Jean-Paul Marat ( 1743 – 1793)
- 3. Emmanuel Joseph Sieyes (1748 – 1836)
- 4. Maximilien Robespierre (1758 – 1794)
- 5. Marie Antoinette (1755- 1793)
- 6. Marie Gouze (1748 – 1793)
- 7. Marquis de Lafayette (1757 – 1834)
- 8. Lazare Carnot ( 1753- 1823)
What were the major results of the French Revolution?
List of 10 Major Events of the French Revolution
- Meeting of the Estates General. ...
- Fall of the Bastille. ...
- March on Versailles. ...
- Flight to Varennes. ...
- Dissolution of the National Assembly. ...
- War. ...
- Attack on the Tuileries Palace. ...
- Declaration of the Republic and the Trial of Louis. ...
- Reign of Terror. ...
- Directory and the Rise of Napoleon. ...
When did the French Revolution start and why?
Why Did the French Revolution Start In 1789? In 1789 France was at an all time low with crises from economical to political. Many reasons could have caused the revolution and most of them are because of the monarchy and its rules. The economical structure was also very poor and a lot of debt angered a lot of people.
Why did the French Revolution start in 1789?
Why did the French Revolution start in 1789? The French Revolution erupted in 1789 in response to attempts to raise taxes on citizens to cover debts incurred by the government. France had invested heavily in the American Revolution, and King Louis XVI greatly mismanaged the country’s finances.
Who started the French Revolution?
- When was that crucial moment for the revolution to become inevitable? ...
- The French Revolution started on the 14th of July, 1789 when the people of France raged the Bastille in Paris, the royal stronghold that had been transformed into a prison.
- The people overthrew the monarchy and took control of the government.
Who ruled the France during the revolution?
Louis XVILouis XVI, also called (until 1774) Louis-Auguste, duc de Berry, (born August 23, 1754, Versailles, France—died January 21, 1793, Paris), the last king of France (1774–92) in the line of Bourbon monarchs preceding the French Revolution of 1789.
Who ruled France after the French revolution?
King Louis XVI of the House of Bourbon had been overthrown and executed during the French Revolution (1789–1799), which in turn was followed by Napoleon as ruler of France.
Who was in power during the French revolution?
During the spring and summer of 1788, there was unrest among the populace in Paris, Grenoble, Dijon, Toulouse, Pau, and Rennes. The king, Louis XVI, had to yield. He reappointed reform-minded Jacques Necker as the finance minister and promised to convene the Estates-General on May 5, 1789.
Who was ruling over the French during the French revolution Class 9?
Question 1. Who was the ruler of France during the revolution? Answer: Louis XVI of the Bourbon family was the ruler of France.
Did Napoleon lead the French Revolution?
Napoleon I, also called Napoléon Bonaparte, was a French military general and statesman. Napoleon played a key role in the French Revolution (1789–99), served as first consul of France (1799–1804), and was the first emperor of France (1804–14/15).
Who defeated Napoleon?
the Duke of WellingtonAt Waterloo in Belgium, Napoleon Bonaparte suffers defeat at the hands of the Duke of Wellington, bringing an end to the Napoleonic era of European history. The Corsica-born Napoleon, one of the greatest military strategists in history, rapidly rose in the ranks of the French Revolutionary Army during the late 1790s.
Who were the two sides in the French Revolution?
The French Revolutionary Wars (French: Guerres de la Révolution française) were a series of sweeping military conflicts lasting from 1792 until 1802 and resulting from the French Revolution. They pitted France against Britain, Austria, Prussia, Russia, and several other monarchies.
What ended the French Revolution?
May 5, 1789 – November 9, 1799French Revolution / Period
How did Napoleon end the French Revolution?
Napoleon was called back to Paris to defend the government as another royalist uprising erupted. Through strategic commanding and deployment of cannons on city streets, he helped eliminate the uprising in 1795.
What family ruled France?
In 1774, Louis XVI of the Bourbon family of kings ascended the throne of France.
What were the 3 main causes of the French Revolution?
The causes can be narrowed to five main factors: the Estate System, Absolutism, ideas stemming from the Enlightenment, food shortages, and The American Revolution. The Estate System in France was essentially a caste system that ranked and placed people into groups based on wealth and power.
Who won the French Revolution and how?
The French Revolution lasted 10 years from 1789 to 1799. It began on July 14, 1789 when revolutionaries stormed a prison called the Bastille. The revolution came to an end 1799 when a general named Napoleon overthrew the revolutionary government and established the French Consulate (with Napoleon as leader).
What happened to France after the French Revolution?
The Republic of France was declared, and soon the King was put on trial. The Revolution became more and more radical and violent. King Louis XVI was executed on January 21 1793. In the six weeks that followed some 1,400 people who were considered potential enemies to the Republic were executed in Paris.
What did France become after the French Revolution?
Following the aftermaths of the Revolution of 1789 and the abolishment of the monarchy, the First Republic of France is established on September 22 of 1792.
What happened after the French Revolution ended?
1804: Napoleon Becomes Emperor The French Republic was over and the French empire had begun. This is perhaps the most obvious date to use as the end of the revolution, although Napoleon had been building his power since the Consulate.
Who ruled France after Francis and Mary?
Charles IX of FranceCharles IXPredecessorFrancis IISuccessorHenry IIIRegentCatherine de' Medici (1560–1563)Born27 June 1550 Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France14 more rows
What was the French Revolution?
The French Revolution ( French: Révolution française [ʁevɔlysjɔ̃ fʁɑ̃sɛːz]) was a period of fundamental political and societal change in France that began with the Estates General of 1789 and ended in November 1799 with the formation of the French Consulate. Many of its ideas are considered fundamental principles of Western liberal democracy.
Which country was the first to adopt liberalizing reforms in line with the French Revolution?
The Kingdom of Denmark adopted liberalising reforms in line with those of the French Revolution, with no direct contact. Reform was gradual and the regime itself carried out agrarian reforms that had the effect of weakening absolutism by creating a class of independent peasant freeholders.
What is the estate general of 1789?
The Estates-General was divided into three parts; the First for members of the clergy, Second for the nobility, and Third for the "commons".
What happened in 1790?
By December 1790, the Brabant revolution had been crushed and Liège was subdued the following year. During the Revolutionary Wars, the French invaded and occupied the region between 1794 and 1814, a time known as the French period. The new government enforced new reforms, incorporating the region into France itself.
What country did the French invade?
The French invaded Switzerland and turned it into the " Helvetic Republic " (1798–1803), a French puppet state. French interference with localism and traditions was deeply resented in Switzerland, although some reforms took hold and survived in the later period of restoration.
What was the most controversial thing about the French Revolution?
One of the most heated controversies during the Revolution was the status of the Catholic Church. In 1788, it held a dominant position within society; to be French meant to be a Catholic. By 1799, much of its property and institutions had been confiscated and its senior leaders dead or in exile. Its cultural influence was also under attack, with efforts made to remove such as Sundays, holy days, saints, prayers, rituals and ceremonies. Ultimately these attempts not only failed but aroused a furious reaction among the pious; opposition to these changes was a key factor behind the revolt in the Vendée.
What colors did the French wear in 1789?
Cockades were widely worn by revolutionaries beginning in 1789. They now pinned the blue-and-red cockade of Paris onto the white cockade of the Ancien Régime. Camille Desmoulins asked his followers to wear green cockades on 12 July 1789. The Paris militia, formed on 13 July, adopted a blue and red cockade. Blue and red are the traditional colours of Paris, and they are used on the city's coat of arms. Cockades with various colour schemes were used during the storming of the Bastille on 14 July.
What was Louis XVI's decision to convene the Estates General in May 1789?
Louis XVI’s decision to convene the Estates-General in May 1789 became a turning point in French history. When he invited his subjects to express their opinions and grievances in preparation for this event—unprecedented in living memory—hundreds responded with pamphlets in which the liberal ideology of 1789 gradually began to take shape. Exactly how the Estates-General should deliberate proved to be the pivotal consciousness-raising issue. Each of the three Estates could vote separately (by order) as they had in the distant past, or they could vote jointly (by head). Because the Third Estate was to have twice as many deputies as the others, only voting by head would assure its preponderant influence. If the estates voted by order, the clergy and nobility would effectively exercise a veto power over important decisions. Most pamphleteers of 1789 considered themselves “patriots,” or reformers, and (though some were nobles themselves) identified the excessive influence of “aristocrats” as a chief obstacle to reform. In his influential tract Qu’est-ce que le tiers état? (1789; What Is the Third Estate?) the constitutional theorist Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès asserted that the Third Estate really was the French nation. While commoners did all the truly laborious and productive work of society, he claimed with some exaggeration, the nobility monopolized its lucrative sinecures and honours. As a condition of genuine reform, the Estates-General would have to change that situation.
What did the King promise to the Estates General?
In the “royal session” of June 23, the king pledged to honour civil liberties, agreed to fiscal equality (already conceded by the nobility in its cahiers, or grievance petitions), and promised that the Estates-General would meet regularly in the future. But, he declared, they would deliberate separately by order.
Why did the Third Estate vote by order?
Because the Third Estate was to have twice as many deputies as the others, only voting by head would assure its preponderant influence. If the estates voted by order, the clergy and nobility would effectively exercise a veto power over important decisions.
Who was the president of the Assembly when the assembly refused to adjourn?
When ordered to do so by the king’s chamberlain, the Assembly’s president, astronomer Jean-Sylvain Bailly (1736–93), responded—to the official’s amazement—that “the assembled nation cannot receive orders.”. Such defiance unnerved the king.
Was France a constitutional monarchy?
France was to become a constitutional monarchy, but one in which “the an cient distinction of the three orders will be conserved in its entirety.”. In effect the king was forging an alliance with the nobility, whose most articulate members—the judges of the parlements —only a year before had sought to hobble him.
Did the commoners monopolize the nobles?
While commoners did all the truly laborious and productive work of society, he claimed with some exaggeration, the nobility monopolized its lucrative sinecures and honours. As a condition of genuine reform, the Estates-General would have to change that situation. A seismic shift was occurring in elite public opinion.
Who was the king of the Franks?
Pippin III, the Short (king of the Franks) 751–768. Carloman (king of the Franks) 768–771. Charlemagne (Charles I; king of the Franks) 771–800. Charlemagne (Charles I; Holy Roman emperor) 800–814.
What is the history of the University of Paris?
The history of the University of Paris well illustrates the fact that the universities arose in response to new needs. The schools out of which the university arose were those attached to the Notre-Dame Cathedral on the Île de la Cité in Paris… . education: France.
Who was the first king of France?
Hugh Capet is generally considered the first king of France but it took him and his descendants to fight and expand, and fight and survive, to begin to turn a small kingdom into great France.
What empire did France become part of?
France developed out of the Frankish kingdoms that succeeded the Roman Empire, and more directly, out of the declining Carolingian Empire . The latter had been established by the great Charlemagne but began splitting into pieces soon after his death. One of these pieces became the heart of France, and French monarchs would struggle to build a new state out of it. Over time, they succeeded.
What war did the Valois Dynasty fight?
The Valois dynasty would fight the Hundred Years War with England and, at times, looked like they were losing their thrones, and then found themselves facing religious division.
Why did Louis Philippe become king?
Louis Philippe became king, chiefly thanks to the work of his sister; he would fall from grace shortly after she was no longer around to help.
What was the restoration of the royal family?
The restoration of the royal family was a compromise, but France remained in social and political flux, leading to yet another change of house. 1814–1824 Louis XVIII. 1824–1830 Charles X.
Why did Charles de Gaulle return to France?
Charles de Gaulle returned to try and calm social unrest and began the Fifth Republic, which still forms the government structure of contemporary France.
Who was the first French king?
Opinions vary as to who the 'first' French king was, and the following list includes all of the transitional monarchs, including the Carolingian and not French Louis I. Although Louis wasn't king of the modern entity we call France, all the later French Louis' (culminating with Louis XVIII in 1824) were numbered sequentially, using him as the starting point, and it's important to remember that Hugh Capet didn't just invent France, there was a long, confused history before him.
Overview
First Republic (1792–1795)
In late August, elections were held for the National Convention; voter restrictions meant those cast fell to 3.3 million, versus 4 million in 1791, while intimidation was widespread. The former Brissotins now split into moderate Girondins led by Brissot, and radical Montagnards, headed by Maximilien Robespierre, Georges Danton and Jean-Paul Marat. While loyalties constantly shifted, around 160 of t…
Causes
The underlying causes of the French Revolution are generally seen as arising from the failure of the Ancien Régime to manage social and economic inequality. Rapid population growth and the inability to adequately finance government debt resulted in economic depression, unemployment and high food prices. Combined with a regressive tax system and resistance to reform by the ruling el…
Crisis of the Ancien Régime
The French state faced a series of budgetary crises during the 18th century, caused primarily by structural deficiencies rather than lack of resources. Unlike Britain, where Parliament determined both expenditures and taxes, in France, the Crown controlled spending, but not revenue. National taxes could only be approved by the Estates-General, which had not sat since 1614; its revenue fun…
Constitutional monarchy (July 1789 – September 1792)
Even these limited reforms went too far for Marie Antoinette and Louis' younger brother the Comte d'Artois; on their advice, Louis dismissed Necker again as chief minister on 11 July. On 12 July, the Assembly went into a non-stop session after rumours circulated he was planning to use the Swiss Guards to force it to close. The news brought crowds of protestors into the streets, and soldiers of …
Directory (1795–1799)
The Directory has a poor reputation amongst historians; for Jacobin sympathisers, it represented the betrayal of the Revolution, while Bonapartists emphasised its corruption to portray Napoleon in a better light. Although these criticisms were certainly valid, it also faced internal unrest, a stagnating economy and an expensive war, while hampered by the impracticality of the co…
French Revolutionary Wars
The Revolution initiated a series of conflicts that began in 1792 and ended only with Napoleon's defeat at Waterloo in 1815. In its early stages, this seemed unlikely; the 1791 Constitution specifically disavowed "war for the purpose of conquest", and although traditional tensions between France and Austria re-emerged in the 1780s, Emperor Joseph cautiously welcomed the reforms. Aust…
French colonial policy
Although the French Revolution had a dramatic impact in numerous areas of Europe, the French colonies felt a particular influence. As the Martinican author Aimé Césaire put it, "there was in each French colony a specific revolution, that occurred on the occasion of the French Revolution, in tune with it."
The Revolution in Saint-Domingue was the most notable example of slave uprisin…